Regulation and metabolic functions of mTORC1 and mTORC2

Emerging Roles for Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Cancer

(2020) Sharanya Sivanand et al.   CANCER CELL

The GATOR2–mTORC2 axis mediates Sestrin2-induced AKT Ser/Thr kinase activation

(2020) Allison Ho Kowalsky et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Glutamine and asparagine activate mTORC1 independently of Rag GTPases

(2020) Delong Meng et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

The role of RICTOR amplification in targeted therapy and drug resistance

(2020) Deze Zhao et al.   MOLECULAR MEDICINE

LATS suppresses mTORC1 activity to directly coordinate Hippo and mTORC1 pathways in growth control

(2020) Wenjian Gan et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Insulin–PI3K signalling: an evolutionarily insulated metabolic driver of cancer

(2020) Benjamin D. Hopkins et al.   Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Loss of TSC complex enhances gluconeogenesis via upregulation of Dlk1-Dio3 locus miRNAs

(2020) Dritan Liko et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

mTORC1 coordinates an immediate unfolded protein response-related transcriptome in activated B cells preceding antibody secretion

(2020) Brian T. Gaudette et al.   Nature Communications

Histone demethylase JMJD1C is phosphorylated by mTOR to activate de novo lipogenesis

(2020) Jose A. Viscarra et al.   Nature Communications

Metabolism: A Novel Shared Link between Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

(2020) Yanan Sun et al.   Journal of Diabetes Research

Acetyl-CoA Derived from Hepatic Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Inhibits Autophagy and Promotes Steatosis via mTORC1 Activation

(2020) Anyuan He et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Fasting inhibits aerobic glycolysis and proliferation in colorectal cancer via the Fdft1-mediated AKT/mTOR/HIF1α pathway suppression

(2020) Mei-lin Weng et al.   Nature Communications

TRIM21 and PHLDA3 negatively regulate the crosstalk between the PI3K/AKT pathway and PPP metabolism

(2020) Jie Cheng et al.   Nature Communications

Chronic activation of hexosamine biosynthesis in the heart triggers pathological cardiac remodeling

(2020) Diem Hong Tran et al.   Nature Communications

Raptor determines β-cell identity and plasticity independent of hyperglycemia in mice

(2020) Qinglei Yin et al.   Nature Communications

The Molecular Link from Diet to Cancer Cell Metabolism

(2020) Shree Bose et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

mTORC2 Is Involved in the Induction of RSK Phosphorylation by Serum or Nutrient Starvation

(2020) Po-Chien Chou et al.   Cells

mTORC1 promotes TOP mRNA translation through site-specific phosphorylation of LARP1

(2020) Jian-Jun Jia et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

The Functional Proximal Proteome of Oncogenic Ras Includes mTORC2

(2019) Joanna R. Kovalski et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Promotes the Expression of Genes Encoding Electron Transport Chain Proteins and Stimulates Oxidative Phosphorylation in Primary Human Trophoblast Cells by Regulating Mitochondrial Biogenesis

(2019) Fredrick J. Rosario et al.   Scientific Reports

Rapamycin and Alzheimer’s disease: Time for a clinical trial?

(2019) Matt Kaeberlein et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Direct stimulation of NADP+ synthesis through Akt-mediated phosphorylation of NAD kinase

(2019) Gerta Hoxhaj et al.   SCIENCE

Abnormal glycogen storage in tuberous sclerosis complex caused by impairment of mTORC1-dependent and -independent signaling pathways

(2019) Rituraj Pal et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Identification and characterization of two novel oncogenic mTOR mutations

(2019) Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan et al.   ONCOGENE

PKG1-modified TSC2 regulates mTORC1 activity to counter adverse cardiac stress

(2019) Mark J. Ranek et al.   NATURE

Phosphorylation of TSC2 by PKC-δ reveals a novel signaling pathway that couples protein synthesis to mTORC1 activity

(2019) Jun Zhan et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Phosphorylation at distinct subcellular locations underlies specificity in mTORC2 activation of SGK1 and Akt

(2019) Catherine E. Gleason et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE

Sin1/mTORC2 regulate B cell growth and metabolism by activating mTORC1 and Myc

(2019) Man Li et al.   Cellular & Molecular Immunology

Increased Serine and One-Carbon Pathway Metabolism by PKCλ/ι Deficiency Promotes Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer

(2019) Miguel Reina-Campos et al.   CANCER CELL

SLC1A5 glutamine transporter is a target of MYC and mediates reduced mTORC1 signaling and increased fatty acid oxidation in long‐lived Myc hypomorphic mice

(2019) Xiaoai Zhao et al.   AGING CELL

Loss of GCN5L1 in cardiac cells disrupts glucose metabolism and promotes cell death via reduced Akt/mTORC2 signaling

(2019) Janet R Manning et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

Adrenoceptor regulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin in muscle and adipose tissue

(2019) Ling Yeong Chia et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Epigenetic regulation of NAMPT by NAMPT-AS drives metastatic progression in triple-negative breast cancer

(2019) Hanwen Zhang et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Disruption of scaffolding function of mLST8 selectively inhibits mTORC2 assembly and function and suppresses mTORC2-dependent tumor growth in vivo

(2019) Yoonha Hwang et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Mechanisms of the Metabolic Shift during Somatic Cell Reprogramming

(2019) Ken Nishimura et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Formation of mammalian pre-ribosomes proceeds from intermediate to composed state during ribosome maturation

(2019) Danysh A. Abetov et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Lysosome Positioning Influences mTORC2 and AKT Signaling

(2019) Rui Jia et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

The lysosomal GPCR-like protein GPR137B regulates Rag and mTORC1 localization and activity

(2019) Lin Gan et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

mTORC1 amplifies the ATF4-dependent de novo serine-glycine pathway to supply glycine during TGF-β1–induced collagen biosynthesis

(2019) Brintha Selvarajah et al.   Science Signaling

Ribosome biogenesis during cell cycle arrest fuels EMT in development and disease

(2019) Varsha Prakash et al.   Nature Communications

mTORC2 Regulates Lipogenic Gene Expression through PPARγ to Control Lipid Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

(2019) Zhixin Guo et al.   Biomed Research International

GPCR signaling inhibits mTORC1 via PKA phosphorylation of Raptor

(2019) Jenna L Jewell et al.   eLife

Insulin and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration

(2019) Natália Prudente de Mello et al.   Frontiers in Neuroscience

Phosphorylated Rho–GDP directly activates mTORC2 kinase towards AKT through dimerization with Ras–GTP to regulate cell migration

(2019) Hiroshi Senoo et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Amplifying mTORC2 signals through AMPK during energetic stress

(2019) Estela Jacinto   Science Signaling

AMPK directly activates mTORC2 to promote cell survival during acute energetic stress

(2019) Dubek Kazyken et al.   Science Signaling

Structural and functional analysis of the role of the chaperonin CCT in mTOR complex assembly

(2019) Jorge Cuéllar et al.   Nature Communications

Hypothalamic mTORC2 is essential for metabolic health and longevity

(2019) Karthikeyani Chellappa et al.   AGING CELL

Modulation of hypothalamic S6K1 and S6K2 alters feeding behavior and systemic glucose metabolism

(2019) Mariana Rosolen Tavares et al.   JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

Insulin-induced de novo lipid synthesis occurs mainly via mTOR-dependent regulation of proteostasis of SREBP-1c

(2019) Qingming Dong et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Non-canonical mTORC2 Signaling Regulates Brown Adipocyte Lipid Catabolism through SIRT6-FoxO1

(2019) Su Myung Jung et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Protein kinase N controls a lysosomal lipid switch to facilitate nutrient signalling via mTORC1

(2019) Alexander Wallroth et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Suppression of p16 Induces mTORC1-Mediated Nucleotide Metabolic Reprogramming

(2019) Raquel Buj et al.   Cell Reports

Phosphatidic acid drives mTORC1 lysosomal translocation in the absence of amino acids

(2019) Maria A. Frias et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Anabolic SIRT4 exerts retrograde control over TORC1 signalling by glutamine sparing in the mitochondria

(2019) Eisha Shaw et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Therapeutic inhibition of mTORC2 rescues the behavioral and neurophysiological abnormalities associated with Pten-deficiency

(2019) Chien-Ju Chen et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Structural basis for the docking of mTORC1 on the lysosomal surface

(2019) Kacper B. Rogala et al.   SCIENCE

TBK1 Limits mTORC1 by Promoting Phosphorylation of Raptor Ser877

(2019) Ricardo J. Antonia et al.   Scientific Reports

Calorie-Restriction-Induced Insulin Sensitivity Is Mediated by Adipose mTORC2 and Not Required for Lifespan Extension

(2019) Deyang Yu et al.   Cell Reports

CD146 Regulates Growth Factor-Induced mTORC2 Activity Independent of the PI3K and mTORC1 Pathways

(2019) Wenyi Xu et al.   Cell Reports

NVP-BEZ235 (Dactolisib) Has Protective Effects in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

(2019) Paula Maria Quaglio Bellozi et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

PAK4-NAMPT Dual Inhibition as a Novel Strategy for Therapy Resistant Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

(2019) Gabriel Mpilla et al.   Cancers

Direct physical interaction of active Ras with mSIN1 regulates mTORC2 signaling

(2019) Mehraj-U-Din Lone et al.   BMC CANCER

KPT-9274, an Inhibitor of PAK4 and NAMPT, Leads to Downregulation of mTORC2 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells

(2019) Emma Cordover et al.   CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY

RAPTOR promotes colorectal cancer proliferation by inducing mTORC1 and upregulating ribosome assembly factor URB1

(2019) Tao Wang et al.   Cancer Medicine

Targeting mTOR and Metabolism in Cancer: Lessons and Innovations

(2019) Cedric Magaway et al.   Cells

Long noncoding RNA lncARSR promotes hepatic lipogenesis via Akt/SREBP-1c pathway and contributes to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

(2018) Ming Zhang et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

α 1A -Adrenoceptors activate mTOR signalling and glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes

(2018) Masaaki Sato et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Defect of branched-chain amino acid metabolism promotes the development of Alzheimer’s disease by targeting the mTOR signaling

(2018) Huajie Li et al.   BIOSCIENCE REPORTS

The GSK3 Signaling Axis Regulates Adaptive Glutamine Metabolism in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

(2018) Milica Momcilovic et al.   CANCER CELL

Oncogenic KRAS Regulates Amino Acid Homeostasis and Asparagine Biosynthesis via ATF4 and Alters Sensitivity to L-Asparaginase

(2018) Dana M. Gwinn et al.   CANCER CELL

B-Cell-Specific Diversion of Glucose Carbon Utilization Reveals a Unique Vulnerability in B Cell Malignancies

(2018) Gang Xiao et al.   CELL

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) controls glycolytic gene expression by regulating Histone H3 Lysine 56 acetylation

(2018) Raghavendra Vadla et al.   CELL CYCLE

A Potent and Specific CD38 Inhibitor Ameliorates Age-Related Metabolic Dysfunction by Reversing Tissue NAD + Decline

(2018) Mariana G. Tarragó et al.   Cell Metabolism

mTORC1 Signaling: A Double-Edged Sword in Diabetic β Cells

(2018) Amin Ardestani et al.   Cell Metabolism

Cryo-EM structure of human mTOR complex 2

(2018) Xizi Chen et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Metabolomic studies identify changes in transmethylation and polyamine metabolism in a brain-specific mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex

(2018) James McKenna et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

mTORC1 Promotes Metabolic Reprogramming by the Suppression of GSK3-Dependent Foxk1 Phosphorylation

(2018) Long He et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Architecture of the human GATOR1 and GATOR1–Rag GTPases complexes

(2018) Kuang Shen et al.   NATURE

Genetically reducing mTOR signaling rescues central insulin dysregulation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

(2018) Antonella Caccamo et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING

Metabolic aspects of neuronal degeneration: From a NAD + point of view

(2018) Yo Sasaki   NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

DEPTOR at the Nexus of Cancer, Metabolism, and Immunity

(2018) Alexandre Caron et al.   PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

RAPTOR up-regulation contributes to resistance of renal cancer cells to PI3K-mTOR inhibition

(2018) Philip Earwaker et al.   PLoS One

Effects of rapamycin on growth hormone receptor knockout mice

(2018) Yimin Fang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Locally translated mTOR controls axonal local translation in nerve injury

(2018) Marco Terenzio et al.   SCIENCE

TORC1 inhibition enhances immune function and reduces infections in the elderly

(2018) Joan B. Mannick et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Loss of a Negative Regulator of mTORC1 Induces Aerobic Glycolysis and Altered Fiber Composition in Skeletal Muscle

(2018) Paul A. Dutchak et al.   Cell Reports

Architecture of the human mTORC2 core complex

(2018) Edward Stuttfeld et al.   eLife

Large Intergenic Non-coding RNA-RoR Inhibits Aerobic Glycolysis of Glioblastoma Cells via Akt Pathway

(2018) Yong Li et al.   Journal of Cancer

mTORC1-dependent increase in oxidative metabolism in POMC neurons regulates food intake and action of leptin

(2018) Magalie Haissaguerre et al.   Molecular Metabolism

The Role for Myc in Coordinating Glycolysis, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Glutaminolysis, and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues

(2018) Eric S. Goetzman et al.   Frontiers in Endocrinology

Mammalian EAK-7 activates alternative mTOR signaling to regulate cell proliferation and migration

(2018) Joe Truong Nguyen et al.   Science Advances

Impairment of Angiogenesis by Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibition Involves mTOR Malonylation

(2018) Ulrike Bruning et al.   Cell Metabolism

Leucine Signals to mTORC1 via Its Metabolite Acetyl-Coenzyme A

(2018) Sung Min Son et al.   Cell Metabolism

Chronic oral rapamycin decreases adiposity, hepatic triglycerides and insulin resistance in male mice fed a diet high in sucrose and saturated fat

(2018) Laura J. den Hartigh et al.   EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

Differential Activation of mTOR Complex 1 Signaling in Human Brain with Mild to Severe Alzheimer's Disease

(2018) Yong-Xin Sun et al.   JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

mTORC2 modulates the amplitude and duration of GFAT1 Ser243 phosphorylation to maintain flux through the hexosamine pathway during starvation

(2018) Joseph G. Moloughney et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Suppression of insulin feedback enhances the efficacy of PI3K inhibitors

(2018) Benjamin D. Hopkins et al.   NATURE

mTORC1 Upregulation Leads to Accumulation of the Oncometabolite Fumarate in a Mouse Model of Renal Cell Carcinoma

(2018) Luca Drusian et al.   Cell Reports

RagC phosphorylation autoregulates mTOR complex 1

(2018) Guang Yang et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Autophagic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: Cellular and molecular mechanistic approaches to halt Alzheimer’s pathogenesis

(2018) Md. Sahab Uddin et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

The mTORC1/4E-BP/eIF4E Axis Promotes Antibody Class Switching in B Lymphocytes

(2018) Honyin Chiu et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

mTOR as a central hub of nutrient signalling and cell growth

(2018) Joungmok Kim et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Metabolism as a guiding force for immunity

(2018) Jonathan Jung et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Mitochondrial VDAC1 Silencing Leads to Metabolic Rewiring and the Reprogramming of Tumour Cells into Advanced Differentiated States

(2018) Tasleem Arif et al.   Cancers

Metabolic reprogramming ensures cancer cell survival despite oncogenic signaling blockade

(2017) Hui-wen Lue et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Involvement of Rictor/mTORC2 in cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro

(2017) Bei Zheng et al.   International Journal of Biological Sciences

mTORC2 (Rictor) in Alzheimer’s Disease and Reversal of Amyloid-β Expression-Induced Insulin Resistance and Toxicity in Rat Primary Cortical Neurons

(2017) Han-Kyu Lee et al.   JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

Lipid sensing by mTOR complexes viade novosynthesis of phosphatidic acid

(2017) Deepak Menon et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Localization of mTORC2 activity inside cells

(2017) Michael Ebner et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Critical roles of mTORC1 signaling and metabolic reprogramming for M-CSF–mediated myelopoiesis

(2017) Peer W.F. Karmaus et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Ribosome biogenesis protein Urb1 acts downstream of mTOR complex 1 to modulate digestive organ development in zebrafish

(2017) Jia He et al.   Journal of Genetics and Genomics

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 regulates muscle glucose uptake during exercise in mice

(2017) Maximilian Kleinert et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON

RICTOR expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical significance

(2017) Wei-Jia Jiang et al.   MEDICAL ONCOLOGY

mTORC2 Regulates Amino Acid Metabolism in Cancer by Phosphorylation of the Cystine-Glutamate Antiporter xCT

(2017) Yuchao Gu et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

TRAF2 and OTUD7B govern a ubiquitin-dependent switch that regulates mTORC2 signalling

(2017) Bin Wang et al.   NATURE

SZT2 dictates GATOR control of mTORC1 signalling

(2017) Min Peng et al.   NATURE

Mechanisms of mTORC1 activation by RHEB and inhibition by PRAS40

(2017) Haijuan Yang et al.   NATURE

KICSTOR recruits GATOR1 to the lysosome and is necessary for nutrients to regulate mTORC1

(2017) Rachel L. Wolfson et al.   NATURE

mTORC2/AKT/HSF1/HuR constitute a feed-forward loop regulating Rictor expression and tumor growth in glioblastoma

(2017) B Holmes et al.   ONCOGENE

Tumor suppressor Pdcd4 attenuates Sin1 translation to inhibit invasion in colon carcinoma

(2017) Q Wang et al.   ONCOGENE

The protein kinase C super-family member PKN is regulated by mTOR and influences differentiation during prostate cancer progression

(2017) Chun-Song Yang et al.   PROSTATE

SAMTOR is anS-adenosylmethionine sensor for the mTORC1 pathway

(2017) Xin Gu et al.   SCIENCE

The Complex Roles of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin in Adipocytes and Beyond

(2017) Peter L. Lee et al.   TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Overexpression of Rictor protein in colorectal cancer is correlated with tumor progression and prognosis

(2017) Lifeng Wang et al.   Oncology Letters

Cryo-EM structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae target of rapamycin complex 2

(2017) Manikandan Karuppasamy et al.   Nature Communications

Loss of mTORC1 signalling impairs β-cell homeostasis and insulin processing

(2017) Manuel Blandino-Rosano et al.   Nature Communications

Association of mSin1 with mTORC2 Ras and Akt reveals a crucial domain on mSin1 involved in Akt phosphorylation

(2017) Chien-An Yao et al.   Oncotarget

Preclinical efficacy of the novel competitive NAMPT inhibitor STF-118804 in pancreatic cancer

(2017) Jair Machado Espindola-Netto et al.   Oncotarget

A Positive Feedback Loop between Sestrin2 and mTORC2 Is Required for the Survival of Glutamine-Depleted Lung Cancer Cells

(2017) Jun-Kyu Byun et al.   Cell Reports

Biological Significance of the Suppression of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

(2017) Cheng Zhang et al.   Cell Reports

The mTORC1 Signaling Network Senses Changes in Cellular Purine Nucleotide Levels

(2017) Gerta Hoxhaj et al.   Cell Reports

mTORC1 Balances Cellular Amino Acid Supply with Demand for Protein Synthesis through Post-transcriptional Control of ATF4

(2017) Yeonwoo Park et al.   Cell Reports

Divergent Metabolic Regulation of Autophagy and mTORC1—Early Events in Alzheimer’s Disease?

(2017) Mai A. Shafei et al.   Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer’s Disease: Bioenergetic Linkages

(2017) Bryan J. Neth et al.   Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

MYC Deregulation in Primary Human Cancers

(2017) Manpreet Kalkat et al.   Genes

The metabolic waste ammonium regulates mTORC2 and mTORC1 signaling

(2017) Ahmad Merhi et al.   Scientific Reports

PKM2 promotes cell migration and inhibits autophagy by mediating PI3K/AKT activation and contributes to the malignant development of gastric cancer

(2017) Chao Wang et al.   Scientific Reports

DEPTOR in POMC neurons affects liver metabolism but is dispensable for the regulation of energy balance

(2016) Alexandre Caron et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Rictor/mTORC2 Drives Progression and Therapeutic Resistance of HER2-Amplified Breast Cancers

(2016) M. Morrison Joly et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation

(2016) M Agostini et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Amino Acid Sensing by mTORC1: Intracellular Transporters Mark the Spot

(2016) Deborah C.I. Goberdhan et al.   Cell Metabolism

Amino Acids Rather than Glucose Account for the Majority of Cell Mass in Proliferating Mammalian Cells

(2016) Aaron M. Hosios et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

Reciprocal regulation of mTOR complexes in pancreatic islets from humans with type 2 diabetes

(2016) Ting Yuan et al.   DIABETOLOGIA

Mitochondria are required for pro‐ageing features of the senescent phenotype

(2016) Clara Correia‐Melo et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

mTORC2 sustains thermogenesis via Akt-induced glucose uptake and glycolysis in brown adipose tissue

(2016) V. Albert et al.   EMBO Molecular Medicine

Proteomic analysis reveals GIT1 as a novel mTOR complex component critical for mediating astrocyte survival

(2016) Laura J. Smithson et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

nanoCAGE reveals 5′ UTR features that define specific modes of translation of functionally related MTOR-sensitive mRNAs

(2016) Valentina Gandin et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Mitochondrial Pyruvate Import Promotes Long-Term Survival of Antibody-Secreting Plasma Cells

(2016) Wing Y. Lam et al.   IMMUNITY

Activation of mTORC1 is essential for β-adrenergic stimulation of adipose browning

(2016) Dianxin Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Conditional Disruption of Raptor Reveals an Essential Role for mTORC1 in B Cell Development, Survival, and Metabolism

(2016) Terri N. Iwata et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Suppression of Glut1 and Glucose Metabolism by Decreased Akt/mTORC1 Signaling Drives T Cell Impairment in B Cell Leukemia

(2016) Peter J. Siska et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Meta-Analysis of 29 Experiments Evaluating the Effects of Rapamycin on Life Span in the Laboratory Mouse

(2016) William R. Swindell   JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

mTORC2 Responds to Glutamine Catabolite Levels to Modulate the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Enzyme GFAT1

(2016) Joseph G. Moloughney et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of ATG14 promotes autophagy and is impaired in Huntington’s disease models

(2016) Mitchell S. Wold et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

LKB1 loss links serine metabolism to DNA methylation and tumorigenesis

(2016) Filippos Kottakis et al.   NATURE

Autophagy maintains stemness by preventing senescence

(2016) Laura García-Prat et al.   NATURE

The mTOR signalling cascade: paving new roads to cure neurological disease

(2016) Peter B. Crino   Nature Reviews Neurology

microRNA-153 Targets mTORC2 Component Rictor to Inhibit Glioma Cells

(2016) Yan Cui et al.   PLoS One

mTORC1 induces purine synthesis through control of the mitochondrial tetrahydrofolate cycle

(2016) I. Ben-Sahra et al.   SCIENCE

The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells?

(2016) Maria V. Liberti et al.   TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES

Blockage of glutaminolysis enhances the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to PI3K/mTOR inhibition involvement of STAT3 signaling

(2016) Lili Guo et al.   TUMOR BIOLOGY

The oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate activates the mTOR signalling pathway

(2016) Mélissa Carbonneau et al.   Nature Communications

Fatty acid metabolic reprogramming via mTOR-mediated inductions of PPARγ directs early activation of T cells

(2016) Mulki Angela et al.   Nature Communications

Adipose tissue mTORC2 regulates ChREBP-driven de novo lipogenesis and hepatic glucose metabolism

(2016) Yuefeng Tang et al.   Nature Communications

PI3K/Akt promotes feedforward mTORC2 activation through IKKα

(2016) Han C. Dan et al.   Oncotarget

Molecular regulation of apoptotic machinery and lipid metabolism by mTORC1/mTORC2 dual inhibitors in preclinical models of HER2+/PIK3CAmut breast cancer

(2016) Jianchang Qian et al.   Oncotarget

Tumor-suppressive microRNA-218 inhibits tumor angiogenesis via targeting the mTOR component RICTOR in prostate cancer

(2016) Bing Guan et al.   Oncotarget

Akt mediated phosphorylation of LARP6; critical step in biosynthesis of type I collagen

(2016) Yujie Zhang et al.   Scientific Reports

DNMT3b Modulates Melanoma Growth by Controlling Levels of mTORC2 Component RICTOR

(2016) Goran Micevic et al.   Cell Reports

Akt-mTORC1 signaling regulates Acly to integrate metabolic input to control of macrophage activation

(2016) Anthony J Covarrubias et al.   eLife

Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation from aerobic glycolysis to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation

(2016) Xinde Zheng et al.   eLife

Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice

(2016) Alessandro Bitto et al.   eLife

Mediobasal hypothalamic overexpression of DEPTOR protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity

(2016) Alexandre Caron et al.   Molecular Metabolism

Metabolic Alterations Caused by KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Contribute to Cell Adaptation to Glutamine Depletion by Upregulation of Asparagine Synthetase

(2016) Kosuke Toda et al.   NEOPLASIA

Alterations to mTORC1 signaling in the skeletal muscle differentially affect whole-body metabolism

(2016) Maitea Guridi et al.   Skeletal Muscle

Pyruvate Kinase M2 Activates mTORC1 by Phosphorylating AKT1S1

(2016) Chang-Liang He et al.   Scientific Reports

The small GTPases Ras and Rap1 bind to and control TORC2 activity

(2016) Ankita Khanna et al.   Scientific Reports

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates trophoblast folate uptake by modulating the cell surface expression of FR-α and the RFC

(2016) Fredrick J. Rosario et al.   Scientific Reports

Chronic mTOR inhibition in mice with rapamycin alters T, B, myeloid, and innate lymphoid cells and gut flora and prolongs life of immune-deficient mice

(2015) Vincent Hurez et al.   AGING CELL

The PTEN-AKT-mTOR/RICTOR Pathway in Nasal Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma Is Activated by miR-494-3p via PTEN But Inhibited by miR-142-3p via RICTOR

(2015) Hao-Hui Chen et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

FK866-induced NAMPT inhibition activates AMPK and downregulates mTOR signaling in hepatocarcinoma cells

(2015) Susanne Schuster et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

A liaison between mTOR signaling, ribosome biogenesis and cancer

(2015) Antonio Gentilella et al.   Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Gene Regulatory Mechanisms

EIF2A-dependent translational arrest protects leukemia cells from the energetic stress induced by NAMPT inhibition

(2015) Chiara Zucal et al.   BMC CANCER

Transforming somatic mutations of mammalian target of rapamycin kinase in human cancer

(2015) Hiroyuki Yamaguchi et al.   CANCER SCIENCE

Fission yeast Ryh1 GTPase activates TOR Complex 2 in response to glucose

(2015) Tomoyuki Hatano et al.   CELL CYCLE

mTORC2 promotes type I insulin-like growth factor receptor and insulin receptor activation through the tyrosine kinase activity of mTOR

(2015) Yancun Yin et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Analysis of mTOR Gene Aberrations in Melanoma Patients and Evaluation of Their Sensitivity to PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway Inhibitors

(2015) Y. Kong et al.   CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Regulation of amino acid transporter trafficking by mTORC1 in primary human trophoblast cells is mediated by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2

(2015) F. J. Rosario et al.   CLINICAL SCIENCE

mTOR signaling in cellular and organismal energetics

(2015) Verena Albert et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN CELL BIOLOGY

NLK phosphorylates Raptor to mediate stress-induced mTORC1 inhibition

(2015) Hai-Xin Yuan et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Alpha-synuclein overexpression negatively regulates insulin receptor substrate 1 by activating mTORC1/S6K1 signaling

(2015) Shanshan Gao et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY

Rictor Undergoes Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3)-dependent, FBXW7-mediated Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation

(2015) Junghui Koo et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

4E-BPs Control Fat Storage by Regulating the Expression of Egr1 and ATGL

(2015) Maneet Singh et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Hepatic FOXO1 Target Genes Are Co-regulated by Thyroid Hormone via RICTOR Protein Deacetylation and MTORC2-AKT Protein Inhibition

(2015) Brijesh K. Singh et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

mTORC1 and mTORC2 selectively regulate CD8+ T cell differentiation

(2015) Kristen N. Pollizzi et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

MicroRNA-188 regulates age-related switch between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation

(2015) Chang-Jun Li et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Defining the Domain Arrangement of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex Component Rictor Protein

(2015) Ping Zhou et al.   JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY

Mitochondrial Quality Control via the PGC1 -TFEB Signaling Pathway Is Compromised by Parkin Q311X Mutation But Independently Restored by Rapamycin

(2015) A. Siddiqui et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Amino Acid-Dependent mTORC1 Regulation by the Lysosomal Membrane Protein SLC38A9

(2015) Jennifer Jung et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

mTOR/MYC Axis Regulates O-GlcNAc Transferase Expression and O-GlcNAcylation in Breast Cancer

(2015) V. L. Sodi et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH

The PI3K/Akt Pathway Regulates Oxygen Metabolism via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1  Phosphorylation

(2015) G. J. Cerniglia et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

The CREB coactivator CRTC2 controls hepatic lipid metabolism by regulating SREBP1

(2015) Jinbo Han et al.   NATURE

SLC38A9 is a component of the lysosomal amino acid sensing machinery that controls mTORC1

(2015) Manuele Rebsamen et al.   NATURE

Diversion of aspartate in ASS1-deficient tumours fosters de novo pyrimidine synthesis

(2015) Shiran Rabinovich et al.   NATURE

Autophagy and mTORC1 regulate the stochastic phase of somatic cell reprogramming

(2015) Yasong Wu et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Reinstating Aberrant mTORC1 Activity in Huntington’s Disease Mice Improves Disease Phenotypes

(2015) John H. Lee et al.   NEURON

PAT4 levels control amino-acid sensitivity of rapamycin-resistant mTORC1 from the Golgi and affect clinical outcome in colorectal cancer

(2015) S-J Fan et al.   ONCOGENE

Inhibition of mTOR complex 2 induces GSK3/FBXW7-dependent degradation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and suppresses lipogenesis in cancer cells

(2015) S Li et al.   ONCOGENE

Glucose-dependent acetylation of Rictor promotes targeted cancer therapy resistance

(2015) Kenta Masui et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Architecture of human mTOR complex 1

(2015) C. H. S. Aylett et al.   SCIENCE

Lysosomal amino acid transporter SLC38A9 signals arginine sufficiency to mTORC1

(2015) S. Wang et al.   SCIENCE

Differential regulation of mTORC1 by leucine and glutamine

(2015) J. L. Jewell et al.   SCIENCE

Glutamine-dependent α-ketoglutarate production regulates the balance between T helper 1 cell and regulatory T cell generation

(2015) Dorota Klysz et al.   Science Signaling

Core Pluripotency Factors Directly Regulate Metabolism in Embryonic Stem Cell to Maintain Pluripotency

(2015) Hyunsoo Kim et al.   STEM CELLS

The role of mTOR in lipid homeostasis and diabetes progression

(2015) Partha Chakrabarti et al.   Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity

RICTOR Amplification Defines a Novel Subset of Patients with Lung Cancer Who May Benefit from Treatment with mTORC1/2 Inhibitors

(2015) H. Cheng et al.   Cancer Discovery

PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-Dependent Activation of the mTORC2 Kinase Complex

(2015) P. Liu et al.   Cancer Discovery

Combination Therapy Targeting Ribosome Biogenesis and mRNA Translation Synergistically Extends Survival in MYC-Driven Lymphoma

(2015) J. R. Devlin et al.   Cancer Discovery

mTORC1-Induced HK1-Dependent Glycolysis Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

(2015) Jong-Seok Moon et al.   Cell Reports

A Positive Feedback Loop between Akt and mTORC2 via SIN1 Phosphorylation

(2015) Guang Yang et al.   Cell Reports

Ribosomal S6K1 in POMC and AgRP Neurons Regulates Glucose Homeostasis but Not Feeding Behavior in Mice

(2015) Mark A. Smith et al.   Cell Reports

Glutamine-dependent α-ketoglutarate production regulates the balance between T helper 1 cell and regulatory T cell generation

(2015) Dorota Klysz et al.   Science Signaling

Characterization of Sin1 Isoforms Reveals an mTOR-Dependent and Independent Function of Sin1γ

(2015) Yuanyang Yuan et al.   PLoS One

Targeted cellular metabolism for cancer chemotherapy with recombinant arginine-degrading enzymes

(2015)   Oncotarget

Altered proteome turnover and remodeling by short-term caloric restriction or rapamycin rejuvenate the aging heart

(2014) Dao-Fu Dai et al.   AGING CELL

Weekly administration of rapamycin improves survival and biomarkers in obese male mice on high-fat diet

(2014) Olga V. Leontieva et al.   AGING CELL

Depletion of Rictor, an essential protein component of mTORC2, decreases male lifespan

(2014) Dudley W. Lamming et al.   AGING CELL

Inhibition of mTOR affects protein stability of OGT

(2014) S Park et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Spatial Control of the TSC Complex Integrates Insulin and Nutrient Regulation of mTORC1 at the Lysosome

(2014) Suchithra Menon et al.   CELL

Regulation of TORC1 in Response to Amino Acid Starvation via Lysosomal Recruitment of TSC2

(2014) Constantinos Demetriades et al.   CELL

The mTORC1/S6K1 Pathway Regulates Glutamine Metabolism through the eIF4B-Dependent Control of c-Myc Translation

(2014) Alfredo Csibi et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Sestrin 3 Protein Enhances Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity by Direct Activation of the mTORC2-Akt Signaling

(2014) Rongya Tao et al.   DIABETES

Improving Type 2 Diabetes Through a Distinct Adrenergic Signaling Pathway Involving mTORC2 That Mediates Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle

(2014) M. Sato et al.   DIABETES

The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-GlcNAcylation maintain insulin-stimulated PI3K-PKB phosphorylation and tumour cell growth after short-term glucose deprivation

(2014) David R. Jones et al.   FEBS Journal

Characterization of the Raptor/4E-BP1 Interaction by Chemical Cross-linking Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Analysis

(2014) Kimberly Coffman et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Nitrogen Source Activates TOR (Target of Rapamycin) Complex 1 via Glutamine and Independently of Gtr/Rag Proteins

(2014) Daniele Stracka et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages

(2014) Alex J. Freemerman et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Glucose-dependentde NovoLipogenesis in B Lymphocytes

(2014) Fay J. Dufort et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Glucose Uptake Is Limiting in T Cell Activation and Requires CD28-Mediated Akt-Dependent and Independent Pathways

(2014) S. R. Jacobs et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Rapamycin and Dietary Restriction Induce Metabolically Distinctive Changes in Mouse Liver

(2014) Zhen Yu et al.   JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

Control of Paip1-Eukayrotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Interaction by Amino Acids through S6 Kinase

(2014) Y. Martineau et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Hexokinase-II Positively Regulates Glucose Starvation-Induced Autophagy through TORC1 Inhibition

(2014) David J. Roberts et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Akt Phosphorylation and Regulation of Transketolase Is a Nodal Point for Amino Acid Control of Purine Synthesis

(2014) Arindam Saha et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Mfge8 promotes obesity by mediating the uptake of dietary fats and serum fatty acids

(2014) Amin Khalifeh-Soltani et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

mTORC1 drives HIF-1α and VEGF-A signalling via multiple mechanisms involving 4E-BP1, S6K1 and STAT3

(2014) K M Dodd et al.   ONCOGENE

Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Rapamycin Are Associated with Enhanced Regulatory Cells in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

(2014) Kassem Makki et al.   PLoS One

mTORC2 Is Required for Rit-Mediated Oxidative Stress Resistance

(2014) Weikang Cai et al.   PLoS One

Catecholamine-induced lipolysis causes mTOR complex dissociation and inhibits glucose uptake in adipocytes

(2014) Garrett R. Mullins et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

mTOR- and HIF-1 -mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity

(2014) S.-C. Cheng et al.   SCIENCE

Huntingtin promotes mTORC1 signaling in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease

(2014) W. M. Pryor et al.   Science Signaling

REDD1 enhances protein phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation of Akt to repress mTORC1 signaling

(2014) M. D. Dennis et al.   Science Signaling

mTOR inhibition improves immune function in the elderly

(2014) J. B. Mannick et al.   Science Translational Medicine

A Diverse Array of Cancer-Associated MTOR Mutations Are Hyperactivating and Can Predict Rapamycin Sensitivity

(2014) B. C. Grabiner et al.   Cancer Discovery

Activating mTOR Mutations in a Patient with an Extraordinary Response on a Phase I Trial of Everolimus and Pazopanib

(2014) N. Wagle et al.   Cancer Discovery

Hexokinase 2-Mediated Warburg Effect Is Required for PTEN- and p53-Deficiency-Driven Prostate Cancer Growth

(2014) Lei Wang et al.   Cell Reports

Rictor/mTORC2 Loss in the Myf5 Lineage Reprograms Brown Fat Metabolism and Protects Mice against Obesity and Metabolic Disease

(2014) Chien-Min Hung et al.   Cell Reports

Rictor/mTORC2 facilitates central regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis

(2014) Heidi E. Kocalis et al.   Molecular Metabolism

Inhibiting glutamine uptake represents an attractive new strategy for treating acute myeloid leukemia

(2013) L. Willems et al.   BLOOD

The Hallmarks of Aging

(2013) Carlos López-Otín et al.   CELL

The mTORC1 Pathway Stimulates Glutamine Metabolism and Cell Proliferation by Repressing SIRT4

(2013) Alfred Csibi et al.   CELL

WNT-LRP5 Signaling Induces Warburg Effect through mTORC2 Activation during Osteoblast Differentiation

(2013) Emel Esen et al.   Cell Metabolism

mTORC1 Controls Mitochondrial Activity and Biogenesis through 4E-BP-Dependent Translational Regulation

(2013) Masahiro Morita et al.   Cell Metabolism

mTOR Complex 2 Controls Glycolytic Metabolism in Glioblastoma through FoxO Acetylation and Upregulation of c-Myc

(2013) Kenta Masui et al.   Cell Metabolism

Cellular Fatty Acid Metabolism and Cancer

(2013) Erin Currie et al.   Cell Metabolism

Transient Activation of Autophagy via Sox2-Mediated Suppression of mTOR Is an Important Early Step in Reprogramming to Pluripotency

(2013) Shuo Wang et al.   Cell Stem Cell

IKK interacts with rictor and regulates mTORC2

(2013) Yuanfei Xu et al.   CELLULAR SIGNALLING

PI3K/AKT signaling regulates bioenergetics in immortalized hepatocytes

(2013) Chen Li et al.   FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

T Cell Exit from Quiescence and Differentiation into Th2 Cells Depend on Raptor-mTORC1-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming

(2013) Kai Yang et al.   IMMUNITY

Autoregulation of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 2 Integrity Is Controlled by an ATP-dependent Mechanism

(2013) Chien-Hung Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

HIF-1 mediates metabolic responses to intratumoral hypoxia and oncogenic mutations

(2013) Gregg L. Semenza   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Curcumin Ameliorates the Neurodegenerative Pathology in A53T α-synuclein Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease Through the Downregulation of mTOR/p70S6K Signaling and the Recovery of Macroautophagy

(2013) Tian-Fang Jiang et al.   Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology

Arginine Deiminase Resistance in Melanoma Cells Is Associated with Metabolic Reprogramming, Glucose Dependence, and Glutamine Addiction

(2013) Yan Long et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

K63 Polyubiquitination and Activation of mTOR by the p62-TRAF6 Complex in Nutrient-Activated Cells

(2013) Juan F. Linares et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

mTOR kinase structure, mechanism and regulation

(2013) Haijuan Yang et al.   NATURE

mTORC1 couples immune signals and metabolic programming to establish Treg-cell function

(2013) Hu Zeng et al.   NATURE

Sin1 phosphorylation impairs mTORC2 complex integrity and inhibits downstream Akt signalling to suppress tumorigenesis

(2013) Pengda Liu et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Sterol regulatory element–binding proteins are essential for the metabolic programming of effector T cells and adaptive immunity

(2013) Yoko Kidani et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Control of amino-acid transport by antigen receptors coordinates the metabolic reprogramming essential for T cell differentiation

(2013) Linda V Sinclair et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Haploinsufficiency of Akt1 Prolongs the Lifespan of Mice

(2013) Aika Nojima et al.   PLoS One

Myc and mTOR converge on a common node in protein synthesis control that confers synthetic lethality in Myc-driven cancers

(2013) M. Pourdehnad et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

mTOR complex 2-Akt signaling at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) regulates mitochondrial physiology

(2013) C. Betz et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Stimulation of de Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis by Growth Signaling Through mTOR and S6K1

(2013) I. Ben-Sahra et al.   SCIENCE

Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveal mTORC1 Activates de Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis

(2013) A. M. Robitaille et al.   SCIENCE

mTOR Inhibition Alleviates Mitochondrial Disease in a Mouse Model of Leigh Syndrome

(2013) S. C. Johnson et al.   SCIENCE

A Tumor Suppressor Complex with GAP Activity for the Rag GTPases That Signal Amino Acid Sufficiency to mTORC1

(2013) L. Bar-Peled et al.   SCIENCE

BSTA Promotes mTORC2-Mediated Phosphorylation of Akt1 to Suppress Expression of FoxC2 and Stimulate Adipocyte Differentiation

(2013) Y. Yao et al.   Science Signaling

Stimulation of Somatic Cell Reprogramming by ERas-Akt-FoxO1 Signaling Axis

(2013) Yong Yu et al.   STEM CELLS

HIF1α Modulates Cell Fate Reprogramming Through Early Glycolytic Shift and Upregulation of PDK1-3 and PKM2

(2013) Alessandro Prigione et al.   STEM CELLS

Chemical Genetics of Rapamycin-Insensitive TORC2 in S. cerevisiae

(2013) Joseph I. Kliegman et al.   Cell Reports

Targeting NAD+ salvage pathway induces autophagy in multiple myeloma cells via mTORC1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) inhibition

(2012) M. Cea et al.   BLOOD

Inhibition of RNA Polymerase I as a Therapeutic Strategy to Promote Cancer-Specific Activation of p53

(2012) Megan J. Bywater et al.   CANCER CELL

Ragulator Is a GEF for the Rag GTPases that Signal Amino Acid Levels to mTORC1

(2012) Liron Bar-Peled et al.   CELL

FoxO1 Target Gpr17 Activates AgRP Neurons to Regulate Food Intake

(2012) Hongxia Ren et al.   CELL

Staying alive

(2012) James R. Valcourt et al.   CELL CYCLE

Hepatic mTORC2 Activates Glycolysis and Lipogenesis through Akt, Glucokinase, and SREBP1c

(2012) Asami Hagiwara et al.   Cell Metabolism

Rapamycin toxicity in MIN6 cells and rat and human islets is mediated by the inhibition of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2)

(2012) A. D. Barlow et al.   DIABETOLOGIA

HIF1α induced switch from bivalent to exclusively glycolytic metabolism during ESC-to-EpiSC/hESC transition

(2012) Wenyu Zhou et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

V-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog/mammalian target of rapamycin activation induces a module of metabolic changes contributing to growth in insulin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis

(2012) Matthias Evert et al.   HEPATOLOGY

mTOR, metabolism, and the regulation of T-cell differentiation and function

(2012) Adam T. Waickman et al.   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Metabolic switching and fuel choice during T-cell differentiation and memory development

(2012) Gerritje J. W. Windt et al.   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and cell survival

(2012) Robert C. Stanton   IUBMB LIFE

Role of p70S6K1-mediated Phosphorylation of eIF4B and PDCD4 Proteins in the Regulation of Protein Synthesis

(2012) Michael D. Dennis et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Osmotic Stress Regulates Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 1 via c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)-mediated Raptor Protein Phosphorylation

(2012) Dongoh Kwak et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Identification of Akt-independent Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 2

(2012) Minsheng Yuan et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Consequences of DM/antiDM oscillations for asymmetric WIMP dark matter

(2012) Marco Cirelli et al.   JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

Mammalian target of rapamycin signalling modulates amino acid uptake by regulating transporter cell surface abundance in primary human trophoblast cells

(2012) Fredrick J. Rosario et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON

mTOR Complex 2 Regulates Proper Turnover of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 via the Ubiquitin Ligase Subunit Fbw8

(2012) Sung Jin Kim et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Glutaminolysis Activates Rag-mTORC1 Signaling

(2012) Raúl V. Durán et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

TBC1D7 Is a Third Subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 Complex Upstream of mTORC1

(2012) Christian C. Dibble et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Metabolic Stress Controls mTORC1 Lysosomal Localization and Dimerization by Regulating the TTT-RUVBL1/2 Complex

(2012) Sang Gyun Kim et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Metabolic checkpoints in activated T cells

(2012) Ruoning Wang et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

PI3K signalling: the path to discovery and understanding

(2012) Bart Vanhaesebroeck et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Prognostic and therapeutic implications of increased ATP citrate lyase expression in human epithelial ovarian cancer

(2012) YU WANG et al.   ONCOLOGY REPORTS

Distinct perturbation of the translatome by the antidiabetic drug metformin

(2012) O. Larsson et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Insulin stimulation of SREBP-1c processing in transgenic rat hepatocytes requires p70 S6-kinase

(2012) J. L. Owen et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Rapamycin-Induced Insulin Resistance Is Mediated by mTORC2 Loss and Uncoupled from Longevity

(2012) D. W. Lamming et al.   SCIENCE

Metabolic reprogramming in cancer: Unraveling the role of glutamine in tumorigenesis

(2012) Dania Daye et al.   SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Rapamycin and other longevity-promoting compounds enhance the generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells

(2011) Taotao Chen et al.   AGING CELL

Amino Acid Signaling in TOR Activation

(2011) Joungmok Kim et al.   Annual Review of Biochemistry

mTORC2 targets AGC kinases through Sin1-dependent recruitment

(2011) Angus J. M. Cameron et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

Lactate Dehydrogenase B Is Critical for Hyperactive mTOR-Mediated Tumorigenesis

(2011) X. Zha et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Pyruvate Kinase M2 Is a PHD3-Stimulated Coactivator for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

(2011) Weibo Luo et al.   CELL

Activation of mTORC2 by Association with the Ribosome

(2011) Vittoria Zinzalla et al.   CELL

mTOR Complex 1 Regulates Lipin 1 Localization to Control the SREBP Pathway

(2011) Timothy R. Peterson et al.   CELL

Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

(2011) Douglas Hanahan et al.   CELL

Postprandial Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Requires Signaling through Akt2 Independent of the Transcription Factors FoxA2, FoxO1, and SREBP1c

(2011) Min Wan et al.   Cell Metabolism

Akt Stimulates Hepatic SREBP1c and Lipogenesis through Parallel mTORC1-Dependent and Independent Pathways

(2011) Jessica L. Yecies et al.   Cell Metabolism

Somatic Oxidative Bioenergetics Transitions into Pluripotency-Dependent Glycolysis to Facilitate Nuclear Reprogramming

(2011) Clifford D.L. Folmes et al.   Cell Metabolism

Rictor/mTORC2 Is Essential for Maintaining a Balance Between β-Cell Proliferation and Cell Size

(2011) Yanyun Gu et al.   DIABETES

The Transcription Factor Myc Controls Metabolic Reprogramming upon T Lymphocyte Activation

(2011) Ruoning Wang et al.   IMMUNITY

Multiple Site Acetylation of Rictor Stimulates Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2)-dependent Phosphorylation of Akt Protein

(2011) Emily J. Glidden et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

mSIN1 Protein Mediates SGK1 Protein Interaction with mTORC2 Protein Complex and Is Required for Selective Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel

(2011) Ming Lu et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Phosphorylation of Raptor by p38β Participates in Arsenite-induced Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Activation

(2011) Xiao-Nan Wu et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Evidence for Direct Activation of mTORC2 Kinase Activity by Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate

(2011) Xiaoqing Gan et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Inflection point inflation: WMAP constraints and a solution to the fine tuning problem

(2011) Shaun Hotchkiss et al.   JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

A generalized local ansatz and its effect on halo bias

(2011) Sarah Shandera et al.   JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

Rescuing the Born rule for quantum cosmology

(2011) Joshua H Cooperman   JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

Effects of nonlinear dispersion relations on non-Gaussianities

(2011) Amjad Ashoorioon et al.   JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

HIF1α–dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and Tregcells

(2011) Lewis Z. Shi et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Hexokinase 2 is a key mediator of aerobic glycolysis and promotes tumor growth in human glioblastoma multiforme

(2011) Amparo Wolf et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

mTOR Kinase Domain Phosphorylation Promotes mTORC1 Signaling, Cell Growth, and Cell Cycle Progression

(2011) B. Ekim et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Rac1 Regulates the Activity of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and Controls Cellular Size

(2011) Abdelhafid Saci et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

p62 Is a Key Regulator of Nutrient Sensing in the mTORC1 Pathway

(2011) Angeles Duran et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1

(2011) Joungmok Kim et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

The kinase mTOR regulates the differentiation of helper T cells through the selective activation of signaling by mTORC1 and mTORC2

(2011) Greg M Delgoffe et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Rapamycin passes the torch: a new generation of mTOR inhibitors

(2011) Don Benjamin et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Energy Metabolism in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Counterparts

(2011) Sandra Varum et al.   PLoS One

Requirement for ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 to mediate glycolysis and apoptosis resistance induced by Pten deficiency

(2011) P. Tandon et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Mammalian target of rapamycin up-regulation of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 is critical for aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth

(2011) Q. Sun et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Phosphoproteomic Analysis Identifies Grb10 as an mTORC1 Substrate That Negatively Regulates Insulin Signaling

(2011) Y. Yu et al.   SCIENCE

The mTOR-Regulated Phosphoproteome Reveals a Mechanism of mTORC1-Mediated Inhibition of Growth Factor Signaling

(2011) P. P. Hsu et al.   SCIENCE

ER Stress Inhibits mTORC2 and Akt Signaling Through GSK-3 -Mediated Phosphorylation of Rictor

(2011) C.-H. Chen et al.   Science Signaling

B- to Plasma-Cell Terminal Differentiation Entails Oxidative Stress and Profound Reshaping of the Antioxidant Responses

(2010) Milena Bertolotti et al.   ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING

Ragulator-Rag Complex Targets mTORC1 to the Lysosomal Surface and Is Necessary for Its Activation by Amino Acids

(2010) Yasemin Sancak et al.   CELL

DAP1, a Novel Substrate of mTOR, Negatively Regulates Autophagy

(2010) Itay Koren et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Suppresses Lipolysis, Stimulates Lipogenesis, and Promotes Fat Storage

(2010) P. Chakrabarti et al.   DIABETES

mTORC2 can associate with ribosomes to promote cotranslational phosphorylation and stability of nascent Akt polypeptide

(2010) Won Jun Oh et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Tel2 structure and function in the Hsp90-dependent maturation of mTOR and ATR complexes

(2010) H. Takai et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway couples growth factor-induced glutamine uptake to glucose metabolism

(2010) K. E. Wellen et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Requirement of the mTOR Kinase for the Regulation of Maf1 Phosphorylation and Control of RNA Polymerase III-dependent Transcription in Cancer Cells

(2010) Boris Shor et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Amino Acids Activate Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2) via PI3K/Akt Signaling

(2010) Irantzu Tato et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

On a class of scaling FRW cosmological models

(2010) Mauricio Cataldo et al.   JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

Pinpointing cosmic ray propagation with the AMS-02 experiment

(2010) Miguel Pato et al.   JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

Activation of a Metabolic Gene Regulatory Network Downstream of mTOR Complex 1

(2010) Katrin Düvel et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Genome-wide shRNA screen reveals increased mitochondrial dependence upon mTORC2 addiction

(2010) M Colombi et al.   ONCOGENE

Single amino-acid changes that confer constitutive activation of mTOR are discovered in human cancer

(2010) T Sato et al.   ONCOGENE

Raptor is Phosphorylated by cdc2 during Mitosis

(2010) Dana M. Gwinn et al.   PLoS One

Bifurcation of insulin signaling pathway in rat liver: mTORC1 required for stimulation of lipogenesis, but not inhibition of gluconeogenesis

(2010) Shijie Li et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TORC-Specific Phosphorylation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR): Phospho-Ser2481 Is a Marker for Intact mTOR Signaling Complex 2

(2009) J. Copp et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Bidirectional Transport of Amino Acids Regulates mTOR and Autophagy

(2009) Paul Nicklin et al.   CELL

DEPTOR Is an mTOR Inhibitor Frequently Overexpressed in Multiple Myeloma Cells and Required for Their Survival

(2009) Timothy R. Peterson et al.   CELL

Metabolism, Cell Surface Organization, and Disease

(2009) James W. Dennis et al.   CELL

The novel lipid raft adaptor p18 controls endosome dynamics by anchoring the MEK–ERK pathway to late endosomes

(2009) Shigeyki Nada et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Identification of ATP citrate lyase as a positive regulator of glycolytic function in glioblastomas

(2009) Marie E. Beckner et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Activity Is Associated with Phosphorylation of Raptor by mTOR

(2009) Lifu Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

mTOR Ser-2481 Autophosphorylation Monitors mTORC-specific Catalytic Activity and Clarifies Rapamycin Mechanism of Action

(2009) Ghada A. Soliman et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Regulation of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) by Raptor Ser863and Multisite Phosphorylation

(2009) Kathryn G. Foster et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Characterization of Rictor Phosphorylation Sites Reveals Direct Regulation of mTOR Complex 2 by S6K1

(2009) C. C. Dibble et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Site-Specific mTOR Phosphorylation Promotes mTORC1-Mediated Signaling and Cell Growth

(2009) H. A. Acosta-Jaquez et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

mTORC1-Activated S6K1 Phosphorylates Rictor on Threonine 1135 and Regulates mTORC2 Signaling

(2009) L.-A. Julien et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation

(2009) Koichi Araki et al.   NATURE

c-Myc suppression of miR-23a/b enhances mitochondrial glutaminase expression and glutamine metabolism

(2009) Ping Gao et al.   NATURE

Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice

(2009) David E. Harrison et al.   NATURE

The obesity susceptibility gene Cpe links FoxO1 signaling in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons with regulation of food intake

(2009) Leona Plum et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Rictor is a novel target of p70 S6 kinase-1

(2009) C Treins et al.   ONCOGENE

Insulin Stimulates Adipogenesis through the Akt-TSC2-mTORC1 Pathway

(2009) Hui H. Zhang et al.   PLoS One

Direct control of mitochondrial function by mTOR

(2009) Arvind Ramanathan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 Signaling Regulates Mammalian Life Span

(2009) C. Selman et al.   SCIENCE

Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation

(2009) M. G. Vander Heiden et al.   SCIENCE

mTOR Regulation and Therapeutic Rejuvenation of Aging Hematopoietic Stem Cells

(2009) C. Chen et al.   Science Signaling

A supersymmetricD4model for μ−τ symmetry

(2009) A Adulpravitchai et al.   JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

The Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Regulates Trafficking of Glucose Transporters and Glucose Uptake

(2008) Xiuyun Jiang et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

A GSK-3/TSC2/mTOR pathway regulates glucose uptake and GLUT1 glucose transporter expression

(2008) Carolyn L. Buller et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY

TOR regulation of AGC kinases in yeast and mammals

(2008) Estela Jacinto et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

ATP Citrate Lyase: Activation and Therapeutic Implications in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

(2008) T. Migita et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

SREBP Activity Is Regulated by mTORC1 and Contributes to Akt-Dependent Cell Growth

(2008) Thomas Porstmann et al.   Cell Metabolism

Mediobasal Hypothalamic p70 S6 Kinase 1 Modulates the Control of Energy Homeostasis

(2008) Clémence Blouet et al.   Cell Metabolism

Skeletal Muscle-Specific Ablation of raptor, but Not of rictor, Causes Metabolic Changes and Results in Muscle Dystrophy

(2008) C. Florian Bentzinger et al.   Cell Metabolism

The Biology of Cancer: Metabolic Reprogramming Fuels Cell Growth and Proliferation

(2008) Ralph J. DeBerardinis et al.   Cell Metabolism

Oncogenic MAPK Signaling Stimulates mTORC1 Activity by Promoting RSK-Mediated Raptor Phosphorylation

(2008) Audrey Carrière et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Essential function of TORC2 in PKC and Akt turn motif phosphorylation, maturation and signalling

(2008) Tsuneo Ikenoue et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 controls folding and stability of Akt and protein kinase C

(2008) Valeria Facchinetti et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Hypoxia regulates TSC1/2 mTOR signaling and tumor suppression through REDD1-mediated 14 3 3 shuttling

(2008) M. P. DeYoung et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Cassette Regulates Purine Nucleotide Synthesis

(2008) Wei Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Regulation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 Complex Assembly by Phosphatidic Acid: Competition with Rapamycin

(2008) A. Toschi et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

AMPK Phosphorylation of Raptor Mediates a Metabolic Checkpoint

(2008) Dana M. Gwinn et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Regulation of TORC1 by Rag GTPases in nutrient response

(2008) Eunjung Kim et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Myc regulates a transcriptional program that stimulates mitochondrial glutaminolysis and leads to glutamine addiction

(2008) D. R. Wise et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Rapamycin differentially inhibits S6Ks and 4E-BP1 to mediate cell-type-specific repression of mRNA translation

(2008) A. Y. Choo et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

FBXW7 Targets mTOR for Degradation and Cooperates with PTEN in Tumor Suppression

(2008) Jian-Hua Mao et al.   SCIENCE

The Rag GTPases Bind Raptor and Mediate Amino Acid Signaling to mTORC1

(2008) Y. Sancak et al.   SCIENCE

Is Akt the “Warburg kinase”?—Akt-energy metabolism interactions and oncogenesis

(2008) R. Brooks Robey et al.   SEMINARS IN CANCER BIOLOGY

Deriving CSW rules for massive scalar legs and pure Yang-Mills loops

(2008) Rutger Boels et al.   JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

Wall crossing formula for 𝒩 = 4 dyons: a macroscopic derivation

(2008) Ashoke Sen   JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

Non-abelian bundles on heterotic non-compact K3 orbifold blowups

(2008) Stefan Groot Nibbelink et al.   JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

On S-matrix factorization of the Landau-Lifshitz model

(2008) A Melikyan et al.   JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

A numerical unitarity formalism for evaluating one-loop amplitudes

(2008) R.K Ellis et al.   JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

Resonances and unitarity in weak boson scattering at the LHC

(2008) Ana Alboteanu et al.   JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

Multiple signaling pathways promote B lymphocyte stimulator dependent B-cell growth and survival

(2007) R. T. Woodland et al.   BLOOD