Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review

Interleukin-1β in peripheral monocytes is associated with seizure frequency in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy

(2021) Gaku Yamanaka et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

From molecular mechanism to pre-clinical results: Anti-epileptic effects of Fingolimod

(2020) Yam Nath Paudel et al.   Current Neuropharmacology

Neuroimmune interaction in seizures and epilepsy: focusing on monocyte infiltration

(2020) Dale B. Bosco et al.   FEBS Journal

Reactive pericytes in early phase are involved in glial activation and late-onset hypersusceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures in traumatic brain injury model mice

(2020) Kenta Sakai et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Expression of Tmem119/Sall1 and Ccr2/CD69 in FACS-Sorted Microglia- and Monocyte/Macrophage-Enriched Cell Populations After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

(2019) Qian Li et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Human pluripotent stem cell–derived brain pericyte–like cells induce blood-brain barrier properties

(2019) Matthew J. Stebbins et al.   Science Advances

A pericyte‐glia scarring develops at the leaky capillaries in the hippocampus during seizure activity

(2019) Wendy Klement et al.   EPILEPSIA

Microglial proliferation and monocyte infiltration contribute to microgliosis following status epilepticus

(2019) Lijie Feng et al.   GLIA

The Roof is Leaking and a Storm is Raging: Repairing the Blood–Brain Barrier in the Fight Against Epilepsy

(2019) J.A. Gorter et al.   Epilepsy Currents

The Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown During Acute Phase of the Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy Is Dynamic and Time-Dependent

(2019) Natália Ferreira Mendes et al.   Frontiers in Neurology

Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy

(2019) Annamaria Vezzani et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

A Novel, Five-Marker Alternative to CD16–CD14 Gating to Identify the Three Human Monocyte Subsets

(2019) Siew-Min Ong et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Oncostatin-M-Reactive Pericytes Aggravate Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction by Activating JAK/STAT3 Signaling In Vitro

(2019) Fuyuko Takata et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

TNF-α-sensitive brain pericytes activate microglia by releasing IL-6 through cooperation between IκB-NFκB and JAK-STAT3 pathways

(2018) Junichi Matsumoto et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

The pericyte–glia interface at the blood–brain barrier

(2018) Patrizia Giannoni et al.   CLINICAL SCIENCE

Peripherally derived T regulatory and γδ T cells have opposing roles in the pathogenesis of intractable pediatric epilepsy

(2018) Dan Xu et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Seizure progression and inflammatory mediators promote pericytosis and pericyte-microglia clustering at the cerebrovasculature

(2018) Wendy Klement et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Noninflammatory Changes of Microglia Are Sufficient to Cause Epilepsy

(2018) Xiaofeng Zhao et al.   Cell Reports

Refractory epilepsy following natalizumab associated PML

(2018) Tarig Mohammed Abkur et al.   Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

Chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 regulate viral encephalitis-induced hippocampal damage but not seizures

(2018) Christopher Käufer et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Competitive repopulation of an empty microglial niche yields functionally distinct subsets of microglia-like cells

(2018) Harald Lund et al.   Nature Communications

Neuroinflammatory targets and treatments for epilepsy validated in experimental models

(2017) Eleonora Aronica et al.   EPILEPSIA

Immune Cell Infiltrates in Hippocampal Sclerosis: Correlation With Neuronal Loss

(2017) Jian-Qiang Lu et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Chemokine CCL2–CCR2 Signaling Induces Neuronal Cell Death via STAT3 Activation and IL-1β Production after Status Epilepticus

(2017) Dai-Shi Tian et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Brain Pericytes As Mediators of Neuroinflammation

(2017) Justin Rustenhoven et al.   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The Lifespan and Turnover of Microglia in the Human Brain

(2017) Pedro Réu et al.   Cell Reports

Epilepsy, Seizures, and Inflammation: Role of the C-C Motif Ligand 2 Chemokine

(2016) Yuri Bozzi et al.   DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY

Microglia are less pro-inflammatory than myeloid infiltrates in the hippocampus of mice exposed to status epilepticus

(2016) Jonathan Vinet et al.   GLIA

Interferon-γ blocks signalling through PDGFRβ in human brain pericytes

(2016) Deidre Jansson et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

TGF-beta1 regulates human brain pericyte inflammatory processes involved in neurovasculature function

(2016) Justin Rustenhoven et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Glutamate-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening: Implications for Neuroprotection and Drug Delivery

(2016) U. Vazana et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Blood–brain barrier, bulk flow, and interstitial clearance in epilepsy

(2016) Nicola Marchi et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention

(2016) Orrin Devinsky et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Inflammatory mediators in human epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

(2016) Evelien E. de Vries et al.   NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

Infiltrating monocytes promote brain inflammation and exacerbate neuronal damage after status epilepticus

(2016) Nicholas H. Varvel et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS

(2016) Mariko L. Bennett et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CD8+ T-cell pathogenicity in Rasmussen encephalitis elucidated by large-scale T-cell receptor sequencing

(2016) Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf et al.   Nature Communications

Spinal Microgliosis Due to Resident Microglial Proliferation Is Required for Pain Hypersensitivity after Peripheral Nerve Injury

(2016) Nan Gu et al.   Cell Reports

Status epilepticus, blood–brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and epileptogenesis

(2015) Jan A. Gorter et al.   EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR

Increased CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and IL-1β cytokine concentration in piriform cortex, hippocampus, and neocortex after pilocarpine-induced seizures

(2015) Gabriel M. Arisi et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Functional differences between microglia and monocytes after ischemic stroke

(2015) Rodney M. Ritzel et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

CCR2 Antagonism Alters Brain Macrophage Polarization and Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury

(2015) J. M. Morganti et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Central nervous system myeloid cells as drug targets: current status and translational challenges

(2015) Knut Biber et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Long-term effects of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: The randomized FREEDOMS extension trial

(2015) L. Kappos et al.   NEUROLOGY

Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in the Aging Human Hippocampus

(2015) Axel Montagne et al.   NEURON

PDGFRβ+ cells in human and experimental neuro-vascular dysplasia and seizures

(2015) R. Garbelli et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Brain pericytes are the most thrombin-sensitive matrix metalloproteinase-9-releasing cell type constituting the blood–brain barrier in vitro

(2015) Takashi Machida et al.   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

Immune phenotypes of microglia in human neurodegenerative disease: challenges to detecting microglial polarization in human brains

(2015) Douglas G. Walker et al.   Alzheimers Research & Therapy

Immunity and Inflammation in Epilepsy

(2015) Annamaria Vezzani et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Microglia Versus Myeloid Cell Nomenclature during Brain Inflammation

(2015) Melanie Greter et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Brain capillary pericytes contribute to the immune defense in response to cytokines or LPS in vitro

(2014) Christian Pieper et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Quantification of subfield pathology in hippocampal sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

(2014) Trevor A. Steve et al.   EPILEPSY RESEARCH

Macrophage heterogeneity in tissues: phenotypic diversity and functions

(2014) Siamon Gordon et al.   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

VLA-4 blockade promotes differential routes into human CNS involving PSGL-1 rolling of T cells and MCAM-adhesion of TH17 cells

(2014) Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

A role for human brain pericytes in neuroinflammation

(2014) Deidre Jansson et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Active, phosphorylated fingolimod inhibits histone deacetylases and facilitates fear extinction memory

(2014) Nitai C Hait et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Redistribution of PDGFRβ cells and NG2DsRed pericytes at the cerebrovasculature after status epilepticus

(2014) Sebastien Milesi et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated brain pericytes possess a unique cytokine and chemokine release profile and enhance microglial activation

(2014) Junichi Matsumoto et al.   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

Interleukin-1β Induces Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption by Downregulating Sonic Hedgehog in Astrocytes

(2014) Yue Wang et al.   PLoS One

Phenotypic profile of alternative activation marker CD163 is different in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease

(2014) Peixuan Pey et al.   Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Prevention of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A realistic goal?

(2013) Philippe Ryvlin et al.   EPILEPSIA

Lipopolysaccharide Activates Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Proinflammatory Response in Human Pericytes

(2013) Irene Guijarro-Muñoz et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier

(2013) Birgit Obermeier et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Longitudinal assessment of blood–brain barrier leakage during epileptogenesis in rats. A quantitative MRI study

(2013) E.A. van Vliet et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Origin and differentiation of microglia

(2013) Florent Ginhoux et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Brain Inflammation and Microglia: Facts and Misconceptions

(2013) Hey-Kyeong Jeong et al.   Experimental Neurobiology

Seizure-induced brain-borne inflammation sustains seizure recurrence and blood-brain barrier damage

(2012) Laura Librizzi et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Regulation of microglia development and homeostasis

(2012) Melanie Greter et al.   GLIA

Infection and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human brain vascular pericytes by human cytomegalovirus

(2012) Donald J Alcendor et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Capillary and arteriolar pericytes attract innate leukocytes exiting through venules and 'instruct' them with pattern-recognition and motility programs

(2012) Konstantin Stark et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Pericytes Regulate Vascular Basement Membrane Remodeling and Govern Neutrophil Extravasation during Inflammation

(2012) Shijun Wang et al.   PLoS One

Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in brain tissue of patients with intractable epilepsy

(2011) Y. Wu et al.   CLINICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY

Immune-mediated epilepsies

(2011) Tiziana Granata et al.   EPILEPSIA

Neuroprotection and progenitor cell renewal in the injured adult murine retina requires healing monocyte-derived macrophages

(2011) Anat London et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

The Fractalkine Receptor but Not CCR2 Is Present on Microglia from Embryonic Development throughout Adulthood

(2011) M. Mizutani et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Brain pericytes among cells constituting the blood-brain barrier are highly sensitive to tumor necrosis factor-α, releasing matrix metalloproteinase-9 and migrating in vitro

(2011) Fuyuko Takata et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Brain microvascular pericytes are immunoactive in culture: cytokine, chemokine, nitric oxide, and LRP-1 expression in response to lipopolysaccharide

(2011) Andrej Kovac et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Brain Infiltration of Leukocytes Contributes to the Pathophysiology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

(2011) M. Zattoni et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease

(2011) Ethan A Winkler et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

IL-1β is induced in reactive astrocytes in the somatosensory cortex of rats with genetic absence epilepsy at the onset of spike-and-wave discharges, and contributes to their occurrence

(2011) Demet Akin et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Infiltration of T Lymphocytes and Expression of ICAM-1 in the Hippocampus of Patients with Hippocampal Sclerosis

(2010) Hiroaki Nakahara et al.   ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA

Treatment of refractory epilepsy with natalizumab in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Case report

(2010) Stefano Sotgiu et al.   BMC Neurology

Blood–brain barrier damage, but not parenchymal white blood cells, is a hallmark of seizure activity

(2010) Nicola Marchi et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Mechanism of Action of Oral Fingolimod (FTY720) in Multiple Sclerosis

(2010) Jerold Chun et al.   CLINICAL NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: A meta-analytic approach

(2010) Anthony K. Ngugi et al.   EPILEPSIA

Evaluation of the innate and adaptive immunity in type I and type II focal cortical dysplasias

(2010) Anand Iyer et al.   EPILEPSIA

Pericytes regulate the blood–brain barrier

(2010) Annika Armulik et al.   NATURE

Selective Chemokine Receptor Usage by Central Nervous System Myeloid Cells in CCR2-Red Fluorescent Protein Knock-In Mice

(2010) Noah Saederup et al.   PLoS One

Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages

(2010) F. Ginhoux et al.   SCIENCE

Lymphocyte infiltration of neocortex and hippocampus after a single brief seizure in mice

(2009) J. Silverberg et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies

(2009) Patrick Kwan et al.   EPILEPSIA

In vivodepletion of CD4+FOXP3+Treg cells by the PC61 anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody is mediated by FcγRIII+phagocytes

(2009) Yulius Y. Setiady et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are increased in the hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus

(2009) Maira L Foresti et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Cellular injury and neuroinflammation in children with chronic intractable epilepsy

(2009) Jieun Choi et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Infiltrating Blood-Derived Macrophages Are Vital Cells Playing an Anti-inflammatory Role in Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

(2009) Ravid Shechter et al.   PLOS MEDICINE

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) produced via NF-κB signaling pathway mediates migration of amoeboid microglia in the periventricular white matter in hypoxic neonatal rats

(2008) Y. Y. Deng et al.   GLIA

Status Epilepticus Induces a Particular Microglial Activation State Characterized by Enhanced Purinergic Signaling

(2008) E. Avignone et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

A role for leukocyte-endothelial adhesion mechanisms in epilepsy

(2008) Paolo F Fabene et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: Evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy

(2007) Teresa Ravizza et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE