The Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor in Inflammation and Cancer: Novel Molecular Insights and Clinical Applications

Immune response studies based on P2X7 receptors: A Mini-Review

(2022) Ying Deng et al.   CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN

Recent progress in the structural biology of P2X receptors

(2022) Danqi Sheng et al.   PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS

Purinergic modulation of the immune response to infections

(2022) Natalia Eberhardt et al.   Purinergic Signalling

P2RX7 at the Host-Pathogen Interface of Infectious Diseases

(2021) Alexandra Y. Soare et al.   MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS

Association between oncogenic human papillomavirus type 16 and Killian polyp

(2021) Lucia Oton-Gonzalez et al.   Infectious Agents and Cancer

PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signal pathway is involved in P2X7 receptor-induced proliferation and EMT of colorectal cancer cells

(2021) Wen-jun Zhang et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Possible role of purinergic signaling in COVID-19

(2021) Maria Luiza Mukai Franciosi et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Antagonism of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer

(2021) Matthew Drill et al.   Purinergic Signalling

Structural basis for the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP

(2021) Lin-Hua Jiang et al.   Purinergic Signalling

Methylation of SERPINA1 gene promoter may predict chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients affected by acute coronary syndrome

(2021) John Charles Rotondo et al.   Clinical Epigenetics

P2x7 Receptor Signaling Blockade Reduces Lung Inflammation and Necrosis During Severe Experimental Tuberculosis

(2021) Igor Santiago-Carvalho et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Long Non-coding RNAs and MicroRNAs Interplay in Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

(2021) Carmen Lanzillotti et al.   Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Infection: New Molecular, Phylogenetic, and Pathogenetic Insights. Efficacy of Current Vaccines and the Potential Risk of Variants

(2021) John Charles Rotondo et al.   Viruses-Basel

Epigenetics of Male Infertility: The Role of DNA Methylation

(2021) John Charles Rotondo et al.   Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Epigenetic Dysregulations in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Driven Merkel Cell Carcinoma

(2021) John Charles Rotondo et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Histamine enhances ATP-induced itching and responsiveness to ATP in keratinocytes

(2021) Yoshihiro Inami et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Cancer biology and molecular genetics of A3 adenosine receptor

(2021) Chiara Mazziotta et al.   ONCOGENE

Significantly Low Levels of IgG Antibodies Against Oncogenic Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Sera From Females Affected by Spontaneous Abortion

(2021) Chiara Mazziotta et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

A3 Adenosine and P2X7 Purinergic Receptors as New Targets for an Innovative Pharmacological Therapy of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

(2021) Fabrizio Vincenzi et al.   Frontiers in Oncology

Intracellular ATP Concentration and Implication for Cellular Evolution

(2021) Jack V. Greiner et al.   Biology-Basel

Production, characterization, and application of a monoclonal antibody specific for the extracellular domain of human P2X7R

(2020) Mingxuan Li et al.   APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

P2X7 receptor‐targeted regulation by tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside in alcoholic hepatosteatosis: A new strategy towards macrophage–hepatocyte crosstalk

(2020) Yu Zhang et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Curcumin amends Ca2+ dysregulation in microglia by suppressing the activation of P2X7 receptor

(2020) Zhen Wang et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

The yin and yang functions of extracellular ATP and adenosine in tumor immunity

(2020) Li-li Feng et al.   Cancer Cell International

Phosphorylated GSK‑3β protects stress‑induced apoptosis of myoblasts via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

(2020) Meixi Liu et al.   Molecular Medicine Reports

To Inhibit or Enhance? Is There a Benefit to Positive Allosteric Modulation of P2X Receptors?

(2020) Leanne Stokes et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

P2X7R promotes angiogenesis and tumour‐associated macrophage recruitment by regulating the NF‐κB signalling pathway in colorectal cancer cells

(2020) Chunhui Yang et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

P2X7 receptor antagonism inhibits tumour growth in human high-grade gliomas

(2020) Liyen Katrina Kan et al.   Purinergic Signalling

P2X7 Receptor (P2X7R) of Microglia Mediates Neuroinflammation by Regulating (NOD)-Like Receptor Protein 3 (NLRP3) Inflammasome-Dependent Inflammation After Spinal Cord Injury

(2020) Xiao Fan et al.   MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR

P2X7 in Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics

(2020) Romain Lara et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Cancer: A Double-Edged Sword

(2020) Shaima'a Hamarsheh et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

The P2X7 purinergic receptor: a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer

(2020) Qianqian Li et al.   JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Tissue cytokine/chemokine profile in vulvar lichen sclerosus: An observational study on keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures

(2020) Monica Corazza et al.   JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Inhibition of purinergic P2X receptor 7 (P2X7R) decreases granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression in U251 glioblastoma cells

(2020) Matthew Drill et al.   Scientific Reports

SERPINA1 Gene Promoter Is Differentially Methylated in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Pregnant Women

(2020) John Charles Rotondo et al.   Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Investigation on Spontaneous Abortion and Human Papillomavirus Infection

(2020) Mauro Tognon et al.   Vaccines

Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology

(2020) Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

The P2X7 receptor modulates immune cells infiltration, ectonucleotidases expression and extracellular ATP levels in the tumor microenvironment

(2019) Elena De Marchi et al.   ONCOGENE

Purinergic P2X7 Receptor: A Cation Channel Sensitive to Tumor Microenvironment

(2019) Giorgia Scarpellino et al.   Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

Role of the P2X7 receptor in inflammation-mediated changes in the osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells

(2019) Xin-Yue Xu et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Highly‐expressed P2X7 receptor promotes growth and metastasis of human HOS/MNNG osteosarcoma cells via PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β‐catenin and mTOR/HIF1α/VEGF signaling

(2019) Yingchi Zhang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

P2X7 Receptor Expression in Patients With Serositis Related to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

(2019) Federica Furini et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Association Between Simian Virus 40 and Human Tumors

(2019) John Charles Rotondo et al.   Frontiers in Oncology

Alternative splicing of P2RX7 pre-messenger RNA in health and diseases: Myth or reality?

(2019) Jonathan Benzaquen et al.   Biomedical Journal

The role of P2X7 receptor in prognosis and metastasis of colorectal cancer

(2019) Ying Zhang et al.   Advances in Medical Sciences

Role of the P2X7 receptor in tumor-associated inflammation

(2019) Elena Adinolfi et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN PHARMACOLOGY

P2X7 Interactions and Signaling – Making Head or Tail of It

(2019) Robin Kopp et al.   Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

Antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of LY2090314, a GSK-3 inhibitor, in neuroblastoma in vitro

(2018) Selvi Kunnimalaiyaan et al.   BMC CANCER

Mechanosensitive Ion Channels

(2018) Jacob M. Hope et al.   CANCER JOURNAL

Environmental doses of perfluorooctanoic acid change the expression of genes in target tissues of common carp

(2018) John Charles Rotondo et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY

P2X7 receptor regulates EMMPRIN and MMP‑9 expression through AMPK/MAPK signaling in PMA‑induced macrophages

(2018) Lu Lin et al.   Molecular Medicine Reports

Mapping the Allosteric Action of Antagonists A740003 and A438079 Reveals a Role for the Left Flipper in Ligand Sensitivity at P2X7 Receptors

(2018) Rebecca C. Allsopp et al.   MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY

Towards a Novel Class of Multitarget-Directed Ligands: Dual P2X7–NMDA Receptor Antagonists

(2018) Olga Karoutzou et al.   MOLECULES

P2X7 receptor mediates NLRP3-dependent IL-1β secretion and parasite proliferation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected human small intestinal epithelial cells

(2018) Juan-Hua Quan et al.   Parasites & Vectors

Involvement of P2X7 Receptor in Proliferation and Migration of Human Glioma Cells

(2018) Zhenhua Ji et al.   Biomed Research International

The P2X7 Receptor in Inflammatory Diseases: Angel or Demon?

(2018) Luiz E. B. Savio et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Non-nucleotide Agonists Triggering P2X7 Receptor Activation and Pore Formation

(2018) Francesco Di Virgilio et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Inhibits ATP-Mediated Release of Interleukin-1β via CD36 and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

(2018) Kathrin Siebers et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

P2RX7 Purinoceptor as a Therapeutic Target—The Second Coming?

(2018) Chris N. J. Young et al.   Frontiers in Chemistry

Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage

(2018) Carlo Contini et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Intrathecal delivery of a palmitoylated peptide targeting Y382-384 within the P2X7 receptor alleviates neuropathic pain

(2018) Rebecca Dalgarno et al.   Molecular Pain

ATP in the tumour microenvironment drives expression of nfP2X7, a key mediator of cancer cell survival

(2018) SM Gilbert et al.   ONCOGENE

Regulation of P2X7 receptor expression in the brain

(2018) Eva M Jimenez-Mateos et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN

Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides as signalling molecules

(2018) Anna Lisa Giuliani et al.   IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS

The P2X7 Receptor in Infection and Inflammation

(2017) Francesco Di Virgilio et al.   IMMUNITY

CD39 limits P2X7 receptor inflammatory signaling and attenuates sepsis-induced liver injury

(2017) Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

Virus-Triggered ATP Release Limits Viral Replication through Facilitating IFN-β Production in a P2X7-Dependent Manner

(2017) Chengfei Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

The potential of P2X7 receptors as a therapeutic target, including inflammation and tumour progression

(2017) Geoffrey Burnstock et al.   Purinergic Signalling

The P2X7 receptor forms a dye-permeable pore independent of its intracellular domain but dependent on membrane lipid composition

(2017) Akira Karasawa et al.   eLife

P2X1, P2X4, and P2X7 Receptor Knock Out Mice Expose Differential Outcome of Sepsis Induced by α-Haemolysin Producing Escherichia coli

(2017) Anne-Sofie Greve et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

NOD-Like Receptor P3 Inflammasome Controls Protective Th1/Th17 Immunity against Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis

(2017) Claudia Feriotti et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Unique residues in the ATP gated human P2X7 receptor define a novel allosteric binding pocket for the selective antagonist AZ10606120

(2017) Rebecca C. Allsopp et al.   Scientific Reports

Tumor necrosis factor reduces Plasmodium falciparum growth and activates calcium signaling in human malaria parasites

(2016) Laura N. Cruz et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS

Targeting of the P2X7 receptor in pancreatic cancer and stellate cells

(2016) Andrea Giannuzzo et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Expression of P2 Purinergic Receptors in Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Roles in Extracellular Nucleotide Regulation of Cell Functions

(2016) Lin-Hua Jiang et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Extracellular purines, purinergic receptors and tumor growth

(2016) F Di Virgilio et al.   ONCOGENE

P2X receptors

(2016) R. Alan North   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Comparative study of the P2X gene family in animals and plants

(2016) Zhuoran Hou et al.   Purinergic Signalling

P2X ion channel receptors and inflammation

(2016) Geoffrey Burnstock   Purinergic Signalling

P2X7 targeting inhibits growth of human mesothelioma

(2016) Francesca Amoroso et al.   Oncotarget

Understanding the roles of the P2X7 receptor in solid tumour progression and therapeutic perspectives

(2015) Sébastien Roger et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES

Immunologic evidence of a strong association between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and simian virus 40

(2015) Mauro Tognon et al.   CANCER

Extracellular ATP protects against sepsis through macrophage P2X7 purinergic receptors by enhancing intracellular bacterial killing

(2015) Balázs Csóka et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

P2X7 receptors: role in bone cell formation and function

(2015) A. Agrawal et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Extracellular nucleotides as novel, underappreciated pro-metastatic factors that stimulate purinergic signaling in human lung cancer cells

(2015) Gabriela Schneider et al.   Molecular Cancer

The P2X7 receptor regulates cell survival, migration and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells

(2015) Andrea Giannuzzo et al.   Molecular Cancer

Physical basis of apparent pore dilation of ATP-activated P2X receptor channels

(2015) Mufeng Li et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

The P2X7 receptor is a key modulator of the PI3K/GSK3β/VEGF signaling network: evidence in experimental neuroblastoma

(2015) F Amoroso et al.   ONCOGENE

P2X7 receptor stimulates breast cancer cell invasion and migration via the AKT pathway

(2015) JIYI XIA et al.   ONCOLOGY REPORTS

T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment

(2015) J. A. Joyce et al.   SCIENCE

PI3K/Akt signaling pathway triggers P2X7 receptor expression as a pro-survival factor of neuroblastoma cells under limiting growth conditions

(2015) Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes et al.   Scientific Reports

Modulation of P2X4/P2X7/Pannexin-1 sensitivity to extracellular ATP via Ivermectin induces a non-apoptotic and inflammatory form of cancer cell death

(2015) Dobrin Draganov et al.   Scientific Reports

Putative roles of purinergic signaling in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection

(2014) Paulo AF Pacheco et al.   Biology Direct

Alternaria-derived serine protease activity drives IL-33–mediated asthma exacerbations

(2014) Robert J. Snelgrove et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Macrophage P2X7 Receptor Function Is Reduced during Schistosomiasis: Putative Role of TGF-β1

(2014) Suellen D’arc Santos Oliveira et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

Autocrine signaling via release of ATP and activation of P2X7 receptor influences motile activity of human lung cancer cells

(2014) Erina Takai et al.   Purinergic Signalling

Anthraquinone emodin inhibits human cancer cell invasiveness by antagonizing P2X7 receptors

(2013) Bilel Jelassi et al.   CARCINOGENESIS

Signaling through Purinergic Receptors for ATP Induces Human Cutaneous Innate and Adaptive Th17 Responses: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

(2013) M. E. Killeen et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

P2X7 Receptor Channels Allow Direct Permeation of Nanometer-Sized Dyes

(2013) L. E. Browne et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

The C-Terminus of Human Nucleotide Receptor P2X7 Is Critical for Receptor Oligomerization and N-Linked Glycosylation

(2013) Lisa E. Wickert et al.   PLoS One

P2X4 Assembles with P2X7 and Pannexin-1 in Gingival Epithelial Cells and Modulates ATP-induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Inflammasome Activation

(2013) Shu-Chen Hung et al.   PLoS One

Different Members of the IL-1 Family Come Out in Different Ways: DAMPs vs. Cytokines?

(2013) Sonia Carta et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

The participation of plasma membrane hemichannels to purinergic signaling

(2012) Alberto Baroja-Mazo et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES

Extracellular ATP induces cell death in human intestinal epithelial cells

(2012) Carolina O. Souza et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS

The sixth sense: hematopoietic stem cells detect danger through purinergic signaling

(2012) L. Rossi et al.   BLOOD

Expression of P2X7 Receptor Increases In Vivo Tumor Growth

(2012) E. Adinolfi et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Feasibility study of B16 melanoma therapy using oxidized ATP to target purinergic receptor P2X7

(2012) Fumie Hattori et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Activation of the P2X7receptor induces migration of glial cells by inducing cathepsin B degradation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1

(2012) Niamh Murphy et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Efficacy and Safety of CE-224,535, an Antagonist of P2X7 Receptor, in Treatment of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Inadequately Controlled by Methotrexate

(2012) T. C. STOCK et al.   JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY

Multifaceted roles of purinergic receptors in viral infection

(2012) Audrey Paoletti et al.   MICROBES AND INFECTION

Activation of P2X7 Receptor by ATP Plays an Important Role in Regulating Inflammatory Responses during Acute Viral Infection

(2012) Benjamin H. Lee et al.   PLoS One

Endothelial P2X7 receptors’ expression is reduced by schistosomiasis

(2012) Suellen D’Arc dos Santos Oliveira et al.   Purinergic Signalling

The P2X7 receptor is a key modulator of aerobic glycolysis

(2012) F Amoroso et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Critical Involvement of Extracellular ATP Acting on P2RX7 Purinergic Receptors in Photoreceptor Cell Death

(2011) Shoji Notomi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Tumor-Recruited Neutrophils and Neutrophil TIMP-Free MMP-9 Regulate Coordinately the Levels of Tumor Angiogenesis and Efficiency of Malignant Cell Intravasation

(2011) Erin M. Bekes et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Hypoxia-increased RAGE and P2X7R expression regulates tumor cell invasion through phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt and nuclear translocation of NF-κB

(2011) Marco Tafani et al.   CARCINOGENESIS

P2X7 receptor positively regulates MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation

(2011) Yanhui Liu et al.   CYTOKINE

Understanding the mechanism of IL-1β secretion

(2011) Gloria Lopez-Castejon et al.   CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS

Caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cell death

(2011) Edward A. Miao et al.   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

P2X7 receptor activation enhances SK3 channels- and cystein cathepsin-dependent cancer cells invasiveness

(2011) B Jelassi et al.   ONCOGENE

C terminus of the P2X7 receptor: treasure hunting

(2011) Helio Miranda Costa-Junior et al.   Purinergic Signalling

Identification of an intracellular microdomain of the P2X7receptor that is crucial in basolateral membrane targeting in epithelial cells

(2010) H.J. Bradley et al.   FEBS LETTERS

Chlamydial infection of monocytes stimulates IL-1β secretion through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

(2010) Ali A. Abdul-Sater et al.   MICROBES AND INFECTION

Activation of the P2X7 receptor triggers the elimination of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites from infected macrophages

(2010) Gladys Corrêa et al.   MICROBES AND INFECTION

Purinergic Receptor Functionality Is Necessary for Infection of Human Hepatocytes by Hepatitis Delta Virus and Hepatitis B Virus

(2010) John M. Taylor et al.   PLoS One

Purinergic signalling is involved in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum invasion to red blood cells

(2010) Julio Levano-Garcia et al.   Purinergic Signalling

Mammalian P2X7 receptor pharmacology: comparison of recombinant mouse, rat and human P2X7 receptors

(2009) Diana L Donnelly-Roberts et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Activation of Microglia by Amyloid   Requires P2X7 Receptor Expression

(2009) J. M. Sanz et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Bypassing Pathogen‐Induced Inflammasome Activation for the Regulation of Interleukin‐1β Production by the Fungal PathogenCandida albicans

(2009) Frank L. van de Veerdonk et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Single nucleotide polymorphisms that were identified in affective mood disorders affect ATP-activated P2X7 receptor functions

(2009) Sébastien Roger et al.   JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH

Modulation of P2X7 purinergic receptor in macrophages by Leishmania amazonensis and its role in parasite elimination

(2009) Suzana Passos Chaves et al.   MICROBES AND INFECTION

P2X7: a growth-promoting receptor—implications for cancer

(2009) Francesco Di Virgilio et al.   Purinergic Signalling

Palmitoylation of the P2X7 receptor, an ATP-gated channel, controls its expression and association with lipid rafts

(2008) P. Gonnord et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

MicroRNAs miR-186 and miR-150 Down-regulate Expression of the Pro-apoptotic Purinergic P2X7Receptor by Activation of Instability Sites at the 3′-Untranslated Region of the Gene That Decrease Steady-state Levels of the Transcript

(2008) Lingyin Zhou et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Increased Level of Extracellular ATP at Tumor Sites: In Vivo Imaging with Plasma Membrane Luciferase

(2008) Patrizia Pellegatti et al.   PLoS One

Extracellular ATP reduces HIV-1 transfer from immature dendritic cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes

(2008) Corinne Barat et al.   Retrovirology

Modulation of P2X7 receptor functions by polymyxin B: crucial role of the hydrophobic tail of the antibiotic molecule

(2007) D Ferrari et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY