Structure, Biology, and Therapeutic Application of Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria

Linking bacterial type I toxins with their actions

(2016) Régine Brielle et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY

Wake me when it’s over – Bacterial toxin–antitoxin proteins and induced dormancy

(2016) Nathan P Coussens et al.   EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Substrate Recognition and Activity Regulation of theEscherichia colimRNA Endonuclease MazF

(2016) Valentina Zorzini et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

A unique hetero-hexadecameric architecture displayed by the Escherichia coli O157 PaaA2–ParE2 antitoxin–toxin complex

(2016) Yann G.-J. Sterckx et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A Salmonella Toxin Promotes Persister Formation through Acetylation of tRNA

(2016) Angela M. Cheverton et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

The toxin GraT inhibits ribosome biogenesis

(2016) Andres Ainelo et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Emerging Roles of Toxin-Antitoxin Modules in Bacterial Pathogenesis

(2016) Barbara Kędzierska et al.   MOLECULES

Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial growth arrest and persistence

(2016) Rebecca Page et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

tRNA is a new target for cleavage by a MazF toxin

(2016) Jason M. Schifano et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Identification of Fic-1 as an enzyme that inhibits bacterial DNA replication by AMPylating GyrB, promoting filament formation

(2016) Canhua Lu et al.   Science Signaling

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems of Staphylococcus aureus

(2016) Christopher Schuster et al.   Toxins

Identification of Fic-1 as an enzyme that inhibits bacterial DNA replication by AMPylating GyrB, promoting filament formation

(2016) Canhua Lu et al.   Science Signaling

Converting a Staphylococcus aureus Toxin into Effective Cyclic Pseudopeptide Antibiotics

(2015) Olivia Solecki et al.   CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY

Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management

(2015) Steven Y. C. Tong et al.   CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS

The role of the hok/sok locus in bacterial response to stressful growth conditions

(2015) Chinwe U. Chukwudi et al.   MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS

Remarkable Functional Convergence: Alarmone ppGpp Mediates Persistence by Activating Type I and II Toxin-Antitoxins

(2015) Kenn Gerdes et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Obg and Membrane Depolarization Are Part of a Microbial Bet-Hedging Strategy that Leads to Antibiotic Tolerance

(2015) Natalie Verstraeten et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Structural and functional studies of theMycobacterium tuberculosisVapBC30 toxin-antitoxin system: implications for the design of novel antimicrobial peptides

(2015) In-Gyun Lee et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Regulatory crosstalk between type I and type II toxin-antitoxin systems in the human pathogenEnterococcus faecalis

(2015) Françoise Wessner et al.   RNA Biology

Distinct type I and type II toxin-antitoxin modules control Salmonella lifestyle inside eukaryotic cells

(2015) Damián Lobato-Márquez et al.   Scientific Reports

Adenylylation of Gyrase and Topo IV by FicT Toxins Disrupts Bacterial DNA Topology

(2015) Alexander Harms et al.   Cell Reports

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Bacterial Persisters

(2014) Etienne Maisonneuve et al.   CELL

Disorder- and Dynamics-Based Regulatory Mechanisms in Toxin–Antitoxin Modules

(2014) Remy Loris et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Doc Toxin Is a Kinase That Inactivates Elongation Factor Tu

(2014) Jonathan W. Cruz et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Crystal structure of the VapBC-15 complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a two-metal ion dependent PIN-domain ribonuclease and a variable mode of toxin–antitoxin assembly

(2014) Uddipan Das et al.   JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY

RalR (a DNase) and RalA (a small RNA) form a type I toxin–antitoxin system in Escherichia coli

(2014) Yunxue Guo et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Structural and biophysical characterization of Staphylococcus aureus SaMazF shows conservation of functional dynamics

(2014) Valentina Zorzini et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Internalization of Salmonella by Macrophages Induces Formation of Nonreplicating Persisters

(2014) S. Helaine et al.   SCIENCE

Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering- and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Derived Conformational Ensemble of the Highly Flexible Antitoxin PaaA2

(2014) Yann G.J. Sterckx et al.   STRUCTURE

An RNA-seq method for defining endoribonuclease cleavage specificity identifies dual rRNA substrates for toxin MazF-mt3

(2014) Jason M. Schifano et al.   Nature Communications

Dual Toxic-Peptide-Coding Staphylococcus aureus RNA under Antisense Regulation Targets Host Cells and Bacterial Rivals Unequally

(2014) Marie-Laure Pinel-Marie et al.   Cell Reports

Multiple Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(2014) Ambre Sala et al.   Toxins

Functional validation of putative toxin-antitoxin genes from the Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae: phd-doc is the fourth bona-fide operon

(2014) Wai Ting Chan et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Toxin-Antitoxin systems: their role in persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity

(2014) Yurong Wen et al.   Pathogens and Disease

Structural overview of toxin–antitoxin systems in infectious bacteria: A target for developing antimicrobial agents

(2013) Sung Jean Park et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS

RETRACTED: (p)ppGpp Controls Bacterial Persistence by Stochastic Induction of Toxin-Antitoxin Activity

(2013) Etienne Maisonneuve et al.   CELL

Paving a regulatory pathway for phage therapy

(2013) Isabelle Huys et al.   EMBO REPORTS

Speculative strategies for new antibacterials: all roads should not lead to Rome

(2013) Stuart Shapiro   JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS

Escherichia coli toxin gene hipA affects biofilm formation and DNA release

(2013) J. Zhao et al.   MICROBIOLOGY-SGM

Molecular Mechanism of Bacterial Persistence by HipA

(2013) Elsa Germain et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Structural Basis of mRNA Recognition and Cleavage by Toxin MazF and Its Regulation by Antitoxin MazE in Bacillus subtilis

(2013) Dhirendra K. Simanshu et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

A Bacterial Toxin Inhibits DNA Replication Elongation through a Direct Interaction with the β Sliding Clamp

(2013) Christopher D. Aakre et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

The Fic protein Doc uses an inverted substrate to phosphorylate and inactivate EF-Tu

(2013) Daniel Castro-Roa et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

To be or not to be: regulation of restriction–modification systems and other toxin–antitoxin systems

(2013) Iwona Mruk et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Mycobacterial toxin MazF-mt6 inhibits translation through cleavage of 23S rRNA at the ribosomal A site

(2013) J. M. Schifano et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

VapC20 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cleaves the Sarcin–Ricin loop of 23S rRNA

(2013) Kristoffer S. Winther et al.   Nature Communications

HipA-mediated antibiotic persistence via phosphorylation of the glutamyl-tRNA-synthetase

(2013) Ilana Kaspy et al.   Nature Communications

Antitoxin MqsA Represses Curli Formation Through the Master Biofilm Regulator CsgD

(2013) Valerie W. C. Soo et al.   Scientific Reports

Single Transmembrane Peptide DinQ Modulates Membrane-Dependent Activities

(2013) Ragnhild Weel-Sneve et al.   PLoS Genetics

Computational Drug Design Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions

(2012) Rachelle J. Bienstock   CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN

Membrane Interacting Peptides: From Killers to Helpers

(2012) Erick Dufourc et al.   CURRENT PROTEIN & PEPTIDE SCIENCE

Type II toxin/antitoxin MqsR/MqsA controls type V toxin/antitoxin GhoT/GhoS

(2012) Xiaoxue Wang et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

A novel membrane-bound toxin for cell division, CptA (YgfX), inhibits polymerization of cytoskeleton proteins, FtsZ and MreB, in Escherichia coli

(2012) Hisako Masuda et al.   FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS

Functional and Structural Insights of aStaphylococcus aureusApoptotic-like Membrane Peptide from a Toxin-Antitoxin Module

(2012) Nour Sayed et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Molecular Structure and Function of the Novel BrnT/BrnA Toxin-Antitoxin System ofBrucella abortus

(2012) Brook E. Heaton et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Toxin-Antitoxin Genes of the Gram-Positive Pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae: So Few and Yet So Many

(2012) Wai Ting Chan et al.   MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS

YeeU enhances the bundling of cytoskeletal polymers of MreB and FtsZ, antagonizing the CbtA (YeeV) toxicity in Escherichia coli

(2012) Hisako Masuda et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Alternative interactions define gyrase specificity in the CcdB family

(2012) Natalie De Jonge et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Structure and activity of AbiQ, a lactococcal endoribonuclease belonging to the type III toxin-antitoxin system

(2012) Julie E. Samson et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

A new type V toxin-antitoxin system where mRNA for toxin GhoT is cleaved by antitoxin GhoS

(2012) Xiaoxue Wang et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Selectivity and self-assembly in the control of a bacterial toxin by an antitoxic noncoding RNA pseudoknot

(2012) F. L. Short et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The crystal structure of the Rv0301-Rv0300 VapBC-3 toxin-antitoxin complex fromM. tuberculosisreveals a Mg2+ion in the active site and a putative RNA-binding site

(2012) Andrew B. Min et al.   PROTEIN SCIENCE

The toxin-antitoxin proteins relBE2Spn of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Characterization and association to their DNA target

(2012) Inma Moreno-Córdoba et al.   PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS

New type I toxin-antitoxin families from “wild” and laboratory strains ofE. coli

(2012) Elizabeth M. Fozo   RNA Biology

Type I toxin-antitoxin systems inBacillus subtilis

(2012) Sylvain Durand et al.   RNA Biology

Artificial activation of toxin–antitoxin systems as an antibacterial strategy

(2012) Julia J. Williams et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems Influence Biofilm and Persister Cell Formation and the General Stress Response

(2011) Xiaoxue Wang et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Selective Translation of Leaderless mRNAs by Specialized Ribosomes Generated by MazF in Escherichia coli

(2011) Oliver Vesper et al.   CELL

Activators of Cylindrical Proteases as Antimicrobials: Identification and Development of Small Molecule Activators of ClpP Protease

(2011) Elisa Leung et al.   CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY

Bacillus subtilisMazF-bs (EndoA) is a UACAU-specific mRNA interferase

(2011) Jung-Ho Park et al.   FEBS LETTERS

Modeling of the structure and interactions of the B. anthracis antitoxin, MoxX: deletion mutant studies highlight its modular structure and repressor function

(2011) Nikita Chopra et al.   JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGN

Crystal Structure of the VapBC Toxin–Antitoxin Complex from Shigella flexneri Reveals a Hetero-Octameric DNA-Binding Assembly

(2011) Christian Dienemann et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

ε/ζ systems: their role in resistance, virulence, and their potential for antibiotic development

(2011) Hannes Mutschler et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE-JMM

Antitoxin MqsA helps mediate the bacterial general stress response

(2011) Xiaoxue Wang et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

A processed noncoding RNA regulates an altruistic bacterial antiviral system

(2011) Tim R Blower et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Diversity of bacterial type II toxin–antitoxin systems: a comprehensive search and functional analysis of novel families

(2011) Raphaël Leplae et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Crystal structure of the DNA-bound VapBC2 antitoxin/toxin pair from Rickettsia felis

(2011) María J. Maté et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Effect of Rickettsial Toxin VapC on Its Eukaryotic Host

(2011) Gilles Audoly et al.   PLoS One

Antibiotic acyldepsipeptides activate ClpP peptidase to degrade the cell division protein FtsZ

(2011) P. Sass et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Enteric virulence associated protein VapC inhibits translation by cleavage of initiator tRNA

(2011) K. S. Winther et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Bacterial persistence by RNA endonucleases

(2011) Etienne Maisonneuve et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A Novel Mechanism of Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria by Toxin–Antitoxin Systems Corrupts Peptidoglycan Synthesis

(2011) Hannes Mutschler et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Solution Structure and Membrane Binding of the Toxin Fst of theparAddiction Module

(2010) Christoph Göbl et al.   BIOCHEMISTRY

Toxin–antitoxin systems: why so many, what for?

(2010) Laurence Van Melderen   CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY

Biofilms: An Extra Hurdle for Effective Antimicrobial Therapy

(2010) P. Cos et al.   CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN

Future challenges and treatment ofStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia with emphasis on MRSA

(2010) Rasmus V Rasmussen et al.   Future Microbiology

Decoding Toxicity

(2010) Wendy W. K. Mok et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

The Structure and Interactions of SpoIISA and SpoIISB, a Toxin-Antitoxin System inBacillus subtilis

(2010) Patrik Florek et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

New toxins homologous to ParE belonging to three-component toxin-antitoxin systems in Escherichia coli O157:H7

(2010) Régis Hallez et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

RatA (YfjG), an Escherichia coli toxin, inhibits 70S ribosome association to block translation initiation

(2010) Yonglong Zhang et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

TADB: a web-based resource for Type 2 toxin–antitoxin loci in bacteria and archaea

(2010) Yucheng Shao et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Crystal Structures of Phd-Doc, HigA, and YeeU Establish Multiple Evolutionary Links between Microbial Growth-Regulating Toxin-Antitoxin Systems

(2010) Mark A. Arbing et al.   STRUCTURE

Ciprofloxacin Causes Persister Formation by Inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli

(2010) Tobias Dörr et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

The Chromosomal Toxin Gene yafQ Is a Determinant of Multidrug Tolerance for Escherichia coli Growing in a Biofilm

(2009) J. J. Harrison et al.   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

PemK Toxin ofBacillus anthracisIs a Ribonuclease

(2009) Shivangi Agarwal et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Structural and Thermodynamic Characterization ofVibrio fischeriCcdB

(2009) Natalie De Jonge et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Inhibitory Mechanism ofEscherichia coliRelE-RelB Toxin-Antitoxin Module Involves a Helix Displacement Near an mRNA Interferase Active Site

(2009) Guang-Yao Li et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Driving Forces of Gyrase Recognition by the Addiction Toxin CcdB

(2009) Mario Simic et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Bacterial Toxin HigB Associates with Ribosomes and Mediates Translation-dependent mRNA Cleavage at A-rich Sites

(2009) Jennifer M. Hurley et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

The vapBC Operon from Mycobacterium smegmatis Is An Autoregulated Toxin–Antitoxin Module That Controls Growth via Inhibition of Translation

(2009) Jennifer Robson et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Identification and characterization of a family of toxin-antitoxin systems related to the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1 par addiction module

(2009) K. E. Weaver et al.   MICROBIOLOGY-SGM

Three new RelE-homologous mRNA interferases ofEscherichia colidifferentially induced by environmental stresses

(2009) Mikkel Christensen-Dalsgaard et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

The phage abortive infection system, ToxIN, functions as a protein–RNA toxin–antitoxin pair

(2009) Peter C. Fineran et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Bacterial Toxin–Antitoxin Systems: More Than Selfish Entities?

(2009) Laurence Van Melderen et al.   PLoS Genetics

Comprehensive Functional Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Implications for Pathogenesis, Stress Responses, and Evolution

(2009) Holly R. Ramage et al.   PLoS Genetics

Escherichia coli transcription factor YncC (McbR) regulates colanic acid and biofilm formation by repressing expression of periplasmic protein YbiM (McbA)

(2008) Xue-Song Zhang et al.   ISME Journal

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Escherichia coli Influence Biofilm Formation through YjgK (TabA) and Fimbriae

(2008) Y. Kim et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Role of Conjugative Elements in the Evolution of the Multidrug-Resistant Pandemic Clone Streptococcus pneumoniaeSpain23F ST81

(2008) N. J. Croucher et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Structure and Proposed Activity of a Member of the VapBC Family of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems

(2008) Linda Miallau et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Crystal Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis YefM Antitoxin Reveals that it is Not an Intrinsically Unstructured Protein

(2008) Pramod Kumar et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Structural Mechanism of Transcriptional Autorepression of the Escherichia coli RelB/RelE Antitoxin/Toxin Module

(2008) Guang-Yao Li et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A small SOS-induced toxin is targeted against the inner membrane in Escherichia coli

(2008) Cecilia Unoson et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Repression of small toxic protein synthesis by the Sib and OhsC small RNAs

(2008) Elizabeth M. Fozo et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Messenger RNA interferase RelE controlsrelBEtranscription by conditional cooperativity

(2008) Martin Overgaard et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Ribosome biogenesis is temperature-dependent and delayed inEscherichia colilacking the chaperones DnaK or DnaJ

(2008) Abdalla Al Refaii et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Translation affects YoeB and MazF messenger RNA interferase activities by different mechanisms

(2008) M. Christensen-Dalsgaard et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Morphological plasticity as a bacterial survival strategy

(2007) Sheryl S. Justice et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY