COVID-19: Immunology, Immunopathogenesis and Potential Therapies

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection

(2021) Jennifer M. Dan et al.   SCIENCE

Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China

(2020) Aiping Wu et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

(2020) Manli Wang et al.   CELL RESEARCH

The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak

(2020) Hussin A. Rothan et al.   JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

(2020) Geng Li et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer

(2020) Sufang Tian et al.   Journal of Thoracic Oncology

Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease

(2020) Peter Richardson et al.   LANCET

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chaolin Huang et al.   LANCET

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

(2020) Peng Zhou et al.   NATURE

Response to the emerging novel coronavirus outbreak

(2020) Ilona Kickbusch et al.   BMJ-British Medical Journal

Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody

(2020) Xiaolong Tian et al.   Emerging Microbes & Infections

Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

(2020) Zhe Xu et al.   Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Immunity-Boosting Spices and the Novel Coronavirus

(2020) Yehya Elsayed et al.   ACS Chemical Neuroscience

The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application

(2020) Stephen A. Lauer et al.   ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

COVID ‐19, pulmonary mast cells, cytokine storms, and beneficial actions of luteolin

(2020) Theoharis C. Theoharides   BIOFACTORS

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

(2020) Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.   CELL

Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure

(2020) Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

A Dynamic Immune Response Shapes COVID-19 Progression

(2020) Eugenia Ziying Ong et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients

(2020) Meijuan Zheng et al.   Cellular & Molecular Immunology

Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

(2020) Wanbo Tai et al.   Cellular & Molecular Immunology

Treatment With Convalescent Plasma for Critically Ill Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

(2020) Bin Zhang et al.   CHEST

In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

(2020) Xueting Yao et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chuan Qin et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

COVID-19 and Asthma: Reflection During the Pandemic

(2020) Shuang Liu et al.   CLINICAL REVIEWS IN ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY

Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization

(2020) Tao Zuo et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

Gnotobiotic Rats Reveal that Gut Microbiota Regulates Colonic mRNA of Ace2 , the Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity

(2020) Tao Yang et al.   HYPERTENSION

Longitudinal hematologic and immunologic variations associated with the progression of COVID-19 patients in China

(2020) Ruchong Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Eosinophil responses during COVID-19 infections and coronavirus vaccination

(2020) Andrew W. Lindsley et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Complement activation in patients with COVID-19: A novel therapeutic target

(2020) Massimo Cugno et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment

(2020) Subramanian Boopathi et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS

The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19

(2020) Arturo Casadevall et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

(2020) Guang Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19

(2020) Yun Xie et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION

Hypoalbuminemia predicts the outcome of COVID‐19 independent of age and co‐morbidity

(2020) Jiaofeng Huang et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID‐19 patients

(2020) Jean‐François Llitjos et al.   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

(2020) Fei Zhou et al.   LANCET

COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression

(2020) Puja Mehta et al.   LANCET

Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study

(2020) Kelvin Kai-Wang To et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) Bin Ju et al.   NATURE

Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor

(2020) Jun Lan et al.   NATURE

Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Jian Shang et al.   NATURE

Structure of Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors

(2020) Zhenming Jin et al.   NATURE

The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Kristian G. Andersen et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

(2020) Mingfeng Liao et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China

(2020) Joseph T. Wu et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19

(2020) Irani Thevarajan et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Structural basis for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease by antineoplastic drug carmofur

(2020) Zhenming Jin et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection

(2020) Julie Helms et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China

(2020) Yuanyuan Dong et al.   PEDIATRICS

Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases

(2020) Cynthia Magro et al.   Translational Research

A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) Chunyan Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-Ig

(2020) Changhai Lei et al.   Nature Communications

Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients

(2020) Yonggang Zhou et al.   National Science Review

Immune cell profiling of COVID-19 patients in the recovery stage by single-cell sequencing

(2020) Wen Wen et al.   Cell Discovery

High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin as a Therapeutic Option for Deteriorating Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

(2020) Wei Cao et al.   Open Forum Infectious Diseases

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes

(2020) Janko Nikolich-Zugich et al.   GeroScience

Probiotics and COVID-19: one size does not fit all

(2020) Joyce W Y Mak et al.   Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality

(2020) Jian-Min Jin et al.   Frontiers in Public Health

Understanding the age divide in COVID-19: why are children overwhelmingly spared?

(2020) K. Lingappan et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY

COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options

(2020) Susanna Felsenstein et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Age-specific SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality ratio and associated risk factors, Italy, February to April 2020

(2020) Piero Poletti et al.   Eurosurveillance

Clinical characteristics and laboratory results of pregnant women with COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China

(2020) Zhiqiang Wang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS

Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from sustained Lopinavir-combined regimen and the increase of Eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVID-19 progression

(2020) Fang Liu et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Role of Aging and the Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections: Potential Implications for COVID-19

(2020) Judy Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Boning up: amino-bisphophonates as immunostimulants and endosomal disruptors of dendritic cell in SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) Adam Brufsky et al.   Journal of Translational Medicine

Household secondary attack rate of COVID-19 and associated determinants in Guangzhou, China: a retrospective cohort study

(2020) Qin-Long Jing et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis

(2020) Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary et al.   MEDICAL HYPOTHESES

Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives

(2020) Heidi Ledford   NATURE

Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19

(2020) Carolina Lucas et al.   NATURE

Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike

(2020) Lihong Liu et al.   NATURE

COVID-19 severity correlates with airway epithelium–immune cell interactions identified by single-cell analysis

(2020) Robert Lorenz Chua et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19

(2020) Aaron J. Wilk et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Does the newly observed inflammatory syndrome in children demonstrate a link between uncontrolled neutrophil extracellular traps formation and COVID-19?

(2020) Alain R. Thierry   PEDIATRIC RESEARCH

Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies

(2020) Alina Baum et al.   SCIENCE

Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications

(2020) Divij Mathew et al.   SCIENCE

Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans

(2020) Jose Mateus et al.   SCIENCE

Gut microbiota and Covid-19- possible link and implications

(2020) Debojyoti Dhar et al.   VIRUS RESEARCH

Repositioning Chromones for Early Anti-inflammatory Treatment of COVID-19

(2020) Piero Sestili et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Drive Necroinflammation in COVID-19

(2020) Bhawna Tomar et al.   Cells

Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

(2020) Daniela Weiskopf et al.   Science Immunology

Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 and influenza highlights the role of type I interferons in development of severe COVID-19

(2020) Jeong Seok Lee et al.   Science Immunology

Comparative analysis of laboratory indexes of severe and non-severe patients infected with COVID-19

(2020) Jinfeng Bao et al.   CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA

Dynamic changes in routine blood parameters of a severe COVID-19 case

(2020) Guoguang Lu et al.   CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA

The phenotypic changes of γδ T cells in COVID‐19 patients

(2020) Lei Lei et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Neutralizing Antibodies Correlate with Protection from SARS-CoV-2 in Humans during a Fishery Vessel Outbreak with a High Attack Rate

(2020) Amin Addetia et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

SARS-CoV-2–triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology

(2020) Flavio Protasio Veras et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Neutrophil calprotectin identifies severe pulmonary disease in COVID‐19

(2020) Hui Shi et al.   JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY

Pediatric Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Clinical Presentation, Infectivity, and Immune Responses

(2020) Lael M. Yonker et al.   JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS

Sodium chromo-glycate and palmitoylethanolamide: A possible strategy to treat mast cell-induced lung inflammation in COVID-19

(2020) Antonio Gigante et al.   MEDICAL HYPOTHESES

Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting

(2020) Arthur W. D. Edridge et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19

(2020) John H. Stone et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans

(2020) Prabhu S. Arunachalam et al.   SCIENCE

Severity and mortality of COVID 19 in patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis

(2020) Bianca de Almeida-Pititto et al.   Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans

(2020) Jeffrey Seow et al.   Nature Microbiology

Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity

(2020) Christopher Maucourant et al.   Science Immunology

Covid-19: Moderna vaccine is nearly 95% effective, trial involving high risk and elderly people shows

(2020) Elisabeth Mahase   BMJ-British Medical Journal

COVID-19 pandemic: A pragmatic plan for ayurveda intervention

(2020) Sanjeev Rastogi et al.   Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis

(2019) Elodie Laridan et al.   SEMINARS IN THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

(2019) Michael A. Matthay et al.   Nature Reviews Disease Primers

Viral Infection of Human Natural Killer Cells

(2019) Elisabeth van Erp et al.   Viruses-Basel

The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics

(2019) Jotham Suez et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

A General Introduction to Glucocorticoid Biology

(2019) Steven Timmermans et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Mast Cell Responses to Viruses and Pathogen Products

(2019) Jean S. Marshall et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

TLR7 and TLR8 activate distinct pathways in monocytes during RNA virus infection

(2019) Marine de Marcken et al.   Science Signaling

Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry

(2019) Yushun Wan et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile

(2018) Waleed H. Mahallawi et al.   CYTOKINE

Bacillus clausii inhibits bone loss by skewing Treg-Th17 cell equilibrium in postmenopausal osteoporotic mice model

(2018) Hamid Y. Dar et al.   NUTRITION

Anti-inflammatory effect of multistrain probiotic formulation ( L. rhamnosus, B. lactis, and B. longum )

(2018) Marzia Sichetti et al.   NUTRITION

Neutrophil: A Cell with Many Roles in Inflammation or Several Cell Types?

(2018) Carlos Rosales   Frontiers in Physiology

High levels of circulating GM-CSF+CD4+ T cells are predictive of poor outcomes in sepsis patients: a prospective cohort study

(2018) Huihuang Huang et al.   Cellular & Molecular Immunology

Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders

(2018) Yuying Liu et al.   Nutrients

IVIG-mediated effector functions in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

(2017) Caroline Galeotti et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY

Differential intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus salivarius in DSS mouse colitis: impact on microRNAs expression and microbiota composition

(2017) Alba Rodríguez-Nogales et al.   MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

(2017) Rudragouda Channappanavar et al.   Seminars in Immunopathology

Evidence of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Intestinal Chronic Diseases

(2017) Julio Plaza-Díaz et al.   Nutrients

The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease

(2017) Baohong Wang et al.   Engineering

Identification of Nafamostat as a Potent Inhibitor of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion Using the Split-Protein-Based Cell-Cell Fusion Assay

(2016) Mizuki Yamamoto et al.   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses

(2016) Emmie de Wit et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

The human 2B4 and NTB-A receptors bind the influenza viral hemagglutinin and co-stimulate NK cell cytotoxicity

(2016) Alexandra Duev-Cohen et al.   Oncotarget

Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins

(2016) Fang Li   Annual Review of Virology

Mast Cell: A Multi-Functional Master Cell

(2016) Melissa Krystel-Whittemore et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

An overview on adverse drug reactions to traditional Chinese medicines

(2015) Kelvin Chan et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infections

(2015) Adam Taylor et al.   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Probiotics Improve Inflammation-Associated Sickness Behavior by Altering Communication between the Peripheral Immune System and the Brain

(2015) C. D'Mello et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Human Blood-Circulating Basophils Capture HIV-1 and Mediate Viraltrans-Infection of CD4+T Cells

(2015) Ai-Ping Jiang et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Molecular aspects of intestinal calcium absorption

(2015) Gabriela Diaz de Barboza et al.   WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Suppression of innate antiviral response by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein is mediated through the first transmembrane domain

(2014) Kam-Leung Siu et al.   Cellular & Molecular Immunology

T Cell Responses to Whole SARS Coronavirus in Humans

(2014) C. K.-f. Li et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Antibody-dependent infection of human macrophages by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

(2014) Ming Yip et al.   Virology Journal

Basophils and allergic inflammation

(2013) Mark C. Siracusa et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group

(2013) R. J. de Groot et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses

(2013) Rachel L. Graham et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

The gut microbiota — masters of host development and physiology

(2013) Felix Sommer et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Mast Cell-Induced Lung Injury in Mice Infected with H5N1 Influenza Virus

(2012) Y. Hu et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Coronavirus Papain-like Proteases Negatively Regulate Antiviral Innate Immune Response through Disruption of STING-Mediated Signaling

(2012) Li Sun et al.   PLoS One

Elucidating the Mechanisms of Influenza Virus Recognition by Ncr1

(2012) Ariella Glasner et al.   PLoS One

Age-related increases in PGD2 expression impair respiratory DC migration, resulting in diminished T cell responses upon respiratory virus infection in mice

(2011) Jincun Zhao et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Lack of Peripheral Memory B Cell Responses in Recovered Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study

(2011) F. Tang et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Probiotics

(2010) N. T. Williams   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH-SYSTEM PHARMACY

Mast Cell Stabilization Improves Survival by Preventing Apoptosis in Sepsis

(2010) L. Ramos et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Neutralizing epitopes of the SARS-CoV S-protein cluster independent of repertoire, antigen structure or mAb technology

(2010) Jody D. Berry et al.   mAbs

Use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders: what to recommend?

(2010) Elizabeth C. Verna et al.   Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology

Characterization of SARS-CoV-specific memory T cells from recovered individuals 4 years after infection

(2009) Yan-Ying Fan et al.   ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY

Toll-like receptors, chemokine receptors and death receptor ligands responses in SARS coronavirus infected human monocyte derived dendritic cells

(2009) Helen KW Law et al.   BMC IMMUNOLOGY

Cellular Immune Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Infection in Senescent BALB/c Mice: CD4+ T Cells Are Important in Control of SARS-CoV Infection

(2009) J. Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus nsp1 Suppresses Host Gene Expression, Including That of Type I Interferon, in Infected Cells

(2008) K. Narayanan et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Mast cell renin and a local renin-angiotensin system in the airway: Role in bronchoconstriction

(2008) A. Veerappan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA