Recent advances in chemical modifications of guide RNA, mRNA and donor template for CRISPR-mediated genome editing

Virus against virus: a potential treatment for 2019-nCov (SARS-CoV-2) and other RNA viruses

(2020) Tuan M. Nguyen et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted

(2020) Anthony S. Fauci et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Conditional control of RNA-guided nucleic acid cleavage and gene editing

(2020) Shao-Ru Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Cytosine and adenine base editing of the brain, liver, retina, heart and skeletal muscle of mice via adeno-associated viruses

(2020) Jonathan M. Levy et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

Spatiotemporal Control of CRISPR/Cas9 Function in Cells and Zebrafish using Light‐Activated Guide RNA

(2020) Wenyuan Zhou et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Development of CRISPR as an Antiviral Strategy to Combat SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza

(2020) Timothy R. Abbott et al.   CELL

Chemical modifications of adenine base editor mRNA and guide RNA expand its application scope

(2020) Tingting Jiang et al.   Nature Communications

Photoswitchable gRNAs for Spatiotemporally Controlled CRISPR-Cas-Based Genomic Regulation

(2020) Elena V. Moroz-Omori et al.   ACS Central Science

Very fast CRISPR on demand

(2020) Yang Liu et al.   SCIENCE

CRISPR–Cas: a tool for cancer research and therapeutics

(2019) Hao Yin et al.   Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

In vitro transcribed sgRNA causes cell death by inducing interferon release

(2019) Wei Mu et al.   Protein & Cell

CRISPR-Cas9 corrects Duchenne muscular dystrophy exon 44 deletion mutations in mice and human cells

(2019) Yi-Li Min et al.   Science Advances

RNA Modifications Modulate Activation of Innate Toll-Like Receptors

(2019) Isabel Freund et al.   Genes

Improving CRISPR Genome Editing by Engineering Guide RNAs

(2019) Su Bin Moon et al.   TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Identification of preexisting adaptive immunity to Cas9 proteins in humans

(2019) Carsten T. Charlesworth et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Long-term evaluation of AAV-CRISPR genome editing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

(2019) Christopher E. Nelson et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Engineered CRISPR–Cas12a variants with increased activities and improved targeting ranges for gene, epigenetic and base editing

(2019) Benjamin P. Kleinstiver et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Faster, better, cheaper: the rise of CRISPR in disease detection

(2019) Amy Maxmen   NATURE

Genome Editing with mRNA Encoding ZFN, TALEN, and Cas9

(2019) Hong-Xia Zhang et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Adenine base editing in an adult mouse model of tyrosinaemia

(2019) Chun-Qing Song et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

Transcriptome-wide off-target RNA editing induced by CRISPR-guided DNA base editors

(2019) Julian Grünewald et al.   NATURE

Targeted homology-directed repair in blood stem and progenitor cells with CRISPR nanoformulations

(2019) Reza Shahbazi et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Rationally Designed Small Nucleic Acid-Based Inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas9

(2019) Christopher L. Barkau et al.   Nucleic Acid Therapeutics

CRISPR–Cas9 strikes out in cassava

(2019) Edward P. Rybicki   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

An artificial triazole backbone linkage provides a split-and-click strategy to bioactive chemically modified CRISPR sgRNA

(2019) Lapatrada Taemaitree et al.   Nature Communications

Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR Treatments Eliminate HIV-1 in a Subset of Infected Humanized Mice

(2019) Prasanta K. Dash et al.   Nature Communications

Engineering nucleic acid chemistry for precise and controllable CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing

(2019) Weiqi Cai et al.   Science Bulletin

A boronic acid–rich dendrimer with robust and unprecedented efficiency for cytosolic protein delivery and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing

(2019) Chongyi Liu et al.   Science Advances

A biodegradable nanocapsule delivers a Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex for in vivo genome editing

(2019) Guojun Chen et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Reading, writing and erasing mRNA methylation

(2019) Sara Zaccara et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

NanoRNP Overcomes Tumor Heterogeneity in Cancer Treatment

(2019) Qi Liu et al.   NANO LETTERS

Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA

(2019) Andrew V. Anzalone et al.   NATURE

Impact of Phosphorothioate Chirality on Double‐Stranded siRNAs: A Systematic Evaluation of Stereopure siRNA Designs

(2019) Sukumar Sakamuri et al.   CHEMBIOCHEM

Polymer-stabilized Cas9 nanoparticles and modified repair templates increase genome editing efficiency

(2019) David N. Nguyen et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

An efficient gene knock-in strategy using 5′-modified double-stranded DNA donors with short homology arms

(2019) Yi Yu et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Carboxylated branched poly(β-amino ester) nanoparticles enable robust cytosolic protein delivery and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing

(2019) Yuan Rui et al.   Science Advances

Macrophage-Specific in Vivo Gene Editing Using Cationic Lipid-Assisted Polymeric Nanoparticles

(2018) Ying-Li Luo et al.   ACS Nano

Thermo-triggered Release of CRISPR-Cas9 System by Lipid-Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles for Tumor Therapy

(2018) Peng Wang et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Chimeric Guides Probe and Enhance Cas9 Biochemical Activity

(2018) Zachary J. Kartje et al.   BIOCHEMISTRY

Emergence of synthetic mRNA: In vitro synthesis of mRNA and its applications in regenerative medicine

(2018) Hyokyoung Kwon et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Transcriptome Engineering with RNA-Targeting Type VI-D CRISPR Effectors

(2018) Silvana Konermann et al.   CELL

CRISPR RNAs trigger innate immune responses in human cells

(2018) Sojung Kim et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Cas13d Is a Compact RNA-Targeting Type VI CRISPR Effector Positively Modulated by a WYL-Domain-Containing Accessory Protein

(2018) Winston X. Yan et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Chemically Modified Cpf1-CRISPR RNAs Mediate Efficient Genome Editing in Mammalian Cells

(2018) Moira A. McMahon et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Adenine base editing in mouse embryos and an adult mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

(2018) Seuk-Min Ryu et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR–Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements

(2018) Michael Kosicki et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Optimized base editors enable efficient editing in cells, organoids and mice

(2018) Maria Paz Zafra et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Partial DNA-guided Cas9 enables genome editing with reduced off-target activity

(2018) Hao Yin et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in human hematopoietic stem cells

(2018) Rasmus O Bak et al.   Nature Protocols

mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology

(2018) Norbert Pardi et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Incorporation of bridged nucleic acids into CRISPR RNAs improves Cas9 endonuclease specificity

(2018) Christopher R. Cromwell et al.   Nature Communications

Heavily and fully modified RNAs guide efficient SpyCas9-mediated genome editing

(2018) Aamir Mir et al.   Nature Communications

A Single Administration of CRISPR/Cas9 Lipid Nanoparticles Achieves Robust and Persistent In Vivo Genome Editing

(2018) Jonathan D. Finn et al.   Cell Reports

In vitro–transcribed guide RNAs trigger an innate immune response via the RIG-I pathway

(2018) Beeke Wienert et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Prevalence of Pre-existing Antibodies to CRISPR-Associated Nuclease Cas9 in the USA Population

(2018) Vijaya L. Simhadri et al.   Molecular Therapy-Methods & Clinical Development

Nanoparticle delivery of CRISPR into the brain rescues a mouse model of fragile X syndrome from exaggerated repetitive behaviours

(2018) Bumwhee Lee et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

In vivo CRISPR editing with no detectable genome-wide off-target mutations

(2018) Pinar Akcakaya et al.   NATURE

Evolved Cas9 variants with broad PAM compatibility and high DNA specificity

(2018) Johnny H. Hu et al.   NATURE

Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease with expanded targeting space

(2018) Hiroshi Nishimasu et al.   SCIENCE

Extension of the crRNA enhances Cpf1 gene editing in vitro and in vivo

(2018) Hyo Min Park et al.   Nature Communications

Efficient single-copy HDR by 5’ modified long dsDNA donors

(2018) Jose Arturo Gutierrez-Triana et al.   eLife

Programmable DNA repair with CRISPRa/i enhanced homology-directed repair efficiency with a single Cas9

(2018) Lupeng Ye et al.   Cell Discovery

Bacteriophage T7 transcription system: an enabling tool in synthetic biology

(2018) Wenya Wang et al.   BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells

(2018) Holly A. Rees et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Synthetic Oligonucleotides Inhibit CRISPR-Cpf1-Mediated Genome Editing

(2018) Bin Li et al.   Cell Reports

Chemical Modifications of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Therapeutic Purposes

(2017) Shuaijian Ni et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR–Cas9 targeting accuracy

(2017) Janice S. Chen et al.   NATURE

Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage

(2017) Nicole M. Gaudelli et al.   NATURE

Control of phosphorothioate stereochemistry substantially increases the efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides

(2017) Naoki Iwamoto et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Structure-guided chemical modification of guide RNA enables potent non-viral in vivo genome editing

(2017) Hao Yin et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Delivery technologies for genome editing

(2017) Hao Yin et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Improving CRISPR–Cas specificity with chemical modifications in single-guide RNAs

(2017) Daniel E Ryan et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

RNA editing with CRISPR-Cas13

(2017) David B. T. Cox et al.   SCIENCE

Mapping the sugar dependency for rational generation of a DNA-RNA hybrid-guided Cas9 endonuclease

(2017) Fernando Orden Rueda et al.   Nature Communications

CRISPRi is not strand-specific at all loci and redefines the transcriptional landscape

(2017) Françoise S Howe et al.   eLife

Synthetically modified guide RNA and donor DNA are a versatile platform for CRISPR-Cas9 engineering

(2017) Kunwoo Lee et al.   eLife

Engineering CRISPR–Cpf1 crRNAs and mRNAs to maximize genome editing efficiency

(2017) Bin Li et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

Nanoparticle delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and donor DNA in vivo induces homology-directed DNA repair

(2017) Kunwoo Lee et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

Minimal 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate linkage modification pattern of synthetic guide RNAs for increased stability and efficient CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing avoiding cellular toxicity

(2017) Megan Basila et al.   PLoS One

Chemical and structural modifications of RNAi therapeutics

(2016) Sook Hee Ku et al.   ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS

Non-Viral CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing In Vitro and In Vivo Enabled by Synthetic Nanoparticle Co-Delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA

(2016) Jason B. Miller et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Development of Light-Activated CRISPR Using Guide RNAs with Photocleavable Protectors

(2016) Piyush K. Jain et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Conjugation and Evaluation of Triazole-Linked Single Guide RNA for CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing

(2016) Kaizhang He et al.   CHEMBIOCHEM

Rapid and dynamic transcriptome regulation by RNA editing and RNA modifications

(2016) Konstantin Licht et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Myocardial Delivery of Lipidoid Nanoparticle Carrying modRNA Induces Rapid and Transient Expression

(2016) Irene C Turnbull et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage

(2016) Alexis C. Komor et al.   NATURE

High-fidelity CRISPR–Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects

(2016) Benjamin P. Kleinstiver et al.   NATURE

Enhancing homology-directed genome editing by catalytically active and inactive CRISPR-Cas9 using asymmetric donor DNA

(2016) Christopher D Richardson et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Therapeutic genome editing by combined viral and non-viral delivery of CRISPR system components in vivo

(2016) Hao Yin et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A multifunctional AAV–CRISPR–Cas9 and its host response

(2016) Wei Leong Chew et al.   NATURE METHODS

Aptamers as targeted therapeutics: current potential and challenges

(2016) Jiehua Zhou et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Dendrimer-RNA nanoparticles generate protective immunity against lethal Ebola, H1N1 influenza, andToxoplasma gondiichallenges with a single dose

(2016) Jasdave S. Chahal et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector

(2016) Omar O. Abudayyeh et al.   SCIENCE

Selection-free genome editing of the sickle mutation in human adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

(2016) M. A. DeWitt et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Engineering Delivery Vehicles for Genome Editing

(2016) Christopher E. Nelson et al.   Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Post-translational Regulation of Cas9 during G1 Enhances Homology-Directed Repair

(2016) Tony Gutschner et al.   Cell Reports

Improved Genome Editing Efficiency and Flexibility Using Modified Oligonucleotides with TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9 Nucleases

(2016) Jean-Baptiste Renaud et al.   Cell Reports

Enrichment of G2/M cell cycle phase in human pluripotent stem cells enhances HDR-mediated gene repair with customizable endonucleases

(2016) Diane Yang et al.   Scientific Reports

Self-Assembled DNA Nanoclews for the Efficient Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Editing

(2015) Wujin Sun et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Cpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System

(2015) Bernd Zetsche et al.   CELL

A CRISPR/Cas9 Vector System for Tissue-Specific Gene Disruption in Zebrafish

(2015) Julien Ablain et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

Multiplex Conditional Mutagenesis Using Transgenic Expression of Cas9 and sgRNAs

(2015) Linlin Yin et al.   GENETICS

Adenovirus-Mediated Somatic Genome Editing ofPtenby CRISPR/Cas9 in Mouse Liver in Spite of Cas9-Specific Immune Responses

(2015) Dan Wang et al.   HUMAN GENE THERAPY

Rapid and highly efficient mammalian cell engineering via Cas9 protein transfection

(2015) Xiquan Liang et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Discovery and Functional Characterization of Diverse Class 2 CRISPR-Cas Systems

(2015) Sergey Shmakov et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Dendrimer-Inspired Nanomaterials for the in Vivo Delivery of siRNA to Lung Vasculature

(2015) Omar F. Khan et al.   NANO LETTERS

Synthesis and applications of RNAs with position-selective labelling and mosaic composition

(2015) Yu Liu et al.   NATURE

Increasing the efficiency of precise genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 by inhibition of nonhomologous end joining

(2015) Takeshi Maruyama et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Chemically modified guide RNAs enhance CRISPR-Cas genome editing in human primary cells

(2015) Ayal Hendel et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

In vivo genome editing using nuclease-encoding mRNA corrects SP-B deficiency

(2015) Azita J Mahiny et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

DNA-binding-domain fusions enhance the targeting range and precision of Cas9

(2015) Mehmet Fatih Bolukbasi et al.   NATURE METHODS

An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems

(2015) Kira S. Makarova et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Discovery of m7G-cap in eukaryotic mRNAs

(2015) Yasuhiro FURUICHI   PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY SERIES B-PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Synthetic CRISPR RNA-Cas9–guided genome editing in human cells

(2015) Meghdad Rahdar et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity

(2015) I. M. Slaymaker et al.   SCIENCE

Stereochemical bias introduced during RNA synthesis modulates the activity of phosphorothioate siRNAs

(2015) Hartmut Jahns et al.   Nature Communications

Multiplex Conditional Mutagenesis Using Transgenic Expression of Cas9 and sgRNAs

(2015) Linlin Yin et al.   GENETICS

The basic building blocks and evolution of CRISPR–Cas systems

(2015) Kira S. Makarova et al.   BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS

CRISPR-Cas9 Knockin Mice for Genome Editing and Cancer Modeling

(2014) Randall J. Platt et al.   CELL

Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins

(2014) S. Kim et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

CRISPR-mediated direct mutation of cancer genes in the mouse liver

(2014) Wen Xue et al.   NATURE

Cationic lipid-mediated delivery of proteins enables efficient protein-based genome editing in vitro and in vivo

(2014) John A Zuris et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Improving CRISPR-Cas nuclease specificity using truncated guide RNAs

(2014) Yanfang Fu et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Dimeric CRISPR RNA-guided FokI nucleases for highly specific genome editing

(2014) Shengdar Q Tsai et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Fusion of catalytically inactive Cas9 to FokI nuclease improves the specificity of genome modification

(2014) John P Guilinger et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genome editing with Cas9 in adult mice corrects a disease mutation and phenotype

(2014) Hao Yin et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

In vivo endothelial siRNA delivery using polymeric nanoparticles with low molecular weight

(2014) James E. Dahlman et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

mRNA-based therapeutics — developing a new class of drugs

(2014) Ugur Sahin et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Non-viral vectors for gene-based therapy

(2014) Hao Yin et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9

(2014) J. A. Doudna et al.   SCIENCE

In Vivo Ligands of MDA5 and RIG-I in Measles Virus-Infected Cells

(2014) Simon Runge et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Pol III Promoters to Express Small RNAs: Delineation of Transcription Initiation

(2014) Hongming Ma et al.   Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids

Double Nicking by RNA-Guided CRISPR Cas9 for Enhanced Genome Editing Specificity

(2013) F. Ann Ran et al.   CELL

Analysis of off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas-derived RNA-guided endonucleases and nickases

(2013) S. W. Cho et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Transfection efficiency and transgene expression kinetics of mRNA delivered in naked and nanoparticle format

(2013) Kyle K.L. Phua et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells

(2013) Yanfang Fu et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems

(2013) L. Cong et al.   SCIENCE

Designing Chemically Modified Oligonucleotides for Targeted Gene Silencing

(2012) Glen F. Deleavey et al.   CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY

A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity

(2012) M. Jinek et al.   SCIENCE

MDA5 Detects the Double-Stranded RNA Replicative Form in Picornavirus-Infected Cells

(2012) Qian Feng et al.   Cell Reports

Silencing disease genes in the laboratory and the clinic

(2011) Jonathan K Watts et al.   JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Streamlined Process for the Chemical Synthesis of RNA Using 2′-O-Thionocarbamate-Protected Nucleoside Phosphoramidites in the Solid Phase

(2011) Douglas J. Dellinger et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III

(2011) Elitza Deltcheva et al.   NATURE

Expression of therapeutic proteins after delivery of chemically modified mRNA in mice

(2011) Michael S D Kormann et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Evolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems

(2011) Kira S. Makarova et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Generating the optimal mRNA for therapy: HPLC purification eliminates immune activation and improves translation of nucleoside-modified, protein-encoding mRNA

(2011) Katalin Karikó et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

RNA Targeting Therapeutics: Molecular Mechanisms of Antisense Oligonucleotides as a Therapeutic Platform

(2010) C. Frank Bennett et al.   Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Clinical status of duplex RNA

(2010) Jonathan K. Watts et al.   BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS

Highly Efficient Reprogramming to Pluripotency and Directed Differentiation of Human Cells with Synthetic Modified mRNA

(2010) Luigi Warren et al.   Cell Stem Cell

siRNA delivery systems for cancer treatment

(2009) Yu-Kyoung Oh et al.   ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS

A novel in vivo siRNA delivery system specifically targeting dendritic cells and silencing CD40 genes for immunomodulation

(2009) X. Zheng et al.   BLOOD

Chemically modified siRNA: tools and applications

(2008) J WATTS et al.   DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY

The Business of RNAi Therapeutics

(2008) Dirk Haussecker   HUMAN GENE THERAPY

Design, Synthesis, and Properties of 2‘,4‘-BNANC:  A Bridged Nucleic Acid Analogue

(2008) S. M. Abdur Rahman et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Incorporation of Pseudouridine Into mRNA Yields Superior Nonimmunogenic Vector With Increased Translational Capacity and Biological Stability

(2008) Katalin Karikó et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY