COVID-19 and Long COVID: Disruption of the Neurovascular Unit, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Tight Junctions

Stress-Induced Transcriptomic Changes in Females with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Reveal Disrupted Immune Signatures

(2023) Derek J. Van Booven et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations

(2023) Hannah E. Davis et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review

(2023) Yun-Ju Lai et al.   Frontiers in Medicine

Neurological complications of critically ill COVID-19 patients

(2023) Romain Sonneville et al.   Current Opinion in Critical Care

The definition of long COVID used in interventional studies

(2023) Alyson Haslam et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids in Common Neurological Disorders Associated with Aging

(2023) Hilda Martínez-Coria et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Blood-brain barrier function in response to SARS-CoV-2 and its spike protein

(2023) Łukasz Suprewicz et al.   Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska

Maternal SARS-CoV-2, Placental Changes and Brain Injury in 2 Neonates

(2023) Merline Benny et al.   PEDIATRICS

Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction are associated with poor outcome in COVID‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

(2023) Alireza Mohebbi et al.   REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY

What is really ‘Long COVID’?

(2023) Sandor Szabo et al.   INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY

Role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Protein-Induced Activation of Microglia and Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Neuro-COVID

(2023) Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.   Cells

A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms

(2023) Russell N. Low et al.   Frontiers in Medicine

Comparison of serum neurodegenerative biomarkers among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients versus non‐COVID subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer's dementia

(2022) Jennifer A. Frontera et al.   Alzheimers & Dementia

Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus

(2022) Betty Raman et al.   EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL

Granzymes: The Molecular Executors of Immune-Mediated Cytotoxicity

(2022) Zachary L. Z. Hay et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Eriodictyol ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting ferroptosis via vitamin D receptor-mediated Nrf2 activation

(2022) Lin Li et al.   MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?

(2022) Theoharis C. Theoharides   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Serum neurofilament light chain level as a predictor of cognitive stage transition

(2022) Eun-Hye Lee et al.   Alzheimers Research & Therapy

The blood-brain barrier is dysregulated in COVID-19 and serves as a CNS entry route for SARS-CoV-2

(2022) Susanne Krasemann et al.   Stem Cell Reports

Infection of Endothelial Cells by Dengue Virus Induces ROS Production by Different Sources Affecting Virus Replication, Cellular Activation, Death and Vascular Permeability

(2022) Lana Monteiro Meuren et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Endothelial thrombomodulin downregulation caused by hypoxia contributes to severe infiltration and coagulopathy in COVID-19 patient lungs

(2022) Taejoon Won et al.   EBioMedicine

ROS and COVID

(2022) Periklis Vardakas et al.   Antioxidants

Nutraceuticals in HIV and COVID-19-Related Neurological Complications: Opportunity to Use Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Modality

(2022) Sunitha Kodidela et al.   Biology-Basel

“LONG COVID”—A hypothesis for understanding the biological basis and pharmacological treatment strategy

(2022) Bevyn Jarrott et al.   Pharmacology Research & Perspectives

Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a comprehensive review

(2022) D. Castanares-Zapatero et al.   ANNALS OF MEDICINE

SARS‐CoV‐2 and Mitochondrial Proteins in Neural‐Derived Exosomes of COVID‐19

(2022) Michael J. Peluso et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Endothelial BACE1 Impairs Cerebral Small Vessels via Tight Junctions and eNOS

(2022) Haoyue Zhou et al.   CIRCULATION RESEARCH

Calprotectin and Imbalances between Acute-Phase Mediators Are Associated with Critical Illness in COVID-19

(2022) Georgios Kassianidis et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19

(2022) Samuel J. Ahmad et al.   Journal of Integrative Neuroscience

Post COVID‐19 joint pain: Preliminary report of the relationship with antinuclear antibodies and inflammation

(2022) Leonardo Tamariz et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Endothelin-1 is increased in the plasma of patients hospitalised with Covid-19

(2022) George R. Abraham et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY

Endothelial dysfunction and altered endothelial biomarkers in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

(2022) Milan Haffke et al.   Journal of Translational Medicine

Eriodictyol and Homoeriodictyol Improve Memory Impairment in Aβ25–35-Induced Mice by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome

(2022) Pengli Guo et al.   MOLECULES

ACE2 Protein Expression During Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood

(2022) Bernadette Schurink et al.   PEDIATRIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL PATHOLOGY

COVID-19 and the brain

(2022) Karan S. Hingorani et al.   TRENDS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE

Histamine Potentiates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Entry Into Endothelial Cells

(2022) Somasundaram Raghavan et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Laboratory Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in COVID-19

(2022) Denise Battaglini et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in ME/CFS and Long COVID to Sustain Disease and Promote Relapses

(2022) Warren Tate et al.   Frontiers in Neurology

Addressing Blood–Brain Barrier Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease

(2022) Chanchal Sharma et al.   Biomedicines

Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) in neuroinflammatory disorders and possible role in COVID-19 neurologic complications

(2022) Donya Nazarinia et al.   ACTA NEUROLOGICA BELGICA

NK cell dysfunction is linked with disease severity in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients

(2022) Khadijeh Dizaji Asl et al.   CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION

Serum soluble mediator waves and networks along healthy ageing

(2022) Joaquim Pedro Brito-de-Sousa et al.   EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY

Gut-brain communication in COVID-19: molecular mechanisms, mediators, biomarkers, and therapeutics

(2022) Tameena Wais et al.   Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

Cytokine Storm Signature in Patients with Moderate and Severe COVID-19

(2022) Olga Kalinina et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

High Circulating Levels of the Homeostatic Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 Predict Mortality and Disease Severity in COVID-19

(2022) Anders Tveita et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells

(2022) Rui-Cheng Yang et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Plasma biomarkers of brain injury in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms

(2022) B.E. Sahin et al.   JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19 in Experimental Mice

(2022) Michael J. Paidas et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients

(2022) Fernanda Crunfli et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Serum neurofilament light levels are predictive of all-cause mortality in late middle-aged individuals

(2022) Andrew D. Nguyen et al.   EBioMedicine

SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit protein-mediated increase of beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) impairs human brain vessel cells

(2022) Ji-Young Choi et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Neuroinflammation and COVID-19

(2022) Abigail Vanderheiden et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY

Subtle vascular and astrocytic changes in the brain of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID ‐19) patients

(2022) Gabriela Camelia Rosu et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Exosome‐associated mitochondrial DNA from patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome stimulates human microglia to release IL‐1β

(2022) Irene Tsilioni et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Mast cells promote viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 via formation of chymase/spike protein complex

(2022) Shuang Liu et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

SARS-CoV-2 mediated neurological disorders in COVID-19: Measuring the pathophysiology and immune response

(2022) Pi-Ching Hsu et al.   LIFE SCIENCES

Elevated vascular transformation blood biomarkers in Long-COVID indicate angiogenesis as a key pathophysiological mechanism

(2022) Maitray A. Patel et al.   MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Neurological post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection

(2022) Masaki Takao et al.   PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES

Upregulation of interleukin-19 in saliva of patients with COVID-19

(2022) Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari et al.   Scientific Reports

Single-cell sequencing of brain tissues reveal the central nervous system’s susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and the drug

(2022) Zhichao Lu et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Low perforin expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes during the acute phase of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection predicts long COVID

(2022) Lucy Kundura et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Plasma Endocan as a Biomarker of Thrombotic Events in COVID-19 Patients

(2022) Camille Chenevier-Gobeaux et al.   Journal of Clinical Medicine

Prognostic value of soluble endoglin in patients with septic shock and severe COVID-19

(2022) Veronika Tomášková et al.   Frontiers in Medicine

A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Natural Phytocompounds for Stroke

(2022) Farooq M. Almutairi et al.   Biomedicines

Proteoglycans: a common portal for SARS-CoV-2 and extracellular vesicle uptake

(2022) Myriam Cerezo-Magaña et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY

The amplification of CNS damage in Alzheimer's disease due to SARS-CoV2 infection

(2022) Gerard J. Nuovo et al.   Annals of Diagnostic Pathology

Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019: exploring past to understand present

(2021) Ishita Desai et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections?

(2021) Varnica Bajaj et al.   Frontiers in Physiology

Long‐COVID syndrome‐associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue

(2021) Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.   BIOFACTORS

Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

(2021) Ani Nalbandian et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

COVID-19 and Neurological Impairment: Hypothalamic Circuits and Beyond

(2021) Bashair M. Mussa et al.   Viruses-Basel

Neuropathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier disruption are critical pathophysiological processes that contribute to the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2021) Menizibeya O. Welcome et al.   INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Serum Endocan Levels in Patients With COVID-19

(2021) Selim Görgün et al.   ANGIOLOGY

Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Neurodegenerative Disorder

(2021) Benjamin L. Brett et al.   BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Is the Endothelium the Missing Link in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of COVID-19 Complications?

(2021) Pedro Castro et al.   CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS AND THERAPY

Brain Mechanisms of COVID-19-Sleep Disorders

(2021) Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Expression of SARS-CoV-2-related receptors in cells of the neurovascular unit: implications for HIV-1 infection

(2021) Silvia Torices et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Essentials of Diagnosis and Management

(2021) Lucinda Bateman et al.   MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS

Dysregulation of brain and choroid plexus cell types in severe COVID-19

(2021) Andrew C. Yang et al.   NATURE

A human three-dimensional neural-perivascular ‘assembloid’ promotes astrocytic development and enables modeling of SARS-CoV-2 neuropathology

(2021) Lu Wang et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Senolytics reduce coronavirus-related mortality in old mice

(2021) Christina D. Camell et al.   SCIENCE

Endothelial Senescence and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a COVID-19 Based Hypothesis

(2021) Adonis Sfera et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis of human brain immune response in patients with severe COVID-19

(2021) John F. Fullard et al.   Genome Medicine

Eriodictyol Attenuates MCAO-Induced Brain Injury and Neurological Deficits via Reversing the Autophagy Dysfunction

(2021) Chuanxiang Wang et al.   Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Degradation of Junctional Proteins That Maintain Endothelial Barrier Integrity

(2021) Somasundaram Raghavan et al.   Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Disrupts Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity via RhoA Activation

(2021) Brandon J. DeOre et al.   Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology

Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: towards clinical implementation

(2021) Charlotte E Teunissen et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: A 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19

(2021) Maxime Taquet et al.   PLOS MEDICINE

Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in CNS Disorders and Putative Therapeutic Targets: An Overview

(2021) Sabrina Rahman Archie et al.   Pharmaceutics

Regulation of AQP4 in the Central Nervous System

(2020) Arno Vandebroek et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

The Mast Cell Is an Early Activator of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Hippocampus

(2020) Yiwei Wang et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

Endoglin: Beyond the Endothelium

(2020) Mark J.A. Schoonderwoerd et al.   Biomolecules

COVID ‐19, pulmonary mast cells, cytokine storms, and beneficial actions of luteolin

(2020) Theoharis C. Theoharides   BIOFACTORS

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   CELL

Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab

(2020) Xiaoling Xu et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Brain Microvascular Pericytes in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

(2020) Maiko T. Uemura et al.   Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

(2020) Ling Mao et al.   JAMA Neurology

Cerebrospinal fluid features in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive patients

(2020) Mathilde Bellon et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

IL-15 immunotherapy is a viable strategy for COVID-19

(2020) Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu et al.   CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS

Mast Cell Activation, Neuroinflammation, and Tight Junction Protein Derangement in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury

(2020) Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

COVID-19, Mast Cells, Cytokine Storm, Psychological Stress, and Neuroinflammation

(2020) Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.   NEUROSCIENTIST

Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury

(2020) Vivian A. Guedes et al.   Frontiers in Neurology

Neuroprotective effects of flavone luteolin in neuroinflammation and neurotrauma

(2020) Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.   BIOFACTORS

Interleukin‐6 in Covid‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

(2020) Eric A. Coomes et al.   REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Thrombomodulin as a Physiological Modulator of Intravascular Injury

(2020) Kanako Watanabe-Kusunoki et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Predictive value of cytokine/chemokine responses for the disease severity and management in children and adult cases with COVID‐19

(2020) Yasemin Ozsurekci et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Molecular Bases of VEGFR-2-Mediated Physiological Function and Pathological Role

(2020) Xinrong Wang et al.   Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

A blood–brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity

(2020) Hossam Kadry et al.   Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Potential association of mast cells with coronavirus disease 2019

(2020) Theoharis C. Theoharides   ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY

Mast Cells Induce Blood Brain Barrier Damage in SCD by Causing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Endothelium

(2019) Huy Tran et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Mast Cells in Stress, Pain, Blood-Brain Barrier, Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease

(2019) Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Brain Injury–Mediated Neuroinflammatory Response and Alzheimer’s Disease

(2019) Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.   NEUROSCIENTIST

Eriodictyol alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐triggered oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunctions in BV‐2 microglial cells and mouse brain

(2019) Pandi He et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Biomarker definitions and their applications

(2018) Robert M Califf   EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Blood–brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders

(2018) Melanie D. Sweeney et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

Mild TBI and risk of Parkinson disease

(2018) Raquel C. Gardner et al.   NEUROLOGY

Mast cells decrease efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy by secreting matrix-degrading granzyme B

(2017) M. Wroblewski et al.   Nature Communications

Cerebral mast cells contribute to postoperative cognitive dysfunction by promoting blood brain barrier disruption

(2016) Susu Zhang et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

Endothelial functions of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31)

(2016) Panida Lertkiatmongkol et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN HEMATOLOGY

Pericytes of the neurovascular unit: key functions and signaling pathways

(2016) Melanie D Sweeney et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

TMEM119 marks a subset of microglia in the human brain

(2015) Jun-ichi Satoh et al.   NEUROPATHOLOGY

RhoA and ROCK mediate histamine-induced vascular leakage and anaphylactic shock

(2015) Constantinos M. Mikelis et al.   Nature Communications

E-selectin as a target for drug delivery and molecular imaging

(2011) Emile Jubeli et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Mast Cells as Early Responders in the Regulation of Acute Blood–Brain Barrier Changes after Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhage

(2010) Perttu Johannes Lindsberg et al.   JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM

Homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 promote inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with ongoing viral replication

(2009) J. K. Damås et al.   CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY

Phosphorylation of Claudin-5 and Occludin by Rho Kinase in Brain Endothelial Cells

(2008) Masaru Yamamoto et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY