Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) as molecular tools to direct desirable and avoid undesirable immunological effects

DNA Nanodevices with Selective Immune Cell Interaction and Function

(2021) Nishkantha Arulkumaran et al.   ACS Nano

Blockade of AIM2 inflammasome or α1-AR ameliorates IL-1β release and macrophage-mediated immunosuppression induced by CAR-T treatment

(2021) Dan Liu et al.   Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

Multi-Immune Agonist Nanoparticle Therapy Stimulates Type I Interferons to Activate Antigen-Presenting Cells and Induce Antigen-Specific Antitumor Immunity

(2021) Elizabeth S. Levy et al.   MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS

Cyclic Di-Adenosine Monophosphate: A Promising Adjuvant Candidate for the Development of Neonatal Vaccines

(2021) Darío Lirussi et al.   Pharmaceutics

Small-Molecule Antagonists of the RIG-I Innate Immune Receptor

(2020) David C. Rawling et al.   ACS Chemical Biology

Synthetic HDL Nanoparticles Delivering Docetaxel and CpG for Chemoimmunotherapy of Colon Adenocarcinoma

(2020) Lindsay M. Scheetz et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Development of RNA/DNA Hydrogel Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 for Sustained RNA Release and Potent Immune Activation

(2020) Fusae Komura et al.   MOLECULES

Characterization of Cationic Bolaamphiphile Vesicles for siRNA Delivery into Tumors and Brain

(2020) Taejin Kim et al.   Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids

RNA-Based Therapeutics: From Antisense Oligonucleotides to miRNAs

(2020) Sarah Bajan et al.   Cells

RNA Origami Nanostructures for Potent and Safe Anticancer Immunotherapy

(2020) Xiaodong Qi et al.   ACS Nano

Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes

(2020) Cindy Patinote et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Toll-like receptor 7 and Toll-like receptor 9 agonists effectively enhance immunological memory in Plasmodium chabaudi infected BALB/c mice

(2020) Wenyan Gao et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Challenges to optimizing RNA nanostructures for large scale production and controlled therapeutic properties

(2020) Morgan Chandler et al.   Nanomedicine

RNA therapeutics on the rise

(2020) Feng Wang et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Small molecules targeting the innate immune cGAS‒STING‒TBK1 signaling pathway

(2020) Chunyong Ding et al.   Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B

Combination of Nucleic Acid and Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Optimization and Therapeutic Performance In Vitro

(2020) Ridhima Juneja et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Opportunities, Barriers, and a Strategy for Overcoming Translational Challenges to Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology

(2020) Kirill A. Afonin et al.   ACS Nano

Target-Based Identification and Optimization of 5-Indazol-5-yl Pyridones as Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8 Antagonists Using a Biochemical TLR8 Antagonist Competition Assay

(2020) Thomas Knoepfel et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Combined Intranasal Nanoemulsion and RIG-I Activating RNA Adjuvants Enhance Mucosal, Humoral, and Cellular Immunity to Influenza Virus

(2020) Pamela T. Wong et al.   MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS

Advances in oligonucleotide drug delivery

(2020) Thomas C. Roberts et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report

(2020) Lisa A. Jackson et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable Small Molecule Antagonists of Toll-like Receptors 7/8/9 (TLR7/8/9)

(2020) Christopher P. Mussari et al.   ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Nanoplasmid Vectors Co-expressing Innate Immune Agonists Enhance DNA Vaccines for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus and Ebola Virus

(2020) John J. Suschak et al.   Molecular Therapy-Methods & Clinical Development

A Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Endosomal TLRs Reduces Inflammation and Alleviates Autoimmune Disease Symptoms in Murine Models

(2020) Mahesh Chandra Patra et al.   Cells

RNA Nanoparticles as Rubber for Compelling Vessel Extravasation to Enhance Tumor Targeting and for Fast Renal Excretion to Reduce Toxicity

(2020) Chiran Ghimire et al.   ACS Nano

The immunorecognition, subcellular compartmentalization, and physicochemical properties of nucleic acid nanoparticles can be controlled by composition modification

(2020) Morgan Brittany Johnson et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Poly-ICLC, a multi-functional immune modulator for treating cancer

(2020) Hussein Sultan et al.   SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Toll-like receptor 4, Toll-like receptor 7 and Toll-like receptor 9 agonists enhance immune responses against blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi infection in BALB/c mice

(2020) Wenyan Gao et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Nanomedicinal delivery of stimulator of interferon genes agonists: recent advances in virus vaccination

(2020) Saborni Chattopadhyay et al.   Nanomedicine

TLR-9 agonist and CD40-targeting vaccination induces HIV-1 envelope-specific B cells with a diversified immunoglobulin repertoire in humanized mice

(2020) Véronique Godot et al.   PLoS Pathogens

STING, a promising target for small molecular immune modulator: A review

(2020) Yijun Liu et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Addition of TLR9 agonist immunotherapy to radiation improves systemic antitumor activity

(2020) Ahmed I. Younes et al.   Translational Oncology

RNA-based adjuvant CV8102 enhances the immunogenicity of a licensed rabies vaccine in a first-in-human trial

(2019) Fatma Doener et al.   VACCINE

Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Recognition of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles (NANPs) in Human Primary Blood Cells

(2019) Enping Hong et al.   MOLECULES

RNA Circularization Diminishes Immunogenicity and Can Extend Translation Duration In Vivo

(2019) R. Alexander Wesselhoeft et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Therapeutic Antisense Oligonucleotides Are Coming of Age

(2019) C. Frank Bennett   Annual Review of Medicine

Multimodal Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles for Combinatorial Therapy and Gene Delivery in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

(2019) Ridhima Juneja et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Effects of 24 Week Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist Treatment in HIV-1+ Individuals

(2019) Line K. Vibholm et al.   AIDS

Inhibition of RNA polymerase III transcription by Triptolide attenuates colorectal tumorigenesis

(2019) Xia Liang et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Inflammasome inhibitors: promising therapeutic approaches against cancer

(2019) Shengchao Xu et al.   Journal of Hematology & Oncology

Current Aspects of siRNA Bioconjugate for In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery

(2019) Wanyi Tai   MOLECULES

Poly-ICLC, a TLR3 Agonist, Induces Transient Innate Immune Responses in Patients With Treated HIV-Infection: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo Controlled Trial

(2019) Mansi Saxena et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Role of AIM2 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection

(2019) Bhesh Raj Sharma et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Aptamers as Modular Components of Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology

(2019) Martin Panigaj et al.   ACS Nano

Understanding biochemistry: structure and function of nucleic acids

(2019) Steve Minchin et al.   Essays in Biochemistry

A TLR7 agonist strengthens T and NK cell function during BRAF‐targeted therapy in a preclinical melanoma model

(2019) Lydia Bellmann et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles at a Crossroads of Vaccines and Immunotherapies

(2019) Marina A. Dobrovolskaia   MOLECULES

Innate immune responses triggered by nucleic acids inspire the design of immunomodulatory nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs)

(2019) Morgan Chandler et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Recent advances in DNA nanotechnology

(2018) Pongphak Chidchob et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY

The Effect of Size and Shape of RNA Nanoparticles on Biodistribution

(2018) Daniel L. Jasinski et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Structure and Composition Define Immunorecognition of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles

(2018) Enping Hong et al.   NANO LETTERS

Comparison of partially and fully chemically-modified siRNA in conjugate-mediated delivery in vivo

(2018) Matthew R Hassler et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

RIG-I-Like Receptors as Novel Targets for Pan-Antivirals and Vaccine Adjuvants Against Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections

(2018) Hui Yee Yong et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Toll Like Receptor-7 and -9 agonists improve Hepatitis C Virus replication and infectivity inhibition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells

(2018) B. Dominguez-Molina et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

The owl sensor: a ‘fragile’ DNA nanostructure for the analysis of single nucleotide variations

(2018) Rebekah J. Karadeema et al.   Nanoscale

Magnetic nanoparticles loaded with functional RNA nanoparticles

(2018) Melissa Cruz-Acuña et al.   Nanoscale

In Situ Vaccination with a TLR9 Agonist and Local Low-Dose Radiation Induces Systemic Responses in Untreated Indolent Lymphoma

(2018) Matthew J. Frank et al.   Cancer Discovery

Arrowtail RNA for Ligand Display on Ginger Exosome-like Nanovesicles to Systemic Deliver siRNA for Cancer Suppression

(2018) Zhefeng Li et al.   Scientific Reports

RNA Micelles for the Systemic Delivery of Anti-miRNA for Cancer Targeting and Inhibition without Ligand

(2018) Hongran Yin et al.   ACS Nano

RNA Fibers as Optimized Nanoscaffolds for siRNA Coordination and Reduced Immunological Recognition

(2018) Lauren Rackley et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Vaccine adjuvant ARNAX promotes mucosal IgA production in influenza HA vaccination

(2018) Yohei Takeda et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics

(2018) Muhammad Ayaz Anwar et al.   MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS

RNA–DNA fibers and polygons with controlled immunorecognition activate RNAi, FRET and transcriptional regulation of NF-κB in human cells

(2018) Weina Ke et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

RNA-Based Immunostimulatory Liposomal Spherical Nucleic Acids as Potent TLR7/8 Modulators

(2018) Chenxia Guan et al.   Small

Versatile RNA tetra-U helix linking motif as a toolkit for nucleic acid nanotechnology

(2017) My N. Bui et al.   Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine

The chemical evolution of oligonucleotide therapies of clinical utility

(2017) Anastasia Khvorova et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Programmable Nucleic Acid Based Polygons with Controlled Neuroimmunomodulatory Properties for Predictive QSAR Modeling

(2017) Morgan Brittany Johnson et al.   Small

Effect of Chemical Modifications on Aptamer Stability in Serum

(2017) Christina Kratschmer et al.   Nucleic Acid Therapeutics

Toll-like receptor 7 deficiency protects apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from diet-induced atherosclerosis

(2017) Cong-Lin Liu et al.   Scientific Reports

Anti-tumor Activity of Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonists

(2017) Huju Chi et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Size, Shape, and Sequence-Dependent Immunogenicity of RNA Nanoparticles

(2017) Sijin Guo et al.   Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids

A Formulated TLR7/8 Agonist is a Flexible, Highly Potent and Effective Adjuvant for Pandemic Influenza Vaccines

(2017) Neal Van Hoeven et al.   Scientific Reports

Therapeutic nucleic acids: current clinical status

(2016) Kannan Sridharan et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Structural Analysis Reveals that Toll-like Receptor 7 Is a Dual Receptor for Guanosine and Single-Stranded RNA

(2016) Zhikuan Zhang et al.   IMMUNITY

Natural STING Agonist as an “Ideal” Adjuvant for Cutaneous Vaccination

(2016) Ji Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

A Novel Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist, MGN1703, Enhances HIV-1 Transcription and NK Cell-Mediated Inhibition of HIV-1-Infected Autologous CD4+T Cells

(2016) Rasmus Offersen et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Specific Delivery of MiRNA for High Efficient Inhibition of Prostate Cancer by RNA Nanotechnology

(2016) Daniel W Binzel et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Cellular Delivery of RNA Nanoparticles

(2016) Lorena Parlea et al.   ACS Combinatorial Science

2′Fluoro Modification Differentially Modulates the Ability of RNAs to Activate Pattern Recognition Receptors

(2016) Youngju Lee et al.   Nucleic Acid Therapeutics

Fluorescence Blinking as an Output Signal for Biosensing

(2016) Brandon Roark et al.   ACS Sensors

Delivery of RNA Nanoparticles into Colorectal Cancer Metastases Following Systemic Administration

(2015) Piotr Rychahou et al.   ACS Nano

Immunological and hematological toxicities challenging clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics

(2015) Marina A Dobrovolskaia et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY

Guanosine and its modified derivatives are endogenous ligands for TLR7

(2015) Takuma Shibata et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY

Bolaamphiphiles as carriers for siRNA delivery: From chemical syntheses to practical applications

(2015) Kshitij Gupta et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Nanoparticle uptake: The phagocyte problem

(2015) Heather Herd Gustafson et al.   Nano Today

RNA as a stable polymer to build controllable and defined nanostructures for material and biomedical applications

(2015) Hui Li et al.   Nano Today

Sequence-specific activation of the DNA sensor cGAS by Y-form DNA structures as found in primary HIV-1 cDNA

(2015) Anna-Maria Herzner et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Toll-like receptor 8 senses degradation products of single-stranded RNA

(2015) Hiromi Tanji et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Assembly-driven activation of the AIM2 foreign-dsDNA sensor provides a polymerization template for downstream ASC

(2015) Seamus R. Morrone et al.   Nature Communications

Toll-like receptor 8 senses degradation products of single-stranded RNA

(2015) Hiromi Tanji et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The innate immune sensor IFI16 recognizes foreign DNA in the nucleus by scanning along the duplex

(2015) Sarah A Stratmann et al.   eLife

Plasticity in PYD assembly revealed by cryo-EM structure of the PYD filament of AIM2

(2015) Alvin Lu et al.   Cell Discovery

In Silico Design and Enzymatic Synthesis of Functional RNA Nanoparticles

(2014) Kirill A. Afonin et al.   ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH

Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling of Cytosolic Nucleic Acids

(2014) Jiaxi Wu et al.   Annual Review of Immunology

Comparing the effect of Toll-like receptor agonist adjuvants on the efficiency of a DNA vaccine

(2014) Azadeh Sajadian et al.   ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY

The mechanism of double-stranded DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway

(2014) Chang Shu et al.   CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS

Cytosolic RNA:DNA hybrids activate the cGAS–STING axis

(2014) Arun K Mankan et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

RNA:DNA hybrids are a novel molecular pattern sensed by TLR9

(2014) R. E. Rigby et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Multifunctional RNA Nanoparticles

(2014) Kirill A. Afonin et al.   NANO LETTERS

Enhancing immunomodulation on innate immunity by shape transition among RNA triangle, square and pentagon nanovehicles

(2014) Emil F. Khisamutdinov et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways

(2014) Takumi Kawasaki et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Stable RNA nanoparticles as potential new generation drugs for cancer therapy

(2013) Yi Shu et al.   ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS

Toll-Like Receptor Agonists Are Potent Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Replication in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

(2013) Maarten Buitendijk et al.   AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is Activated by Double-Stranded DNA-Induced Oligomerization

(2013) Xin Li et al.   IMMUNITY

Chemical modifications on siRNAs avoid Toll-like-receptor-mediated activation of the hepatic immune system in vivo and in vitro

(2013) R. Broering et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY

Computational and experimental characterization of RNA cubic nanoscaffolds

(2013) Kirill A. Afonin et al.   METHODS

Structural mechanism of cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS

(2013) Filiz Civril et al.   NATURE

Activation of different split functionalities on re-association of RNA–DNA hybrids

(2013) Kirill A. Afonin et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Co-transcriptional production of RNA–DNA hybrids for simultaneous release of multiple split functionalities

(2013) Kirill A. Afonin et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Ocular Delivery of pRNA Nanoparticles: Distribution and Clearance After Subconjunctival Injection

(2013) Liang Feng et al.   PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH

Cooperative assembly of IFI16 filaments on dsDNA provides insights into host defense strategy

(2013) S. R. Morrone et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

UNC93B1 mediates differential trafficking of endosomal TLRs

(2013) Bettina L Lee et al.   eLife

In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies Indicate the Potential Use of Bolaamphiphiles for Therapeutic siRNAs Delivery

(2013) Taejin Kim et al.   Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids

Enhanced anti-tumor effects of HPV16E749–57-based vaccine by combined immunization with poly(I:C) and oxygen-regulated protein 150

(2012) Shisheng Chen et al.   Cancer Epidemiology

Structural Basis for dsRNA Recognition, Filament Formation, and Antiviral Signal Activation by MDA5

(2012) Bin Wu et al.   CELL

Structures of the HIN Domain:DNA Complexes Reveal Ligand Binding and Activation Mechanisms of the AIM2 Inflammasome and IFI16 Receptor

(2012) Tengchuan Jin et al.   IMMUNITY

The 2′-O-methylation status of a single guanosine controls transfer RNA–mediated Toll-like receptor 7 activation or inhibition

(2012) Stefanie Jöckel et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Identification of modifications in microbial, native tRNA that suppress immunostimulatory activity

(2012) Stefanie Gehrig et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Intravaginal TLR agonists increase local vaccine-specific CD8 T cells and human papillomavirus-associated genital-tumor regression in mice

(2012) S Domingos-Pereira et al.   Mucosal Immunology

Molecularly self-assembled nucleic acid nanoparticles for targeted in vivo siRNA delivery

(2012) Hyukjin Lee et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Automated 3D structure composition for large RNAs

(2012) Mariusz Popenda et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway

(2012) L. Sun et al.   SCIENCE

DNA binding to proteolytically activated TLR9 is sequence-independent and enhanced by DNA curvature

(2011) Yue Li et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Pharmacological Characterization of Chemically Synthesized Monomeric phi29 pRNA Nanoparticles for Systemic Delivery

(2011) Sherine Abdelmawla et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Self-Assembling RNA Nanorings Based on RNAI/II Inverse Kissing Complexes

(2011) Wade W. Grabow et al.   NANO LETTERS

Thermodynamically stable RNA three-way junction for constructing multifunctional nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutics

(2011) Dan Shu et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Challenges and opportunities for structural DNA nanotechnology

(2011) Andre V. Pinheiro et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Design and self-assembly of siRNA-functionalized RNA nanoparticles for use in automated nanomedicine

(2011) Kirill A Afonin et al.   Nature Protocols

IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA

(2010) Leonie Unterholzner et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

In vitro assembly of cubic RNA-based scaffolds designed in silico

(2010) Kirill A. Afonin et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

The emerging field of RNA nanotechnology

(2010) Peixuan Guo   Nature Nanotechnology

An unexpected role for RNA in the recognition of DNA by the innate immune system

(2010) Franz Bauernfeind et al.   RNA Biology

RNA Polymerase III Detects Cytosolic DNA and Induces Type I Interferons through the RIG-I Pathway

(2009) Yu-Hsin Chiu et al.   CELL

Recognition of 5′ Triphosphate by RIG-I Helicase Requires Short Blunt Double-Stranded RNA as Contained in Panhandle of Negative-Strand Virus

(2009) Martin Schlee et al.   IMMUNITY

Unc93B1 biases Toll-like receptor responses to nucleic acid in dendritic cells toward DNA- but against RNA-sensing

(2009) Ryutaro Fukui et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Selection of Molecular Structure and Delivery of RNA Oligonucleotides to Activate TLR7 versus TLR8 and to Induce High Amounts of IL-12p70 in Primary Human Monocytes

(2009) A. Ablasser et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Activation of MDA5 Requires Higher-Order RNA Structures Generated during Virus Infection

(2009) A. Pichlmair et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC

(2009) Veit Hornung et al.   NATURE

RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III–transcribed RNA intermediate

(2009) Andrea Ablasser et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

A selective contribution of the RIG-I-like receptor pathway to type I interferon responses activated by cytosolic DNA

(2009) M. K. Choi et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The DNA Sugar Backbone 2′ Deoxyribose Determines Toll-like Receptor 9 Activation

(2008) Tobias Haas et al.   IMMUNITY

Length-dependent recognition of double-stranded ribonucleic acids by retinoic acid–inducible gene-I and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5

(2008) Hiroki Kato et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes

(2008) You-Me Kim et al.   NATURE

The TLR3 signaling complex forms by cooperative receptor dimerization

(2008) J. N. Leonard et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA