The cGAS–cGAMP–STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer

Cytosolic DNA Sensing Promotes Macrophage Transformation and Governs Myocardial Ischemic Injury

(2018) Dian J. Cao et al.   CIRCULATION

Biodegradable STING agonist nanoparticles for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

(2018) David R. Wilson et al.   Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine

A prosurvival DNA damage-induced cytoplasmic interferon response is mediated by end resection factors and is limited by Trex1

(2017) Erkin Erdal et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Absence of RNase H2 triggers generation of immunogenic micronuclei removed by autophagy

(2017) Kareen Bartsch et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

Dendritic Cells but Not Macrophages Sense Tumor Mitochondrial DNA for Cross-priming through Signal Regulatory Protein α Signaling

(2017) Meng Michelle Xu et al.   IMMUNITY

Disease-associated mutations identify a novel region in human STING necessary for the control of type I interferon signaling

(2017) Isabelle Melki et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

A noncanonical function of cGAMP in inflammasome priming and activation

(2017) Karen V. Swanson et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Cutting Edge: Activation of STING in T Cells Induces Type I IFN Responses and Cell Death

(2017) Bridget Larkin et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

HEXIM1 and NEAT1 Long Non-coding RNA Form a Multi-subunit Complex that Regulates DNA-Mediated Innate Immune Response

(2017) Mehdi Morchikh et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity

(2017) Karen J. Mackenzie et al.   NATURE

Mitotic progression following DNA damage enables pattern recognition within micronuclei

(2017) Shane M. Harding et al.   NATURE

Cytoplasmic chromatin triggers inflammation in senescence and cancer

(2017) Zhixun Dou et al.   NATURE

Innate immune sensing of cytosolic chromatin fragments through cGAS promotes senescence

(2017) Selene Glück et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

IRF3 and type I interferons fuel a fatal response to myocardial infarction

(2017) Kevin R King et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

cGAS drives noncanonical-inflammasome activation in age-related macular degeneration

(2017) Nagaraj Kerur et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

A STING-activating nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy

(2017) Min Luo et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Control of structure-specific endonucleases to maintain genome stability

(2017) Pierre-Marie Dehé et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Extrachromosomal telomere repeat DNA is linked to ALT development via cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway

(2017) Yi-An Chen et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

cGAS is essential for the antitumor effect of immune checkpoint blockade

(2017) Hua Wang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

cGAS is essential for cellular senescence

(2017) Hui Yang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Topoisomerase II Inhibitors Induce DNA Damage-Dependent Interferon Responses Circumventing Ebola Virus Immune Evasion

(2017) Priya Luthra et al.   mBio

Type I interferon-mediated autoinflammation due to DNase II deficiency

(2017) Mathieu P. Rodero et al.   Nature Communications

Signalling strength determines proapoptotic functions of STING

(2017) Muhammet F. Gulen et al.   Nature Communications

Small molecule inhibition of cGAS reduces interferon expression in primary macrophages from autoimmune mice

(2017) Jessica Vincent et al.   Nature Communications

Extrachromosomal telomere repeat DNA is linked to ALT development via cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway

(2017) Yi-An Chen et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Discovery of PF-06928215 as a high affinity inhibitor of cGAS enabled by a novel fluorescence polarization assay

(2017) Justin Hall et al.   PLoS One

Recurrent Loss of STING Signaling in Melanoma Correlates with Susceptibility to Viral Oncolysis

(2016) Tianli Xia et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Agonist-Mediated Activation of STING Induces Apoptosis in Malignant B Cells

(2016) Chih-Hang Anthony Tang et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

The cGAS-STING Defense Pathway and Its Counteraction by Viruses

(2016) Zhe Ma et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Ribonuclease H2 mutations induce a cGAS/STING‐dependent innate immune response

(2016) Karen J Mackenzie et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

The DNA Structure-Specific Endonuclease MUS81 Mediates DNA Sensor STING-Dependent Host Rejection of Prostate Cancer Cells

(2016) Samantha S.W. Ho et al.   IMMUNITY

cGAS-cGAMP-STING: The three musketeers of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling

(2016) Jianli Tao et al.   IUBMB LIFE

RNase H2 catalytic core Aicardi-Goutières syndrome–related mutant invokes cGAS–STING innate immune-sensing pathway in mice

(2016) Vladislav Pokatayev et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Carcinoma–astrocyte gap junctions promote brain metastasis by cGAMP transfer

(2016) Qing Chen et al.   NATURE

Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan

(2016) Darren J. Baker et al.   NATURE

Regulation and function of the cGAS–STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing

(2016) Qi Chen et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

ESCRT III repairs nuclear envelope ruptures during cell migration to limit DNA damage and cell death

(2016) M. Raab et al.   SCIENCE

Nuclear envelope rupture and repair during cancer cell migration

(2016) C. M. Denais et al.   SCIENCE

RPA and Rad51 constitute a cell intrinsic mechanism to protect the cytosol from self DNA

(2016) Christine Wolf et al.   Nature Communications

Antitumor Activity of cGAMP via Stimulation of cGAS-cGAMP-STING-IRF3 Mediated Innate Immune Response

(2016) Tiejun Li et al.   Scientific Reports

Deregulation of STING Signaling in Colorectal Carcinoma Constrains DNA Damage Responses and Correlates With Tumorigenesis

(2016) Tianli Xia et al.   Cell Reports

Suppression of Type I Interferon Signaling Overcomes Oncogene-Induced Senescence and Mediates Melanoma Development and Progression

(2016) Yuliya V. Katlinskaya et al.   Cell Reports

Restriction by SAMHD1 Limits cGAS/STING-Dependent Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to HIV-1

(2016) Jonathan Maelfait et al.   Cell Reports

DNA Damage Primes the Type I Interferon System via the Cytosolic DNA Sensor STING to Promote Anti-Microbial Innate Immunity

(2015) Anetta Härtlova et al.   IMMUNITY

Nanoparticulate STING agonists are potent lymph node–targeted vaccine adjuvants

(2015) Melissa C. Hanson et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Cutting Edge: Antimalarial Drugs Inhibit IFN-β Production through Blockade of Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase–DNA Interaction

(2015) Jie An et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Cutting Edge: cGAS Is Required for Lethal Autoimmune Disease in the Trex1-Deficient Mouse Model of Aicardi–Goutières Syndrome

(2015) Elizabeth E. Gray et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response

(2015) A. Phillip West et al.   NATURE

Sequence-specific activation of the DNA sensor cGAS by Y-form DNA structures as found in primary HIV-1 cDNA

(2015) Anna-Maria Herzner et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Diverse roles of STING-dependent signaling on the development of cancer

(2015) J Ahn et al.   ONCOGENE

STING activation of tumor endothelial cells initiates spontaneous and therapeutic antitumor immunity

(2015) Olivier Demaria et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase by self-DNA causes autoimmune diseases

(2015) Daxing Gao et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Viruses transfer the antiviral second messenger cGAMP between cells

(2015) A. Bridgeman et al.   SCIENCE

Transmission of innate immune signaling by packaging of cGAMP in viral particles

(2015) Matteo Gentili et al.   SCIENCE

DNA tumor virus oncogenes antagonize the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway

(2015) L. Lau et al.   SCIENCE

Phosphorylation of innate immune adaptor proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF induces IRF3 activation

(2015) S. Liu et al.   SCIENCE

Genome-Derived Cytosolic DNA Mediates Type I Interferon-Dependent Rejection of B Cell Lymphoma Cells

(2015) Yu J. Shen et al.   Cell Reports

DNA-Damage-Induced Type I Interferon Promotes Senescence and Inhibits Stem Cell Function

(2015) Qiujing Yu et al.   Cell Reports

Direct Activation of STING in the Tumor Microenvironment Leads to Potent and Systemic Tumor Regression and Immunity

(2015) Leticia Corrales et al.   Cell Reports

SAMHD1 prevents autoimmunity by maintaining genome stability

(2014) Stefanie Kretschmer et al.   ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling of Cytosolic Nucleic Acids

(2014) Jiaxi Wu et al.   Annual Review of Immunology

RAE1 Ligands for the NKG2D Receptor Are Regulated by STING-Dependent DNA Sensor Pathways in Lymphoma

(2014) Adeline R. Lam et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Apoptotic Caspases Suppress mtDNA-Induced STING-Mediated Type I IFN Production

(2014) Michael J. White et al.   CELL

Apoptotic Caspases Prevent the Induction of Type I Interferons by Mitochondrial DNA

(2014) Anthony Rongvaux et al.   CELL

Premature Activation of the SLX4 Complex by Vpr Promotes G2/M Arrest and Escape from Innate Immune Sensing

(2014) Nadine Laguette et al.   CELL

STING-Dependent Cytosolic DNA Sensing Mediates Innate Immune Recognition of Immunogenic Tumors

(2014) Seng-Ryong Woo et al.   IMMUNITY

STING-Dependent Cytosolic DNA Sensing Promotes Radiation-Induced Type I Interferon-Dependent Antitumor Immunity in Immunogenic Tumors

(2014) Liufu Deng et al.   IMMUNITY

Cutting Edge: STING Mediates Protection against Colorectal Tumorigenesis by Governing the Magnitude of Intestinal Inflammation

(2014) Qifan Zhu et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Intrinsic Self-DNA Triggers Inflammatory Disease Dependent on STING

(2014) Jeonghyun Ahn et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

The cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway of Cytosolic DNA Sensing and Signaling

(2014) Xin Cai et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Hydrolysis of 2′3′-cGAMP by ENPP1 and design of nonhydrolyzable analogs

(2014) Lingyin Li et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Cancer cell–autonomous contribution of type I interferon signaling to the efficacy of chemotherapy

(2014) Antonella Sistigu et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Activated STING in a Vascular and Pulmonary Syndrome

(2014) Yin Liu et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Inflammation-driven carcinogenesis is mediated through STING

(2014) Jeonghyun Ahn et al.   Nature Communications

Dnase2a Deficiency Uncovers Lysosomal Clearance of Damaged Nuclear DNA via Autophagy

(2014) Yuk Yuen Lan et al.   Cell Reports

STING Ligand c-di-GMP Improves Cancer Vaccination against Metastatic Breast Cancer

(2014) D. Chandra et al.   Cancer Immunology Research

Structure-Function Analysis of STING Activation by c[G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p] and Targeting by Antiviral DMXAA

(2013) Pu Gao et al.   CELL

Cyclic [G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p] Is the Metazoan Second Messenger Produced by DNA-Activated Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase

(2013) Pu Gao et al.   CELL

Catastrophic Nuclear Envelope Collapse in Cancer Cell Micronuclei

(2013) Emily M. Hatch et al.   CELL

DNA Damage Triggers a Chronic Autoinflammatory Response, Leading to Fat Depletion in NER Progeria

(2013) Ismene Karakasilioti et al.   Cell Metabolism

Mouse, but not Human STING, Binds and Signals in Response to the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid

(2013) J. Conlon et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

The cGAS-STING Pathway for DNA Sensing

(2013) T. Sam Xiao et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Cyclic GMP-AMP Containing Mixed Phosphodiester Linkages Is An Endogenous High-Affinity Ligand for STING

(2013) Xu Zhang et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

cGAS produces a 2′-5′-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING

(2013) Andrea Ablasser et al.   NATURE

The deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 is a major regulator of DNA precursor pools in mammalian cells

(2013) E. Franzolin et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

DNA damage sensor MRE11 recognizes cytosolic double-stranded DNA and induces type I interferon by regulating STING trafficking

(2013) T. Kondo et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Pivotal Roles of cGAS-cGAMP Signaling in Antiviral Defense and Immune Adjuvant Effects

(2013) X.-D. Li et al.   SCIENCE

The Innate Immune DNA Sensor cGAS Produces a Noncanonical Cyclic Dinucleotide that Activates Human STING

(2013) Elie J. Diner et al.   Cell Reports

Enzymatic Removal of Ribonucleotides from DNA Is Essential for Mammalian Genome Integrity and Development

(2012) Martin A.M. Reijns et al.   CELL

Autoimmunity Initiates in Nonhematopoietic Cells and Progresses via Lymphocytes in an Interferon-Dependent Autoimmune Disease

(2012) Alevtina Gall et al.   IMMUNITY

NF-κB inhibition delays DNA damage–induced senescence and aging in mice

(2012) Jeremy S. Tilstra et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Mammalian RNase H2 removes ribonucleotides from DNA to maintain genome integrity

(2012) Bjoern Hiller et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Coordinate Regulation of DNA Damage and Type I Interferon Responses Imposes an Antiviral State That Attenuates Mouse Gammaherpesvirus Type 68 Replication in Primary Macrophages

(2012) W. P. Mboko et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

STING manifests self DNA-dependent inflammatory disease

(2012) J. Ahn et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Cyclic GMP-AMP Is an Endogenous Second Messenger in Innate Immune Signaling by Cytosolic DNA

(2012) J. Wu et al.   SCIENCE

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway

(2012) L. Sun et al.   SCIENCE

STING Specifies IRF3 Phosphorylation by TBK1 in the Cytosolic DNA Signaling Pathway

(2012) Y. Tanaka et al.   Science Signaling

Transient nuclear envelope rupturing during interphase in human cancer cells

(2012) Jesse D. Vargas et al.   Nucleus

The Efficacy of Radiotherapy Relies upon Induction of Type I Interferon-Dependent Innate and Adaptive Immunity

(2011) B. C. Burnette et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Host type I IFN signals are required for antitumor CD8+T cell responses through CD8α+dendritic cells

(2011) Mercedes B. Fuertes et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors

(2011) Mark S. Diamond et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

The DNA Damage Response Induces IFN

(2011) Sabrina Brzostek-Racine et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Activation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by  -Ray Irradiation Independently of the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated-p53 Pathway

(2011) T. Sugihara et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH

STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP

(2011) Dara L. Burdette et al.   NATURE

The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype: The Dark Side of Tumor Suppression

(2010) Jean-Philippe Coppé et al.   Annual Review of Pathology-Mechanisms of Disease

Molecular mechanisms of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge and nuclear bud formation in mammalian and human cells

(2010) M. Fenech et al.   MUTAGENESIS

Genotoxic Stress Abrogates Renewal of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Triggering Their Differentiation

(2009) Ken Inomata et al.   CELL

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and related phenotypes: linking nucleic acid metabolism with autoimmunity

(2009) Y. J. Crow et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

Telomere recombination requires the MUS81 endonuclease

(2009) Sicong Zeng et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Persistent DNA damage signalling triggers senescence-associated inflammatory cytokine secretion

(2009) Francis Rodier et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Mutations involved in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome implicate SAMHD1 as regulator of the innate immune response

(2009) Gillian I Rice et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Atg9a controls dsDNA-driven dynamic translocation of STING and the innate immune response

(2009) T. Saitoh et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

ERIS, an endoplasmic reticulum IFN stimulator, activates innate immune signaling through dimerization

(2009) W. Sun et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Opposing effects of interferon-α and interferon-γ on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related A in tumors

(2008) Cai Zhang et al.   CANCER SCIENCE

Oncogene-Induced Senescence Relayed by an Interleukin-Dependent Inflammatory Network

(2008) Thomas Kuilman et al.   CELL

Chemokine Signaling via the CXCR2 Receptor Reinforces Senescence

(2008) Juan C. Acosta et al.   CELL

Senescence of Activated Stellate Cells Limits Liver Fibrosis

(2008) Valery Krizhanovsky et al.   CELL

Trex1 Prevents Cell-Intrinsic Initiation of Autoimmunity

(2008) Daniel B. Stetson et al.   CELL

The Adaptor Protein MITA Links Virus-Sensing Receptors to IRF3 Transcription Factor Activation

(2008) Bo Zhong et al.   IMMUNITY

MPYS, a Novel Membrane Tetraspanner, Is Associated with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II and Mediates Transduction of Apoptotic Signals

(2008) L. Jin et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling

(2008) Hiroki Ishikawa et al.   NATURE

Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor

(2008) Jean-Philippe Coppé et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY