Artemisinin as an anticancer drug: Recent advances in target profiling and mechanisms of action

Profiling of Multiple Targets of Artemisinin Activated by Hemin in Cancer Cell Proteome

(2016) Yiqing Zhou et al.   ACS Chemical Biology

Strategies and Approaches of Targeting STAT3 for Cancer Treatment

(2016) Steffanie L. Furtek et al.   ACS Chemical Biology

A Click Chemistry-Based Proteomic Approach Reveals that 1,2,4-Trioxolane and Artemisinin Antimalarials Share a Common Protein Alkylation Profile

(2016) Hanafy M. Ismail et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Mechanism-Guided Design and Synthesis of a Mitochondria-Targeting Artemisinin Analogue with Enhanced Anticancer Activity

(2016) Chong-Jing Zhang et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Artemisinin-A Gift from Traditional Chinese Medicine to the World (Nobel Lecture)

(2016) Youyou Tu   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Cancer Stem Cells: Basic Concepts and Therapeutic Implications

(2016) Dany Nassar et al.   Annual Review of Pathology-Mechanisms of Disease

Autophagy promotes ferroptosis by degradation of ferritin

(2016) Wen Hou et al.   Autophagy

Artesunate inhibits adipogeneis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by reducing the expression and/or phosphorylation levels of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, perilipin A, and STAT-3

(2016) Byeong-Churl Jang   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

High-throughput screening identifies artesunate as selective inhibitor of cancer stemness: Involvement of mitochondrial metabolism

(2016) Amit Subedi et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

An essential role for functional lysosomes in ferroptosis of cancer cells

(2016) S. Torii et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

Characterization of the Artemisinin Binding Site for Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) by Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

(2016) Weichao Li et al.   BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY

Controllable synthesis of dual-MOFs nanostructures for pH-responsive artemisinin delivery, magnetic resonance and optical dual-model imaging-guided chemo/photothermal combinational cancer therapy

(2016) Dongdong Wang et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Evaluation of artemisinins for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia

(2016) Christina D. Drenberg et al.   CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) induces ferroptosis and causes cell cycle arrest in head and neck carcinoma cells

(2016) Renyu Lin et al.   CANCER LETTERS

Ferroptosis: process and function

(2016) Y Xie et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Ferroptosis is an autophagic cell death process

(2016) Minghui Gao et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Mechanisms of ferroptosis

(2016) Jennifer Yinuo Cao et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES

Enhanced Efficacy of Artemisinin Loaded in Transferrin-Conjugated Liposomes versus Stealth Liposomes against HCT-8 Colon Cancer Cells

(2016) Isabella Leto et al.   ChemMedChem

Artesunate as an Anti-Cancer Agent Targets Stat-3 and Favorably Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2016) M. Ilamathi et al.   CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Synthesis of a series of novel dihydroartemisinin monomers and dimers containing chalcone as a linker and their anticancer activity

(2016) Rashmi Gaur et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Efficacy of OZ439 (artefenomel) against earlyPlasmodium falciparumblood-stage malaria infection in healthy volunteers

(2016) James S. McCarthy et al.   JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY

Ferroptosis, a new form of cell death, and its relationships with tumourous diseases

(2016) Haitao Yu et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Artemisinin-Derived Dimers: Potent Antimalarial and Anticancer Agents

(2016) Tony Fröhlich et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Contribution of reactive oxygen species to ovarian cancer cell growth arrest and killing by the anti-malarial drug artesunate

(2016) Anna L. Greenshields et al.   MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS

Artemisinin and Its Derivatives as a Repurposing Anticancer Agent: What Else Do We Need to Do?

(2016) Zhe Li et al.   MOLECULES

Chemical proteomics approaches for identifying the cellular targets of natural products

(2016) M. H. Wright et al.   NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS

Cancer metabolism: a therapeutic perspective

(2016) Ubaldo E. Martinez-Outschoorn et al.   Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

Immune suppressive properties of artemisinin family drugs

(2016) Lifei Hou et al.   PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

Artemisinin activity-based probes identify multiple molecular targets within the asexual stage of the malaria parasitesPlasmodium falciparum3D7

(2016) Hanafy M. Ismail et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Artemisinin-derived dimer ART-838 potently inhibited human acute leukemias, persisted in vivo, and synergized with antileukemic drugs

(2016) Jennifer M. Fox et al.   Oncotarget

Artemisinin and its derivatives can significantly inhibit lung tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling

(2016) Yunli Tong et al.   Oncotarget

Artesunate enhances the therapeutic response of glioma cells to temozolomide by inhibition of homologous recombination and senescence

(2016) Nancy Berte et al.   Oncotarget

Artemisinin analogue SM934 attenuate collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing T follicular helper cells and T helper 17 cells

(2016) Ze-Min Lin et al.   Scientific Reports

Enhancing activity of artesunate against breast cancer cells via induced-apoptosis pathway by loading into lipid carriers

(2016) Tuan Hiep Tran et al.   Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology

Dihydroartemisinin as a Putative STAT3 Inhibitor, Suppresses the Growth of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Jak2/STAT3 Signaling

(2016) Lifeng Jia et al.   PLoS One

Development and Evaluation of Artesunate-Loaded Chitosan-Coated Lipid Nanocapsule as a Potential Drug Delivery System Against Breast Cancer

(2015) Tuan Hiep Tran et al.   AAPS PHARMSCITECH

Artemether Exhibits Amoebicidal Activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii through Inhibition of the Serine Biosynthesis Pathway

(2015) Yihong Deng et al.   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis preferentially via a Bim-mediated intrinsic pathway in hepatocarcinoma cells

(2015) Guiqi Qin et al.   APOPTOSIS

Highly potent artemisinin-derived dimers and trimers: Synthesis and evaluation of their antimalarial, antileukemia and antiviral activities

(2015) Christoph Reiter et al.   BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

p8 attenuates the apoptosis induced by dihydroartemisinin in cancer cells through promoting autophagy

(2015) Sang-Sang Chen et al.   CANCER BIOLOGY & THERAPY

Artesunate sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by downregulating RAD51

(2015) Bingliang Wang et al.   CANCER BIOLOGY & THERAPY

Artesunate induces ROS- and p38 MAPK-mediated apoptosis and counteracts tumor growthin vivoin embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells

(2015) Sara Beccafico et al.   CARCINOGENESIS

Untargeted Proteomics and Systems-Based Mechanistic Investigation of Artesunate in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

(2015) Kodihalli C. Ravindra et al.   CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY

Fluorescent Coumarin-Artemisinin Conjugates as Mitochondria-Targeting Theranostic Probes for Enhanced Anticancer Activities

(2015) Xu Zhang et al.   CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL

Autophagy in malignant transformation and cancer progression

(2015) L. Galluzzi et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Artesunate down-regulates immunosuppression from colorectal cancer Colon26 and RKO cells in vitro by decreasing transforming growth factor β1 and interleukin-10

(2015) Cheng Cui et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Artemisinin inhibits the proliferation, migration, and inflammatory reaction induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in vascular smooth muscle cells through nuclear factor kappa B pathway

(2015) Qian Cao et al.   JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH

In vitro anti-cancer effects of artemisone nano-vesicular formulations on melanoma cells

(2015) Anupma Dwivedi et al.   Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine

Mn(ii) mediated degradation of artemisinin based on Fe3O4@MnSiO3-FA nanospheres for cancer therapy in vivo

(2015) Jian Chen et al.   Nanoscale

Experimental treatment of breast cancer-bearing BALB/c mice by artemisinin and transferrin-loaded magnetic nanoliposomes

(2015) Amir Gharib et al.   Pharmacognosy Magazine

Artemisinin derivatives induce iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) in tumor cells

(2015) Edna Ooko et al.   PHYTOMEDICINE

Haem-activated promiscuous targeting of artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum

(2015) Jigang Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Repurposing the anti-malarial drug artesunate as a novel therapeutic agent for metastatic renal cell carcinoma due to its attenuation of tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis

(2015) Da Eun Jeong et al.   Oncotarget

Artesunate suppresses tumor growth and induces apoptosis through the modulation of multiple oncogenic cascades in a chronic myeloid leukemia xenograft mouse model

(2015) Chulwon Kim et al.   Oncotarget

Targeting the Cell Stress Response of Plasmodium falciparum to Overcome Artemisinin Resistance

(2015) Con Dogovski et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Oral Artesunate Therapy for Colorectal Cancer

(2015) Sanjeev Krishna et al.   EBioMedicine

Dihydroartemisinin Inhibits Glucose Uptake and Cooperates with Glycolysis Inhibitor to Induce Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells

(2015) Yan-jun Mi et al.   PLoS One

Artesunate Enhances the Antiproliferative Effect of Temozolomide on U87MG and A172 Glioblastoma Cell Lines

(2014) Georg Karpel-Massler et al.   Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Dihydroartemisinin potentiates the anticancer effect of cisplatin via mTOR inhibition in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells: involvement of apoptosis and autophagy

(2014) Xue Feng et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine potentiates synergistically anti-cancer property of artemisinin by promoting ROS dependent apoptosis

(2014) Arnab Ganguli et al.   BIOCHIMIE

Multifunctional liposomes loaded with paclitaxel and artemether for treatment of invasive brain glioma

(2014) Xiu-Ying Li et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Artesunate exerts an anti-immunosuppressive effect on cervical cancer by inhibiting PGE2production and Foxp3 expression

(2014) Li-xin Zhang et al.   CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Dihydroartemisinin Accentuates the Anti-Tumor Effects of Photodynamic Therapy via Inactivation of NF-κB in Eca109 and Ec9706 Esophageal Cancer Cells

(2014) Yan Jing Li et al.   CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Strategy to provide a useful solution to effective delivery of dihydroartemisinin: Development, characterization and in vitro studies of liposomal formulations

(2014) Chiara Righeschi et al.   COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES

Regulatory T cells in cancer immunotherapy

(2014) Hiroyoshi Nishikawa et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY

Therapeutic effects of artesunate in hepatocellular carcinoma

(2014) Yves-Paul Vandewynckel et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY

Artesunate Induces Cell Death in Human Cancer Cells via Enhancing Lysosomal Function and Lysosomal Degradation of Ferritin

(2014) Nai-Di Yang et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Artemisinin-Indoloquinoline Hybrids as Potent Antiproliferative Agents

(2014) Li Wang et al.   MOLECULES

Dihydroartemisinin suppresses glioma proliferation and invasion via inhibition of the ADAM17 pathway

(2014) Junyan Chen et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Synergistic anti-cancer activity of the combination of dihydroartemisinin and doxorubicin in breast cancer cells

(2014) Guo-Sheng Wu et al.   Pharmacological Reports

Anti-malarial drug artesunate protects against cigarette smoke-induced lung injury in mice

(2014) David S.W. Ng et al.   PHYTOMEDICINE

Artemisinin derivative artesunate induces radiosensitivity in cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

(2014) Judong Luo et al.   Radiation Oncology

Artesunate induces necrotic cell death in schwannoma cells

(2014) R W Button et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Heme, an Essential Nutrient from Dietary Proteins, Critically Impacts Diverse Physiological and Pathological Processes

(2014) Jagmohan Hooda et al.   Nutrients

Target Identification for Small Bioactive Molecules: Finding the Needle in the Haystack

(2013) Slava Ziegler et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Synergistic induction of apoptosis in A549 cells by dihydroartemisinin and gemcitabine

(2013) Chubiao Zhao et al.   APOPTOSIS

Artemisinin-derived dimer phosphate esters as potent anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) and anti-cancer agents: A structure–activity study

(2013) Bryan T. Mott et al.   BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Synthesis of a novel series of artemisinin dimers with potent anticancer activity involving Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction

(2013) Pori Buragohain et al.   BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS

Artemisinin-Polypyrrole Conjugates: Synthesis, DNA Binding Studies and Preliminary Antiproliferative Evaluation

(2013) Louise La Pensée et al.   ChemMedChem

In vivostudy of effects of artesunate nanoliposomes on human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice

(2013) Meihua Jin et al.   DRUG DELIVERY

Artesunate exerts specific cytotoxicity in retinoblastoma cells via CD71

(2013) FEI ZHAO et al.   ONCOLOGY REPORTS

Artemisinins: Pharmacological actions beyond anti-malarial

(2013) Wanxing Eugene Ho et al.   PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

pH-Responsive Artemisinin Derivatives and Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations Inhibit Growth of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and Induce Down-Regulation of HER Family Members

(2013) Yitong J. Zhang et al.   PLoS One

Enhanced Heme Function and Mitochondrial Respiration Promote the Progression of Lung Cancer Cells

(2013) Jagmohan Hooda et al.   PLoS One

Qinghaosu (artemisinin): Chemistry and pharmacology

(2012) Ying Li   ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA

Anti-allergic action of anti-malarial drug artesunate in experimental mast cell-mediated anaphylactic models

(2012) C. Cheng et al.   ALLERGY

Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: critical review update from 2007 to the present

(2012) Marcus Bantscheff et al.   ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Molecular interaction of artemisinin with translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) of Plasmodium falciparum

(2012) Tolga Eichhorn et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Ferroptosis: An Iron-Dependent Form of Nonapoptotic Cell Death

(2012) Scott J. Dixon et al.   CELL

Antimalarial and anticancer activities of artemisinin–quinoline hybrid-dimers and pharmacokinetic properties in mice

(2012) Marli C. Lombard et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Anti-malarial drug artesunate ameliorates oxidative lung damage in experimental allergic asthma

(2012) Wanxing Eugene Ho et al.   FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Development of artemisinin compounds for cancer treatment

(2012) Henry C. Lai et al.   INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUGS

Dihydroartemisinin Ameliorates Inflammatory Disease by Its Reciprocal Effects on Th and Regulatory T Cell Function via Modulating the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway

(2012) Yan G. Zhao et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Population pharmacokinetics of Artemether and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda

(2012) Joel Tarning et al.   MALARIA JOURNAL

Dihydroartemisinin-induced inhibition of proliferation in BEL-7402 cells: An analysis of the mitochondrial proteome

(2012) JIN-JIAN LU et al.   Molecular Medicine Reports

Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling

(2011) Jisun Lee et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

The Phosphoproteomes of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii Reveal Unusual Adaptations Within and Beyond the Parasites' Boundaries

(2011) Moritz Treeck et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Dihydroartemisinin shift the immune response towards Th1, inhibit the tumor growth in vitro and in vivo

(2011) Shokoofe Noori et al.   CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY

Antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of artemether and its ability to reduce CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T reg cells in vivo

(2011) Vida Farsam et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Antitumor Activity of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives: From a Well-Known Antimalarial Agent to a Potential Anticancer Drug

(2011) Maria P. Crespo-Ortiz et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Characterization of dihydroartemisinin-resistant colon carcinoma HCT116/R cell line

(2011) Jin-Jian Lu et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Anti-tumor effects of dihydroartemisinin on human osteosarcoma

(2011) Ye Ji et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Artesunate Induces Oxidative DNA Damage, Sustained DNA Double-Strand Breaks, and the ATM/ATR Damage Response in Cancer Cells

(2011) N. Berdelle et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from Chinese medicine

(2011) Youyou Tu   NATURE MEDICINE

Cell-Permeable Iminocoumarine-Based Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria

(2011) Diliang Guo et al.   ORGANIC LETTERS

Anti-Malarial Drug Artesunate Attenuates Experimental Allergic Asthma via Inhibition of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway

(2011) Chang Cheng et al.   PLoS One

Development of Resistance towards Artesunate in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells

(2011) Beatrice Bachmeier et al.   PLoS One

Artemisinin activity against Plasmodium falciparum requires hemoglobin uptake and digestion

(2011) N. Klonis et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Synthetic ozonide drug candidate OZ439 offers new hope for a single-dose cure of uncomplicated malaria

(2011) S. A. Charman et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Heme as Trigger and Target for Trioxane-Containing Antimalarial Drugs†

(2010) Bernard Meunier et al.   ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH

Heme synthesis increases artemisinin-induced radical formation and cytotoxicity that can be suppressed by superoxide scavengers

(2010) Shiming Zhang et al.   CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

The anti-cancer activity of dihydroartemisinin is associated with induction of iron-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress in colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells

(2010) Jin-Jian Lu et al.   INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUGS

The Role of Heme and the Mitochondrion in the Chemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Mammalian Cell Death Induced by the Artemisinin Antimalarials

(2010) Amy E. Mercer et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Artesunate Activates Mitochondrial Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via Iron-catalyzed Lysosomal Reactive Oxygen Species Production

(2010) Anne Hamacher-Brady et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Protein Export Marks the Early Phase of Gametocytogenesis of the Human Malaria ParasitePlasmodium falciparum

(2010) Francesco Silvestrini et al.   MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS

Dihydroartemisinin Induces Apoptosis by a Bak-Dependent Intrinsic Pathway

(2010) R. Handrick et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

The Molecular Mechanism of Action of Artemisinin—The Debate Continues

(2010) Paul M. O’Neill et al.   MOLECULES

Subcellular Localization of a Fluorescent Artemisinin Derivative to Endoplasmic Reticulum

(2010) Yungen Liu et al.   ORGANIC LETTERS

Plasmodium sensitivity to artemisinins: magic bullets hit elusive targets

(2010) Xavier C. Ding et al.   TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY

Gene expression profiling identifies novel key players involved in the cytotoxic effect of Artesunate on pancreatic cancer cells

(2009) Mahmoud Youns et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Anti-cancer effects of artesunate in a panel of chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell lines

(2009) Martin Michaelis et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Anticancer activities of artemisinin and its bioactive derivatives

(2009) Gary L. Firestone et al.   EXPERT REVIEWS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Artemisinin dimer anticancer activity correlates with heme-catalyzed reactive oxygen species generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress induction

(2009) Luke H. Stockwin et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Heme Mediates Cytotoxicity from Artemisinin and Serves as a General Anti-Proliferation Target

(2009) Shiming Zhang et al.   PLoS One

Targeting lipophilic cations to mitochondria

(2008) Michael P. Murphy   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS

Heme activates artemisinin more efficiently than hemin, inorganic iron, or hemoglobin

(2008) Shiming Zhang et al.   BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin in Artekin tablets for single and repeated dosing in Chinese healthy volunteers

(2008) Xin Hong et al.   BIOPHARMACEUTICS & DRUG DISPOSITION

Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis and sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin therapy

(2008) Tao Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion

(2008) Noboru Mizushima et al.   NATURE

Artemisinins: their growing importance in medicine

(2008) Sanjeev Krishna et al.   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES