Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition in Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potential

Discovery of Novel 3-Amino-4-alkoxyphenylketones as PDE4 Inhibitors with Improved Oral Bioavailability and Safety against Spatial Memory Impairments

(2022) Chuang Xia et al.   ACS Chemical Neuroscience

Roflupram attenuates α-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity and promotes the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing A53T mutant α-synuclein

(2022) Jiahong Zhong et al.   TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY

The PDE4 Inhibitor Tanimilast Blunts Proinflammatory Dendritic Cell Activation by SARS-CoV-2 ssRNAs

(2022) Hoang Oanh Nguyen et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

α-mangostin derivative 4e as a PDE4 inhibitor promote proteasomal degradation of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease models through PKA activation

(2022) Jia-Yue Chen et al.   PHYTOMEDICINE

Advances in Oral Drug Delivery

(2021) Mohammed S. Alqahtani et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Neuroprotective effects of roflumilast against quinolinic acid-induced rat model of Huntington’s disease through inhibition of NF-κB mediated neuroinflammatory markers and activation of cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway

(2021) Priyanka Saroj et al.   INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY

The role of P53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) in ovarian development, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases

(2021) Mei Li   APOPTOSIS

Roflupram protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity and facilitates α-synuclein degradation in Parkinson’s disease models

(2021) Wen-li Dong et al.   ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA

The Emerging Role of Phosphodiesterases in Movement Disorders

(2021) Roberto Erro et al.   MOVEMENT DISORDERS

The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors

(2021) Dean Paes et al.   PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Conditional disruption of AMP kinase in dopaminergic neurons promotes Parkinson's disease-associated phenotypes in vivo

(2021) Liting Hang et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

The protective effect of the PDE-4 inhibitor rolipram on intracerebral haemorrhage is associated with the cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway

(2021) Xiao-Liu Dong et al.   Scientific Reports

Assessment of PDE4 Inhibitor-Induced Hypothermia as a Correlate of Nausea in Mice

(2021) Abigail Boyd et al.   Biology-Basel

Roflupram exerts neuroprotection via activation of CREB/PGC‐1α signalling in experimental models of Parkinson's disease

(2020) Jiahong Zhong et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Discovery and optimization of α-mangostin derivatives as novel PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of vascular dementia

(2020) Jinhao Liang et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

In Silico, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Studies of Roflumilast as a Potential Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic agent: Inhibition of the PDE-4 Enzyme and Voltage-gated Ca++ ion Channels

(2020) Najeeb Ur Rehman et al.   MOLECULES

Pro-survival and anti-inflammatory roles of NF-κB c-Rel in the Parkinson's disease models

(2020) Zishan Wang et al.   Redox Biology

Neuroprotective action of agmatine in rotenone-induced model of Parkinson’s disease: Role of BDNF/cREB and ERK pathway

(2020) S. Sırrı Bilge et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

Role of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(2020) Chin Kook Rhee et al.   KOREAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

Novel drug delivery systems of β2 adrenoreceptor agonists to suppress SNCA gene expression and mitochondrial oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease management

(2020) Piyong Sola et al.   Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

PAN‐selective inhibition of cAMP‐phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) induces gastroparesis in mice

(2020) Will McDonough et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

Inhibition of type 4 cAMP-phosphodiesterases (PDE4s) in mice induces hypothermia via effects on behavioral and central autonomous thermoregulation

(2020) Will McDonough et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Discovery and Early Clinical Development of Isobutyl 1-[8-Methoxy-5-(1-oxo-3H-isobenzofuran-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-yl]cyclopropanecarboxylate (LEO 39652), a Novel “Dual-Soft” PDE4 Inhibitor for Topical Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

(2020) Jens Larsen et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme as a therapeutic target in neurological disorders

(2020) Abid Bhat et al.   PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Roflumilast ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling and anti-neuroinflammatory effects

(2019) Huancun Feng et al.   METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE

Validation of the xylazine/ketamine anesthesia test as a predictor of the emetic potential of pharmacological compounds in rats

(2019) Ellis Nelissen et al.   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

Canthin-6-One Accelerates Alpha-Synuclein Degradation by Enhancing UPS Activity: Drug Target Identification by CRISPR-Cas9 Whole Genome-Wide Screening Technology

(2019) Ning-Ning Yuan et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Natural alkaloid harmine promotes degradation of Alpha-synuclein via PKA-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome system activation

(2019) Cui-Zan Cai et al.   PHYTOMEDICINE

The role of phosphodiesterase 4 in excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease

(2019) Heather Wilson et al.   PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS

FCPR03, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of the AKT/GSK3β/ β-catenin signaling pathway

(2019) Bingtian Xu et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Discovery of arylbenzylamines as PDE4 inhibitors with potential neuroprotective effect

(2019) Lv Tang et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Inhibition of PDE4 by FCPR16 induces AMPK-dependent autophagy and confers neuroprotection in SH-SY5Y cells and neurons exposed to MPP+-induced oxidative insult

(2019) Jiahong Zhong et al.   FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Acute treatment with the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast improves verbal word memory in healthy old individuals: a double-blind placebo-controlled study

(2019) Arjan Blokland et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING

Akt Phosphorylates NQO1 and Triggers its Degradation, Abolishing its Antioxidative Activities in Parkinson's Disease

(2019) Shilin Luo et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Gastroparesis: a turning point in understanding and treatment

(2019) Madhusudan Grover et al.   GUT

Understanding PDE4's function in Alzheimer's disease; a target for novel therapeutic approaches

(2019) Amy J. Tibbo et al.   BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS

The neuroprotective effect of schisandrol A on 6-OHDA-induced PD mice may be related to PI3K/AKT and IKK/IκBα/NF-κB pathway

(2019) Tingxu Yan et al.   EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY

p38 MAPK-DRP1 signaling is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in mutant A53T α-synuclein model of Parkinson's disease

(2019) Chen Gui et al.   TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY

Phosphodiesterase Type 4 Inhibition in CNS Diseases

(2019) Arjan Blokland et al.   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The mediating role of phosphodiesterase type 4 in the dopaminergic modulation of motor impulsivity

(2018) P.R.A. Heckman et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

The phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, FCPR16, attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion

(2018) Jiajia Chen et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN

A Nonhuman Primate PET Study: Measurement of Brain PDE4 Occupancy by Roflumilast Using (R)-[11C]Rolipram

(2018) Akihiro Takano et al.   MOLECULAR IMAGING AND BIOLOGY

A negative allosteric modulator of PDE4D enhances learning after traumatic brain injury

(2018) David J. Titus et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY

Phosphorylation of Parkin at serine 131 by p38 MAPK promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death in mutant A53T α-synuclein model of Parkinson’s disease

(2018) Jialong Chen et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Simvastatin Inhibits Activation of NADPH Oxidase/p38 MAPK Pathway and Enhances Expression of Antioxidant Protein in Parkinson Disease Models

(2018) Huichun Tong et al.   Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

The Role of Insulin/IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β Signaling in Parkinson's Disease Dementia

(2018) Liying Yang et al.   Frontiers in Neuroscience

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 by FCPR16 protects SH-SY5Y cells against MPP + -induced decline of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress

(2018) Jiahong Zhong et al.   Redox Biology

Lentiviral Vector-Mediated SHC3 Silencing Exacerbates Oxidative Stress Injury in Nigral Dopamine Neurons by Regulating the PI3K-AKT-FoxO Signaling Pathway in Rats with Parkinson’s Disease

(2018) Jian Gong et al.   CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB): A Possible Signaling Molecule Link in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

(2018) Haitao Wang et al.   Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 controls protein kinase A activation state through phosphodiesterase 4

(2018) Isabella Russo et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases

(2018) Heng Li et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Outside in: Unraveling the Role of Neuroinflammation in the Progression of Parkinson's Disease

(2018) Paulina Troncoso-Escudero et al.   Frontiers in Neurology

Investigational phosphodiesterase inhibitors in phase I and phase II clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease

(2017) Jos Prickaerts et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS

Potential for targeting dopamine/DARPP-32 signaling in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders

(2017) Akinori Nishi et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease

(2017) Ole-Bjørn Tysnes et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION

Rolipram improves facilitation of contextual fear extinction in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease

(2017) Ken-ichi Kinoshita et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Novel Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor FCPR03 Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation by Regulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway and NF- κ B Inhibition

(2017) Zheng-Qiang Zou et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS

N-Propargyl Caffeamide (PACA) Ameliorates Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss and Motor Dysfunctions in MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease and in MPP+-Induced Neurons via Promoting the Conversion of proNGF to NGF

(2017) Dan Luo et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Can Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Be Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease?

(2017) Dominic Ngima Nthenge-Ngumbau et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Synergy between 5-HT4 receptor stimulation and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition in facilitating acetylcholine release in human large intestinal circular muscle

(2017) V. Pauwelyn et al.   NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY AND MOTILITY

Loss of phosphodiesterase 4 in Parkinson disease

(2017) Flavia Niccolini et al.   NEUROLOGY

Rolipram Improves Outcome in a Rat Model of Infant Sepsis-Induced Cardiorenal Syndrome

(2017) Clark R. Sims et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Parkinson disease

(2017) Werner Poewe et al.   Nature Reviews Disease Primers

The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, ibudilast, attenuates neuroinflammation in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease

(2017) Joanna Schwenkgrub et al.   PLoS One

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3, 4, and 5 induces endolymphatic hydrops in mouse inner ear, as evaluated with repeated 9.4T MRI

(2016) Eva Degerman et al.   ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA

Efficacy of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in juvenile Batten disease (CLN3)

(2016) Amy Aldrich et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Development of highly potent phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors with anti-neuroinflammation potential: Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship study of catecholamides bearing aromatic rings

(2016) Zhong-Zhen Zhou et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Phosphodiesterase Inhibition and Regulation of Dopaminergic Frontal and Striatal Functioning: Clinical Implications

(2016) Pim R. A. Heckman et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Neuronal circuits and physiological roles of the basal ganglia in terms of transmitters, receptors and related disorders

(2016) Katsuya Yamada et al.   Journal of Physiological Sciences

Protective Effect of Curcumin by Modulating BDNF/DARPP32/CREB in Arsenic-Induced Alterations in Dopaminergic Signaling in Rat Corpus Striatum

(2016) Pranay Srivastava et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Targeted Delivery of an Anti-inflammatory PDE4 Inhibitor to Immune Cells via an Antibody–drug Conjugate

(2016) Shan Yu et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: A unified framework

(2016) Ahmed A. Moustafa et al.   NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

HNO suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 microglial cells via inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways

(2016) Yebo Zhou et al.   PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH

From the Cover: Arsenic Induces Accumulation of α-Synuclein: Implications for Synucleinopathies and Neurodegeneration

(2016) Aram B. Cholanians et al.   TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The effect of resveratrol on beta amyloid-induced memory impairment involves inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 related signaling

(2016) Gang Wang et al.   Oncotarget

Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor

(2016) Melodie Young et al.   Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners

Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors ameliorates cognitive deficits in deoxycorticosterone acetate induced hypertensive rats via cAMP/CREB signaling system

(2015) S. Sugin Lal Jabaris et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Apremilast: a PDE4 inhibitor for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis

(2015) Hunar Abdulrahim et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON PHARMACOTHERAPY

Parkinson's disease

(2015) Lorraine V Kalia et al.   LANCET

Tau-driven 26S proteasome impairment and cognitive dysfunction can be prevented early in disease by activating cAMP-PKA signaling

(2015) Natura Myeku et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Specific Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase-4B Results in Anxiolysis and Facilitates Memory Acquisition

(2015) Alexander McGirr et al.   NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

cAMP-induced phosphorylation of 26S proteasomes on Rpn6/PSMD11 enhances their activity and the degradation of misfolded proteins

(2015) Sudarsanareddy Lokireddy et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Epac and the high affinity rolipram binding conformer of PDE4 modulate neurite outgrowth and myelination using anin vitrospinal cord injury model

(2014) S D Boomkamp et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors as Therapeutics for Traumatic Brain Injury

(2014) David Titus et al.   CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN

Neuroprotective Effects of Jitai Tablet, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, on the MPTP-Induced Acute Model of Parkinson’s Disease: Involvement of the Dopamine System

(2014) Jia Liu et al.   Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

(2014) Clive P. Page   INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

The PDE4 Inhibitor Rolipram Prevents NF- B Binding Activity and Proinflammatory Cytokine Release in Human Chorionic Cells

(2014) R. Herve et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

LRRK2 and neuroinflammation: partners in crime in Parkinson’s disease?

(2014) Isabella Russo et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Advances in targeting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases

(2014) Donald H. Maurice et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

The neuroprotective effect of human uncoupling protein 2 (hUCP2) requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a toxin model of Parkinson's disease

(2014) Ran-Der Hwang et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Roflumilast: the new orally active, selective phophodiesterase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of COPD

(2013) Donald P Tashkin   EXPERT OPINION ON PHARMACOTHERAPY

Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors: a review of current developments (2010 – 2012)

(2013) Amadeu Gavaldà et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC PATENTS

Beyond the mitochondrion: cytosolic PINK1 remodels dendrites through Protein Kinase A

(2013) Ruben K. Dagda et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Evaluation of the Therapeutic Index of a Novel Phosphodiesterase 4B–Selective Inhibitor Over Phosphodiesterase 4D in Mice

(2013) Osamu Suzuki et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Activation of GSK-3β and Caspase-3 Occurs in Nigral Dopamine Neurons during the Development of Apoptosis Activated by a Striatal Injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine

(2013) Daniel Hernandez-Baltazar et al.   PLoS One

Regulation of nuclear factor-κB in autoimmunity

(2013) Shao-Cong Sun et al.   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Genetics of Parkinson's Disease

(2013) C. Klein et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Resveratrol Ameliorates Aging-Related Metabolic Phenotypes by Inhibiting cAMP Phosphodiesterases

(2012) Sung-Jun Park et al.   CELL

Proinflammatory cytokine regulation of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase 4 signaling in microgliain vitroand following CNS injury

(2012) Mousumi Ghosh et al.   GLIA

The gamma chain subunit of Fc receptors is required for alpha-synuclein-induced pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia

(2012) Shuwen Cao et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Metabolic benefits of inhibiting cAMP-PDEs with resveratrol

(2012) Jay H. Chung   Adipocyte

JNK Inhibition Protects Dopamine Neurons and Provides Behavioral Improvement in a Rat 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson’s Disease

(2011) Candice E. Crocker et al.   ACS Chemical Neuroscience

Mitochondrially localized PKA reverses mitochondrial pathology and dysfunction in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease

(2011) R K Dagda et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Low dose methamphetamine mediates neuroprotection through a PI3K-AKT pathway

(2011) Thomas F. Rau et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Resveratrol-Activated AMPK/SIRT1/Autophagy in Cellular Models of Parkinson’s Disease

(2011) Yuncheng Wu et al.   NEUROSIGNALS

DARPP-32, Jack of All Trades? Master of Which?

(2011) Marion Yger et al.   Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Profile of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease

(2010) G. Stennis Watson et al.   BRAIN PATHOLOGY

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 prevents adverse effects induced by phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors in rats

(2010) D Peter et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Interdependence of AMPK and SIRT1 for Metabolic Adaptation to Fasting and Exercise in Skeletal Muscle

(2010) Carles Cantó et al.   Cell Metabolism

ERK in Learning and Memory: A Review of Recent Research

(2010) Sheng Peng et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

The human area postrema and other nuclei related to the emetic reflex express cAMP phosphodiesterases 4B and 4D

(2010) F. Mori et al.   JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY

Pathogenic Lysosomal Depletion in Parkinson's Disease

(2010) B. Dehay et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Advanced Research on Dopamine Signaling to Develop Drugs for the Treatment of Mental Disorders: Biochemical and Behavioral Profiles of Phosphodiesterase Inhibition in Dopaminergic Neurotransmission

(2010) Akinori Nishi et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Fcγ receptors are required for NF-κB signaling, microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in an AAV-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson's disease

(2010) Shuwen Cao et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

Quantitative comparison of phosphodiesterase mRNA distribution in human brain and peripheral tissues

(2010) Viktor Lakics et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease

(2010) Hong Yuan et al.   Neuroscience Bulletin

AMP-activated protein kinase is activated in Parkinson’s disease models mediated by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

(2009) Jae-Sun Choi et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Apremilast, a cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in a model of psoriasis

(2009) PH Schafer et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by cAMP in adipocytes: Roles for phosphodiesterases, protein kinase B, protein kinase A, Epac and lipolysis

(2009) Bilal Omar et al.   CELLULAR SIGNALLING

Cyclic AMP-Specific Phosphodiesterase-4 as a Target for the Development of Antidepressant Drugs

(2009) Han-Ting Zhang   CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN

PDE4 inhibitors: a review of current developments (2005 – 2009)

(2009) Lluís Pagès et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC PATENTS

Design of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) allosteric modulators for enhancing cognition with improved safety

(2009) Alex B Burgin et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: Its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention

(2009) Malú G. Tansey et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Mitochondrial Alterations in PINK1 Deficient Cells Are Influenced by Calcineurin-Dependent Dephosphorylation of Dynamin-Related Protein 1

(2009) Anna Sandebring et al.   PLoS One

Epac and PKA: a tale of two intracellular cAMP receptors

(2008) Xiaodong Cheng et al.   ACTA BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA SINICA

Cathepsin D Is the Main Lysosomal Enzyme Involved in the Degradation of α-Synuclein and Generation of Its Carboxy-Terminally Truncated Species†

(2008) Daniel Sevlever et al.   BIOCHEMISTRY

PDE4 inhibitors: current status

(2008) D Spina   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast protects cardiomyocytes against NO-induced apoptosis via activation of PKA and Epac dual pathways

(2008) Hyun-Jeong Kwak et al.   CELLULAR SIGNALLING

Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

(2008) W. Poewe   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

The ubiquitin-proteasome system in Alzheimer's disease

(2008) Salvatore Oddo   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

A phosphatase cascade by which rewarding stimuli control nucleosomal response

(2008) Alexandre Stipanovich et al.   NATURE

Cell type–specific regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation by psychostimulant and antipsychotic drugs

(2008) Helen S Bateup et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Modulation of SIRT1 expression in different neurodegenerative models and human pathologies

(2008) M. Pallàs et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Attenuation of MPTP neurotoxicity by rolipram, a specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase IV

(2007) Lichuan Yang et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY