A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability

A Cross-Talk Between Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and the Host Mucosal Immune System Regulates Intestinal Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

(2018) Pedro Gonçalves et al.   INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES

Neoteric advancement in TB drugs and an overview on the anti-tubercular role of peptides through computational approaches

(2018) Ameer Khusro et al.   MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS

Toxins, Targets, and Triggers: An Overview of Toxin-Antitoxin Biology

(2018) Alexander Harms et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Functional insights into the Streptococcus pneumoniae HicBA toxin–antitoxin system based on a structural study

(2018) Do-Hee Kim et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Reassessing the Role of Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Formation of Escherichia coli Type II Persister Cells

(2018) Frédéric Goormaghtigh et al.   mBio

The ng_ζ1 toxin of the gonococcal epsilon/zeta toxin/antitoxin system drains precursors for cell wall synthesis

(2018) Andrea Rocker et al.   Nature Communications

Increased Abundance of Clostridium and Fusobacterium in Gastric Microbiota of Patients with Gastric Cancer in Taiwan

(2018) Yung-Yu Hsieh et al.   Scientific Reports

Post-segregational Killing and Phage Inhibition Are Not Mediated by Cell Death Through Toxin/Antitoxin Systems

(2018) Sooyeon Song et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer

(2018) Changting Meng et al.   GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS

Gut fungal dysbiosis correlates with reduced efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection

(2018) Tao Zuo et al.   Nature Communications

The Streptococcus pneumoniae yefM-yoeB and relBE Toxin-Antitoxin Operons Participate in Oxidative Stress and Biofilm Formation

(2018) Wai Chan et al.   Toxins

Gut microbiota and colorectal cancer

(2017) R. Gao et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC20 toxin and its interactions with cognate antitoxin, VapB20, suggest a model for toxin-antitoxin assembly

(2017) Amar Deep et al.   FEBS Journal

Contribution of the Chromosomal ccdAB Operon to Bacterial Drug Tolerance

(2017) Kritika Gupta et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Structural analyses of the MazEF4 toxin-antitoxin pair inMycobacterium tuberculosisprovide evidence for a unique extracellular death factor

(2017) Do-Hwan Ahn et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

The structure and function ofMycobacterium tuberculosisMazF-mt6 toxin provide insights into conserved features of MazF endonucleases

(2017) Eric D. Hoffer et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease

(2017) Thomas C Fung et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

TADB 2.0: an updated database of bacterial type II toxin–antitoxin loci

(2017) Yingzhou Xie et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Functional details of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapBC26 toxin-antitoxin system based on a structural study: insights into unique binding and antibiotic peptides

(2017) Sung-Min Kang et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Obesity-associated cancer risk: the role of intestinal microbiota in the etiology of the host proinflammatory state

(2017) Zora Djuric   Translational Research

Phascolarctobacterium faecium abundant colonization in human gastrointestinal tract

(2017) Feifan Wu et al.   Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Toxins of Prokaryotic Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with Sequence-Specific Endoribonuclease Activity

(2017) Hisako Masuda et al.   Toxins

Antibiotic gold: tethering of antimicrobial peptides to gold nanoparticles maintains conformational flexibility of peptides and improves trypsin susceptibility

(2017) Parvesh Wadhwani et al.   Biomaterials Science

New Frontiers in Genetics, Gut Microbiota, and Immunity: A Rosetta Stone for the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

(2017) Mingxia Zhou et al.   Biomed Research International

Structure-Based Prototype Peptides Targeting the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type VI Secretion System Effector as a Novel Antibacterial Strategy

(2017) Xiaopan Gao et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Interactions between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

(2017) Ming Zhang et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Association of the Intestinal Microbiome with the Development of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

(2017) Martin S. Zinkernagel et al.   Scientific Reports

Crystal structure of VapC21 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 1.31 Å resolution

(2016) Paulo Jardim et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Population structure, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5: prior to PCV-13 vaccine introduction in Eastern Gambia

(2016) Eta E. Ashu et al.   BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Intestinal Crosstalk between Bile Acids and Microbiota and Its Impact on Host Metabolism

(2016) Annika Wahlström et al.   Cell Metabolism

Connections Between the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Hormones in Early Pregnancy in Overweight and Obese Women

(2016) Luisa F. Gomez-Arango et al.   DIABETES

Reduced Abundance of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria Species in the Fecal Microbial Community in Crohn's Disease

(2016) Kenichiro Takahashi et al.   DIGESTION

Wake me when it’s over – Bacterial toxin–antitoxin proteins and induced dormancy

(2016) Nathan P Coussens et al.   EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Anti-colon cancer and antioxidant activities of bovine skim milk fermented by selected Lactobacillus helveticus strains

(2016) K.R. Elfahri et al.   JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE

Dual Targeting of Intracellular Pathogenic Bacteria with a Cleavable Conjugate of Kanamycin and an Antibacterial Cell-Penetrating Peptide

(2016) Anna Brezden et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Emerging Roles of Toxin-Antitoxin Modules in Bacterial Pathogenesis

(2016) Barbara Kędzierska et al.   MOLECULES

Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial growth arrest and persistence

(2016) Rebecca Page et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Intestinal microbiota affects host physiology

(2016) Claire Greenhill   Nature Reviews Endocrinology

UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase

(2016)   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Escherichia coli Quorum-Sensing EDF, A Peptide Generated by Novel Multiple Distinct Mechanisms and Regulated by trans -Translation

(2016) Sathish Kumar et al.   mBio

Persistence Increases in the Absence of the Alarmone Guanosine Tetraphosphate by Reducing Cell Growth

(2016) Nityananda Chowdhury et al.   Scientific Reports

Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease

(2016) Claire L. Boulangé et al.   Genome Medicine

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Clinical Pathogens

(2016) Laura Fernández-García et al.   Toxins

Mapping Protein–Protein Interactions of the Resistance-Related Bacterial Zeta Toxin–Epsilon Antitoxin Complex (ε2ζ2) with High Affinity Peptide Ligands Using Fluorescence Polarization

(2016) María Fernández-Bachiller et al.   Toxins

Structure, Evolution, and Functions of Bacterial Type III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems

(2016) Nathalie Goeders et al.   Toxins

Structure, Biology, and Therapeutic Application of Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria

(2016) Ki-Young Lee et al.   Toxins

Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut

(2016) Audrey Rivière et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

The Gut Microbiota in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases

(2016) Jessica D. Forbes et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Structural and functional studies of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapBC30 toxin-antitoxin system

(2016) Sang Jae Lee et al.   Acta Crystallographica A-Foundation and Advances

Fecal Microbiota in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Relation to Inflammation

(2015) Kaija-Leena Kolho et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Comparison of the gut microbiota composition between obese and non-obese individuals in a Japanese population, as analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and next-generation sequencing

(2015) Chika Kasai et al.   BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY

Erratum to: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis relBE toxin: antitoxin genes are stress-responsive modules that regulate growth through translation inhibition

(2015) Shaleen B. Korch et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY

The role of the hok/sok locus in bacterial response to stressful growth conditions

(2015) Chinwe U. Chukwudi et al.   MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS

Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota

(2015) Gregory P. Donaldson et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Co-evolution of quaternary organization and novel RNA tertiary interactions revealed in the crystal structure of a bacterial protein–RNA toxin–antitoxin system

(2015) Feng Rao et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

A sustainable model for antibiotics

(2015) M. Perros   SCIENCE

Tuberculosis origin: The Neolithic scenario

(2015) Israel Hershkovitz et al.   TUBERCULOSIS

Distinct type I and type II toxin-antitoxin modules control Salmonella lifestyle inside eukaryotic cells

(2015) Damián Lobato-Márquez et al.   Scientific Reports

FusobacteriumandEscherichia: models of colorectal cancer driven by microbiota and the utility of microbiota in colorectal cancer screening

(2015) Andrea Leung et al.   Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota

(2015) Derrick R. Samuelson et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Bacterial Persisters

(2014) Etienne Maisonneuve et al.   CELL

Microbial-Derived Butyrate: An Oncometabolite or Tumor-Suppressive Metabolite?

(2014) Scott J. Bultman et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Rational Design of Alpha-Helical Antimicrobial Peptides: Do's and Don'ts

(2014) Lars Erik Uggerhøj et al.   CHEMBIOCHEM

A Phylogenomic View of Ecological Specialization in the Lachnospiraceae, a Family of Digestive Tract-Associated Bacteria

(2014) Conor J. Meehan et al.   Genome Biology and Evolution

Inflammatory Bowel Disease as a Model for Translating the Microbiome

(2014) Curtis Huttenhower et al.   IMMUNITY

Structural basis ofBacillus anthracisMoxXT disruption and the modulation of MoxT ribonuclease activity by rationally designed peptides

(2014) Shashikala Verma et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS

The role of diet on intestinal microbiota metabolism: downstream impacts on host immune function and health, and therapeutic implications

(2014) Jason R. Goldsmith et al.   JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Regression of Solid Tumors by Induction of MazF, a Bacterial mRNA Endoribonuclease

(2014) Tsutomu Shimazu et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Crystal structure of the VapBC-15 complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a two-metal ion dependent PIN-domain ribonuclease and a variable mode of toxin–antitoxin assembly

(2014) Uddipan Das et al.   JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY

Structural and biophysical characterization of Staphylococcus aureus SaMazF shows conservation of functional dynamics

(2014) Valentina Zorzini et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

A widespread bacteriophage abortive infection system functions through a Type IV toxin–antitoxin mechanism

(2014) Ron L. Dy et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Internalization of Salmonella by Macrophages Induces Formation of Nonreplicating Persisters

(2014) S. Helaine et al.   SCIENCE

sRNA Antitoxins: More than One Way to Repress a Toxin

(2014) Jia Wen et al.   Toxins

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Multilevel Interaction Systems

(2014) Nathalie Goeders et al.   Toxins

Multiple Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(2014) Ambre Sala et al.   Toxins

Mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacterial biofilms

(2014) Luary C. Martínez et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

The role of metabolism in bacterial persistence

(2014) Stephanie M. Amato et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Toxin-Antitoxin systems: their role in persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity

(2014) Yurong Wen et al.   Pathogens and Disease

Arrested Protein Synthesis Increases Persister-Like Cell Formation

(2013) Brian W. Kwan et al.   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

Ribonucleases in bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems

(2013) Gregory M. Cook et al.   Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Gene Regulatory Mechanisms

Truncated and constrained helical analogs of antimicrobial esculentin-2EM

(2013) Thanh Kim Pham et al.   BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS

Speculative strategies for new antibacterials: all roads should not lead to Rome

(2013) Stuart Shapiro   JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS

Identification and Characterization of Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in the Opportunistic Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii

(2013) M. Jurenaite et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Effect of the Abortive Infection Mechanism and Type III Toxin/Antitoxin System AbiQ on the Lytic Cycle of Lactococcus lactis Phages

(2013) J. E. Samson et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Proteomic Profiling ofMycobacterium tuberculosisIdentifies Nutrient-starvation-responsive Toxin–antitoxin Systems

(2013) Jakob Albrethsen et al.   MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS

A Bacterial Toxin Inhibits DNA Replication Elongation through a Direct Interaction with the β Sliding Clamp

(2013) Christopher D. Aakre et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Characterization ofMyxococcus xanthusMazF and implications for a new point of regulation

(2013) Tye O. Boynton et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Activated ClpP kills persisters and eradicates a chronic biofilm infection

(2013) B. P. Conlon et al.   NATURE

Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

(2013) Lawrence A. David et al.   NATURE

Molecular mechanisms of multiple toxin-antitoxin systems are coordinated to govern the persister phenotype

(2013) R. A. Fasani et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Comparative Proteomics Identifies the Cell-Associated Lethality of M. tuberculosis RelBE-like Toxin-Antitoxin Complexes

(2013) Linda Miallau et al.   STRUCTURE

The intestinal microbiota and host immune interactions in the critically ill

(2013) Tim J. Schuijt et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

A Toxin-Antitoxin Module of Salmonella Promotes Virulence in Mice

(2013) Miguel A. De la Cruz et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Lactobacillus helveticus: the proteolytic system

(2013) M. W. Griffiths et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

The Microbiome in Infectious Disease and Inflammation

(2012) Kenya Honda et al.   Annual Review of Immunology

Bacterial Persistence and Toxin-Antitoxin Loci

(2012) Kenn Gerdes et al.   Annual Review of Microbiology

Myxococcus xanthus Developmental Cell Fate Production: Heterogeneous Accumulation of Developmental Regulatory Proteins and Reexamination of the Role of MazF in Developmental Lysis

(2012) B. Lee et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Structure and activity of AbiQ, a lactococcal endoribonuclease belonging to the type III toxin-antitoxin system

(2012) Julie E. Samson et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

A new type V toxin-antitoxin system where mRNA for toxin GhoT is cleaved by antitoxin GhoS

(2012) Xiaoxue Wang et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Identification and classification of bacterial Type III toxin–antitoxin systems encoded in chromosomal and plasmid genomes

(2012) Tim R. Blower et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Selectivity and self-assembly in the control of a bacterial toxin by an antitoxic noncoding RNA pseudoknot

(2012) F. L. Short et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The crystal structure of the Rv0301-Rv0300 VapBC-3 toxin-antitoxin complex fromM. tuberculosisreveals a Mg2+ion in the active site and a putative RNA-binding site

(2012) Andrew B. Min et al.   PROTEIN SCIENCE

Artificial activation of toxin–antitoxin systems as an antibacterial strategy

(2012) Julia J. Williams et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Viral Evasion of a Bacterial Suicide System by RNA–Based Molecular Mimicry Enables Infectious Altruism

(2012) Tim R. Blower et al.   PLoS Genetics

Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment

(2012) Xochitl C Morgan et al.   GENOME BIOLOGY

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Bacteria and Archaea

(2011) Yoshihiro Yamaguchi et al.   Annual Review of Genetics

Characterization of Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens sp. nov., an Asaccharolytic, Succinate-Utilizing Bacterium Isolated from Human Feces

(2011) Yohei Watanabe et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems Influence Biofilm and Persister Cell Formation and the General Stress Response

(2011) Xiaoxue Wang et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma

(2011) A. D. Kostic et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Prevalence and Significance of Plasmid Maintenance Functions in the Virulence Plasmids of Pathogenic Bacteria

(2011) Manjistha Sengupta et al.   INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

The aetiology of bacterial vaginosis

(2011) Y. Turovskiy et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Modeling of the structure and interactions of the B. anthracis antitoxin, MoxX: deletion mutant studies highlight its modular structure and repressor function

(2011) Nikita Chopra et al.   JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGN

ε/ζ systems: their role in resistance, virulence, and their potential for antibiotic development

(2011) Hannes Mutschler et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE-JMM

Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease

(2011) Kevin J. Maloy et al.   NATURE

Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system

(2011) Andrew L. Kau et al.   NATURE

Antitoxin MqsA helps mediate the bacterial general stress response

(2011) Xiaoxue Wang et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis

(2011) Charles L. Bevins et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

A processed noncoding RNA regulates an altruistic bacterial antiviral system

(2011) Tim R Blower et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A Novel Mechanism of Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria by Toxin–Antitoxin Systems Corrupts Peptidoglycan Synthesis

(2011) Hannes Mutschler et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Assembly Dynamics and Stability of the Pneumococcal Epsilon Zeta Antitoxin Toxin (PezAT) System fromStreptococcus pneumoniae

(2010) Hannes Mutschler et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Dissecting thein VivoMetabolic Potential of Two Human Gut Acetogens

(2010) Federico E. Rey et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms

(2010) Simon J. Labrie et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

P1 Plasmid Segregation: Accurate Redistribution by Dynamic Plasmid Pairing and Separation

(2009) M. Sengupta et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Mutagenesis and Functional Characterization of the RNA and Protein Components of the toxIN Abortive Infection and Toxin-Antitoxin Locus of Erwinia

(2009) T. R. Blower et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

PemK Toxin ofBacillus anthracisIs a Ribonuclease

(2009) Shivangi Agarwal et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

A toxin–antitoxin module as a target for antimicrobial development

(2009) Virginia S. Lioy et al.   PLASMID

The phage abortive infection system, ToxIN, functions as a protein–RNA toxin–antitoxin pair

(2009) Peter C. Fineran et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Bacterial Toxin–Antitoxin Systems: More Than Selfish Entities?

(2009) Laurence Van Melderen et al.   PLoS Genetics

Comprehensive Functional Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Implications for Pathogenesis, Stress Responses, and Evolution

(2009) Holly R. Ramage et al.   PLoS Genetics

A Hydrogen Bond Surrogate Approach for Stabilization of Short Peptide Sequences in α-Helical Conformation

(2008) Anupam Patgiri et al.   ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH

Three Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rel Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Inhibit Mycobacterial Growth and Are Expressed in Infected Human Macrophages

(2008) S. B. Korch et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Structure and Proposed Activity of a Member of the VapBC Family of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems

(2008) Linda Miallau et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

A small SOS-induced toxin is targeted against the inner membrane in Escherichia coli

(2008) Cecilia Unoson et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease

(2008) Sarkis K. Mazmanian et al.   NATURE