Remyelination therapies for multiple sclerosis: optimizing translation from animal models into clinical trials

Functional genomic analyses highlight a shift in Gpr17 ‐regulated cellular processes in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and underlying myelin dysregulation in the aged mouse cerebrum

(2021) Andrea D. Rivera et al.   AGING CELL

Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data

(2021) Arman Eshaghi et al.   Nature Communications

Protective impacts of erythropoietin on myelinization of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells in CNS and PNS following cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis- histology, molecular, and functional studies

(2020) Jafar Mirzaie et al.   JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY

Advances in oral immunomodulating therapies in relapsing multiple sclerosis

(2020) Tobias Derfuss et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Nanocatalytic activity of clean-surfaced, faceted nanocrystalline gold enhances remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis

(2020) Andrew P. Robinson et al.   Scientific Reports

Regulatory B cells normalize CNS myeloid cell content in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis and promote oligodendrogenesis and remyelination

(2020) Andrea Pennati et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Human Glial Progenitor Cells Effectively Remyelinate the Demyelinated Adult Brain

(2020) Martha S. Windrem et al.   Cell Reports

Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis: Friend or Foe?

(2020) Brooke L. Guerrero et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Microglia phagocytose myelin sheaths to modify developmental myelination

(2020) Alexandria N. Hughes et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

The Role of Astrocytes in Remyelination

(2020) Khalil S. Rawji et al.   TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES

The TOTEM RRMS (Testosterone Treatment on neuroprotection and Myelin Repair in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis) trial: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

(2020) Katline Metzger-Peter et al.   Trials

Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

(2020) Dimitrios Papadopoulos et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Microglial calcium signaling is attuned to neuronal activity in awake mice

(2020) Anthony D Umpierre et al.   eLife

Phase I randomized trial of liothyronine for remyelination in multiple sclerosis: A dose-ranging study with assessment of reliability of visual outcomes

(2020) Lindsey Wooliscroft et al.   Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

Cellular Senescence and Failure of Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis

(2020) Paraskevi N. Koutsoudaki et al.   MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT

Facets of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update

(2019) Ingo Gerhauser et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Cellular senescence in progenitor cells contributes to diminished remyelination potential in progressive multiple sclerosis

(2019) Alexandra M. Nicaise et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis

(2019) Sarah Jäkel et al.   NATURE

Dynamics of oligodendrocyte generation in multiple sclerosis

(2019) Maggie S. Y. Yeung et al.   NATURE

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Enhance CNS Remyelination Independent of Estrogen Receptors

(2019) Kelsey A. Rankin et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Gold Nanoparticles and Polyethylene Glycol Alleviate Clinical Symptoms and Alter Cytokine Secretion in a Mouse Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

(2019) Tayebe Aghaie et al.   IUBMB LIFE

Domperidone-induced elevation of serum prolactin levels and immune response in multiple sclerosis

(2019) Marcus W. Koch et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Senolytic therapy alleviates Aβ-associated oligodendrocyte progenitor cell senescence and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer’s disease model

(2019) Peisu Zhang et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Gene expression in oligodendrocytes during remyelination reveals cholesterol homeostasis as a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis

(2019) Rhonda R. Voskuhl et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Safety and efficacy of opicinumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (SYNERGY): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

(2019) Diego Cadavid et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

The pro-remyelination properties of microglia in the central nervous system

(2019) Amy F. Lloyd et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

When encephalitogenic T cells collaborate with microglia in multiple sclerosis

(2019) Yifei Dong et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

Quetiapine has an additive effect to triiodothyronine in inducing differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells through induction of cholesterol biosynthesis

(2019) Jaime Gonzalez Cardona et al.   PLoS One

Metformin Restores CNS Remyelination Capacity by Rejuvenating Aged Stem Cells

(2019) Björn Neumann et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Neuronal network activity controls microglial process surveillance in awake mice via norepinephrine signaling

(2019) Yong U. Liu et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

The role of radiation and chemotherapy in adult patients with high-grade brainstem gliomas: results from the National Cancer Database

(2019) Panagiotis Kerezoudis et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Correlation between mouse age and human age in anti-tumor research: Significance and method establishment

(2019) Shuo Wang et al.   LIFE SCIENCES

Dynamic changes and molecular analysis of cell death in the spinal cord of SJL mice infected with the BeAn strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus

(2018) Ingo Gerhauser et al.   APOPTOSIS

The antibody rHIgM22 facilitates hippocampal remyelination and ameliorates memory deficits in the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination

(2018) Charlene Cui et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Muscarinic receptor M3R signaling prevents efficient remyelination by human and mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells

(2018) R. Ross Welliver et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

(2018) Ivana Bjelobaba et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Lifelong cortical myelin plasticity and age-related degeneration in the live mammalian brain

(2018) Robert A. Hill et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Multiple Sclerosis

(2018) Daniel S. Reich et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Defective cholesterol clearance limits remyelination in the aged central nervous system

(2018) Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri et al.   SCIENCE

Surface plasmon resonance sensing on naturally derived membranes: A remyelination-promoting human antibody binds myelin with extraordinary affinity

(2018) Milan Vala et al.   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Myelination induction by a histamine H3 receptor antagonist in a mouse model of preterm white matter injury

(2018) Claire-Marie Rangon et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Accumulation of 8,9-unsaturated sterols drives oligodendrocyte formation and remyelination

(2018) Zita Hubler et al.   NATURE

Pdgfra marks a cellular lineage with distinct contributions to myofibroblasts in lung maturation and injury response

(2018) Rongbo Li et al.   eLife

Methotrexate Chemotherapy Induces Persistent Tri-glial Dysregulation that Underlies Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment

(2018) Erin M. Gibson et al.   CELL

Age is a critical determinant in recovery from multiple sclerosis relapses

(2018) Brittani L Conway et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Animal models of multiple sclerosis: From rodents to zebrafish

(2018) David John Burrows et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

The adult oligodendrocyte can participate in remyelination

(2018) Ian D. Duncan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology

(2018) Sofie Voet et al.   TRENDS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Inhibiting repulsive guidance molecule-a suppresses secondary progression in mouse models of multiple sclerosis

(2018) Shogo Tanabe et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Fractionation enhances acute oligodendrocyte progenitor cell radiation sensitivity and leads to long term depletion

(2017) Sage Begolly et al.   GLIA

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of SJL/J and C57BL/6J mice: Models for multiple sclerosis and epilepsy

(2017) Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Erythropoietin reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis severity via neuroprotective mechanisms

(2017) M. Moransard et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Proliferating NG2-Cell-Dependent Angiogenesis and Scar Formation Alter Axon Growth and Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

(2017) Zoe C. Hesp et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial

(2017) Ari J Green et al.   LANCET

Safety and efficacy of opicinumab in acute optic neuritis (RENEW): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

(2017) Diego Cadavid et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

rHIgM22 enhances remyelination in the brain of the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination

(2017) Ariana P. Mullin et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

RGMs: Structural Insights, Molecular Regulation, and Downstream Signaling

(2017) Christian Siebold et al.   TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY

Glial Cells and Their Function in the Adult Brain: A Journey through the History of Their Ablation

(2017) Sarah Jäkel et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Long-lasting masculinizing effects of postnatal androgens on myelin governed by the brain androgen receptor

(2017) Charly Abi Ghanem et al.   PLoS Genetics

Ionizing Radiation-Induced Immune and Inflammatory Reactions in the Brain

(2017) Katalin Lumniczky et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Histamine Receptor 3 negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination

(2017) Yongfeng Chen et al.   PLoS One

NG2 glial cells regulate neuroimmunological responses to maintain neuronal function and survival

(2017) Masayuki Nakano et al.   Scientific Reports

Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality

(2016) Hans Lassmann et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

An updated histological classification system for multiple sclerosis lesions

(2016) Tanja Kuhlmann et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

Long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis disability in the treatment era

(2016) et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Lesion remyelinating activity of GSK239512 versus placebo in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, single-blind, phase II study

(2016) Caryl J. Schwartzbach et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Oligodendrocytes: from Extracellular Transport to Intracellular Signal

(2016) Jae Young Lee et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

High-dose erythropoietin in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

(2016) Karen Schreiber et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Rapid production of new oligodendrocytes is required in the earliest stages of motor-skill learning

(2016) Lin Xiao et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Olesoxime favors oligodendrocyte differentiation through a functional interplay between mitochondria and microtubules

(2016) K. Magalon et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Unexpected central role of the androgen receptor in the spontaneous regeneration of myelin

(2016) Bartosz Bielecki et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Treatment of optic neuritis with erythropoietin (TONE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial—study protocol

(2016) Ricarda Diem et al.   BMJ Open

Accelerated remyelination during inflammatory demyelination prevents axonal loss and improves functional recovery

(2016) Feng Mei et al.   eLife

High-dose erythropoietin in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

(2016) Karen Schreiber et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque

(2015) Josa M. Frischer et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Cortical atrophy patterns in multiple sclerosis are non-random and clinically relevant

(2015) Martijn D. Steenwijk et al.   BRAIN

Central Nervous System Demyelination and Remyelination is Independent from Systemic Cholesterol Level in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis

(2015) Barbara B. Raddatz et al.   BRAIN PATHOLOGY

From mice to mind: Strategies and progress in translating neuroregeneration

(2015) Terry C. Burns et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Animal models of Multiple Sclerosis

(2015) Claudio Procaccini et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Modeling cognition and disease using human glial chimeric mice

(2015) Steven A. Goldman et al.   GLIA

Age-Dependent Netrin-1 Signaling Regulates NG2+ Glial Cell Spatial Homeostasis in Normal Adult Gray Matter

(2015) F. Birey et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Mechanisms of Oxidase and Superoxide Dismutation-like Activities of Gold, Silver, Platinum, and Palladium, and Their Alloys: A General Way to the Activation of Molecular Oxygen

(2015) Xiaomei Shen et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Relationship between Prolactin Plasma Levels and White Matter Volume in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

(2015) L. De Giglio et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

Antibody-Mediated Oligodendrocyte Remyelination Promotes Axon Health in Progressive Demyelinating Disease

(2015) Bharath Wootla et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

SEMA4D compromises blood–brain barrier, activates microglia, and inhibits remyelination in neurodegenerative disease

(2015) Ernest S. Smith et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Genetic and Stress-Induced Loss of NG2 Glia Triggers Emergence of Depressive-like Behaviors through Reduced Secretion of FGF2

(2015) Fikri Birey et al.   NEURON

Clemastine rescues behavioral changes and enhances remyelination in the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination

(2015) Zhifang Li et al.   Neuroscience Bulletin

Targeting Repulsive Guidance Molecule A to Promote Regeneration and Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis

(2015) Elena Demicheva et al.   Cell Reports

Pathologic heterogeneity persists in early active multiple sclerosis lesions

(2014) Imke Metz et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Neurobehavioral and cytotoxic effects of vanadium during oligodendrocyte maturation: A protective role for erythropoietin

(2014) Oluwaseun Mustapha et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Cutting Edge: Multiple Sclerosis-Like Lesions Induced by Effector CD8 T Cells Recognizing a Sequestered Antigen on Oligodendrocytes

(2014) A. Saxena et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Role of prolactin in B cell regulation in multiple sclerosis

(2014) Jorge Correale et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

A Competitive Advantage by Neonatally Engrafted Human Glial Progenitors Yields Mice Whose Brains Are Chimeric for Human Glia

(2014) M. S. Windrem et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Micropillar arrays as a high-throughput screening platform for therapeutics in multiple sclerosis

(2014) Feng Mei et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and axonal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis

(2014) Manuel A. Friese et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

Acute treatment with valproic acid and l-thyroxine ameliorates clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and prevents brain pathology in DA rats

(2014) Gonçalo Castelo-Branco et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

To learn is to myelinate

(2014) P. Long et al.   SCIENCE

Motor skill learning requires active central myelination

(2014) I. A. McKenzie et al.   SCIENCE

Glial response during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination in the CNS: lessons learned

(2014) Viktoria Gudi et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Repulsive Guidance Molecule-a Is Involved in Th17-Cell-Induced Neurodegeneration in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

(2014) Shogo Tanabe et al.   Cell Reports

The neural androgen receptor: a therapeutic target for myelin repair in chronic demyelination

(2013) Rashad Hussain et al.   BRAIN

Fibronectin aggregation in multiple sclerosis lesions impairs remyelination

(2013) Josephine M. J. Stoffels et al.   BRAIN

Differential effects of antipsychotics on the development of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells exposed to cuprizone

(2013) Haiyun Xu et al.   EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE

Inhibitors of myelination: ECM changes, CSPGs and PTPs

(2013) Danielle E. Harlow et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Extensive regenerative plasticity among adult NG2-glia populations is exclusively based on self-renewal

(2013) Sarah C. Robins et al.   GLIA

TRO19622 promotes myelin repair in a rat model of demyelination

(2013) Yiqiao Li et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Layer V cortical neurons require microglial support for survival during postnatal development

(2013) Masaki Ueno et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Pathophysiology of the brain extracellular matrix: a new target for remyelination

(2013) Lorraine W. Lau et al.   NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

PDGF is Required for Remyelination-Promoting IgM Stimulation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Proliferation

(2013) Jens O. Watzlawik et al.   PLoS One

Oligodendrocytes and the early multiple sclerosis lesion

(2012) John W. Prineas et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

A randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study of erythropoietin in optic neuritis

(2012) Kurt-Wolfram Sühs et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Multiple Sclerosis

(2012) Baukje J. van der Star et al.   CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets

LINGO-1, a Transmembrane Signaling Protein, Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination through Intercellular Self-interactions

(2012) Scott Jepson et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Quetiapine prevents oligodendrocyte and myelin loss and promotes maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in the hippocampus of global cerebral ischemia mice

(2012) Xiaoying Bi et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Prolactin in multiple sclerosis

(2012) Simon Zhornitsky et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity

(2012) Ursula Fünfschilling et al.   NATURE

Sex-related factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression

(2012) Rhonda R. Voskuhl et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

Quetiapine, an Atypical Antipsychotic, Is Protective against Autoimmune-Mediated Demyelination by Inhibiting Effector T Cell Proliferation

(2012) Feng Mei et al.   PLoS One

Quetiapine enhances oligodendrocyte regeneration and myelin repair after cuprizone-induced demyelination

(2012) Yanbo Zhang et al.   SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH

Olesoxime accelerates myelination and promotes repair in models of demyelination

(2011) Karine Magalon et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Erythropoietin promotes oligodendrogenesis and myelin repair following lysolecithin-induced injury in spinal cord slice culture

(2011) Yun Kyung Cho et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Muscarinic receptor subtypes as potential targets to modulate oligodendrocyte progenitor survival, proliferation, and differentiation

(2011) Federica De Angelis et al.   Developmental Neurobiology

The role of immune semaphorins in multiple sclerosis

(2011) Tatsusada Okuno et al.   FEBS LETTERS

Triiodothyronine Administration Ameliorates the Demyelination/Remyelination Ratio in a Non-Human Primate Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Correcting Tissue Hypothyroidism

(2011) G. D’Intino et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

The Role of Microglia in the Healthy Brain

(2011) M.-E. Tremblay et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Sema4D as an inhibitory regulator in oligodendrocyte development

(2011) Wataru Yamaguchi et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE

RGMa modulates T cell responses and is involved in autoimmune encephalomyelitis

(2011) Rieko Muramatsu et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Magnetic resonance imaging and histological evidence for the blockade of cuprizone-induced demyelination in C57BL/6 mice

(2011) P. Chandran et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

(2010) Axel Petzold et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Diagnosing multiple sclerosis at a later age: more than just progressive myelopathy

(2010) Robert A Bermel et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Clinico-pathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis

(2010) Emma C Tallantyre et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Improving the translational hit of experimental treatments in multiple sclerosis

(2010) Hanna M Vesterinen et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia

(2010) Klaus-Armin Nave   NATURE

Retinoid X receptor gamma signaling accelerates CNS remyelination

(2010) Jeffrey K Huang et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Conditional ablation and recovery of forebrain neurogenesis in the mouse

(2009) Benjamin H. Singer et al.   JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY

Imaging outcomes for neuroprotection and repair in multiple sclerosis trials

(2009) Frederik Barkhof et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

In toxic demyelination oligodendroglial cell death occurs early and is FAS independent

(2009) Amke Hesse et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Adult-Generated Hippocampal Neurons Allow the Flexible Use of Spatially Precise Learning Strategies

(2009) Alexander Garthe et al.   PLoS One

Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis

(2008) Esther C. W. Breij et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Remyelination protects axons from demyelination-associated axon degeneration

(2008) K. A. Irvine et al.   BRAIN

Severe oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions coincides with enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression

(2008) J. van Horssen et al.   FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Recovery from Chronic Demyelination by Thyroid Hormone Therapy: Myelinogenesis Induction and Assessment by Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(2008) L.-A. Harsan et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Multiple sclerosis

(2008) Alastair Compston et al.   LANCET

Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy

(2008) Robin J. M. Franklin et al.   NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

A ‘GAG’ reflex prevents repair of the damaged CNS

(2007) Larry S. Sherman et al.   TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES