TLR9 and COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Theory of a Multifaceted Therapeutic Target

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

(2020) Manli Wang et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China

(2020) Zunyou Wu et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

(2020) Dawei Wang et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

(2020) Geng Li et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Abnormal Coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia

(2020) Ning Tang et al.   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

(2020) Nanshan Chen et al.   LANCET

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chaolin Huang et al.   LANCET

Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

(2020) Wei-jie Guan et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients

(2020) Lirong Zou et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury

(2020) Yingxia Liu et al.   Science China-Life Sciences

Molecular Mechanism of RNA Recognition by Zinc-Finger Antiviral Protein

(2020) Xiu Luo et al.   Cell Reports

Obesity and COVID-19: Immune and metabolic derangement as a possible link to adverse clinical outcomes

(2020) Emmanouil Korakas et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

COVID-19, Asthma, and Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS): Another Beneficial Effect of ICS?

(2020) Tania Maes et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals

(2020) Alba Grifoni et al.   CELL

COVID-19 and Asthma: Reflection During the Pandemic

(2020) Shuang Liu et al.   CLINICAL REVIEWS IN ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY

Prevention and treatment of COVID‐19 disease by controlled modulation of innate immunity

(2020) Virgil Schijns et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Inhaled corticosteroids and COVID-19: a systematic review and clinical perspective

(2020) David M.G. Halpin et al.   EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL

Current Status of Cell-Based Therapies for Respiratory Virus Infections: Applicability to COVID-19

(2020) Maroun Khoury et al.   EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL

Post‐mortem examination of COVID19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings of lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction

(2020) T. Menter et al.   HISTOPATHOLOGY

High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study

(2020) Julie Helms et al.   INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

A review on possible modes of actions of Chloroquine/ Hydroxychloroquine: Repurposing against SAR-COV-2 (COVID 19) pandemic

(2020) Satyajit Tripathy et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID-19 Global Epidemic

(2020) James G. Adams et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Treating COVID-19—Off-Label Drug Use, Compassionate Use, and Randomized Clinical Trials During Pandemics

(2020) Andre C. Kalil   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

(2020) James M. Sanders et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience

(2020) Ying Sun et al.   JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY

Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps

(2020) Betsy J. Barnes et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Consider TLR5 for new therapeutic development against COVID‐19

(2020) Chiranjib Chakraborty et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia

(2020) Deepa R. J. Arachchillage et al.   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Thrombocytopenia and its association with mortality in patients with COVID‐19

(2020) Xiaobo Yang et al.   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

What do monitoring platelet counts in COVID‐19 teach us?

(2020) Jecko Thachil   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Immunosuppression for hyperinflammation in COVID-19: a double-edged sword?

(2020) Andrew I Ritchie et al.   LANCET

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

(2020) Fei Zhou et al.   LANCET

Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study

(2020) Kelvin Kai-Wang To et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Extreme Genomic CpG Deficiency in SARS-CoV-2 and Evasion of Host Antiviral Defense

(2020) Xuhua Xia   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

How does COVID-19 kill? Uncertainty is hampering doctors’ ability to choose treatments

(2020) Heidi Ledford   NATURE

Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019

(2020) Roman Wölfel et al.   NATURE

Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19

(2020) Xi He et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19

(2020) Norbert Stefan et al.   Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Preliminary Report

(2020) John H. Beigel et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Platelet functions and activities as potential hematologic parameters related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19)

(2020) Francesca Salamanna et al.   PLATELETS

Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

(2020) Jaber S. Alqahtani et al.   PLoS One

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Thromboembolic Complications in COVID-19: Report of the National Institute for Public Health of the Netherlands

(2020) Matthijs Oudkerk et al.   RADIOLOGY

COVID-19-Related Severe Hypercoagulability in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit for Acute Respiratory Failure

(2020) Luca Spiezia et al.   THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

(2020) William B. Grant et al.   Nutrients

An update on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 with particular reference to its clinical pathology, pathogenesis, immunopathology and mitigation strategies

(2020) Kuldeep Dhama et al.   Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chaomin Wu et al.   JAMA Internal Medicine

Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

(2020) Ling Mao et al.   JAMA Neurology

Prognostic value of plasma mitochondrial DNA in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a single-center observational study

(2020) Lili Huang et al.   Journal of Thoracic Disease

Early decrease in blood platelet count is associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients—indications for predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach

(2020) Xiaofang Zhao et al.   EPMA Journal

Is asthma protective against COVID‐19?

(2020) Giulia Carli et al.   ALLERGY

Obesity and COVID-19 in New York City: A Retrospective Cohort Study

(2020) Parag Goyal et al.   ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

Biotin Functionalized Self‐Assembled Peptide Nanofiber as an Adjuvant for Immunomodulatory Response

(2020) Muhammed Burak Demircan et al.   Biotechnology Journal

Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes

(2020) Takahiko Koyama et al.   BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Racial disparity in Covid-19 mortality rates - A plausible explanation

(2020) Yuval Tal et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options

(2020) Susanna Felsenstein et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19

(2020) Kuldeep Dhama et al.   CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS

COVID 19: a clue from innate immunity

(2020) Domenico Birra et al.   IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH

SARS-CoV-2 will constantly sweep its tracks: a vaccine containing CpG motifs in ‘lasso’ for the multi-faced virus

(2020) V. V. Oberemok et al.   INFLAMMATION RESEARCH

The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19

(2020) Qing Ye et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION

Clearance and persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in patients with COVID‐19

(2020) Anália Carmo et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Targeting human TLRs to combat COVID‐19: A solution?

(2020) Ritwik Patra et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

When health professionals look death in the eye: the mental health of professionals who deal daily with the 2019 coronavirus outbreak

(2020) Modesto Leite Rolim Neto et al.   PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH

Ongoing Clinical Trials for the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic

(2020) Mark P. Lythgoe et al.   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Obesity, overweight and survival in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: is there an obesity paradox? Preliminary results from Italy

(2020) Geza Halasz et al.   European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Activation of TLR7 and Innate Immunity as an Efficient Method Against COVID-19 Pandemic: Imiquimod as a Potential Therapy

(2020) Konstantinos Poulas et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far

(2020) Dina Ragab et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Intra-genome variability in the dinucleotide composition of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Paul Digard et al.   Virus Evolution

Dynamic changes in routine blood parameters of a severe COVID-19 case

(2020) Guoguang Lu et al.   CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA

Imiquimod - A toll like receptor 7 agonist - Is an ideal option for management of COVID 19

(2020) Athina Angelopoulou et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

Elevated ACE-2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication

(2020) Mengfei Chen et al.   EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL

Pathologic features of COVID-19: A concise review

(2020) Mohammadreza Tabary et al.   PATHOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

COVID-19 and the World with Co-Morbidities of Heart Disease, Hypertension and Diabetes

(2020) Vijaya Anand Arumugam et al.   JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and advances in developing potential therapeutics and vaccines to counter this emerging pandemic

(2020) Ali A. Rabaan et al.   Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

TLR9 polymorphism correlates with immune activation, CD4 decline and plasma IP10 levels in HIV patients

(2019) Anjali Joshi et al.   BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Influenza-induced immune suppression to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by TLR9

(2019) Giovanny J. Martínez-Colón et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Influenza and Staphylococcus aureus Coinfection: TLR9 at Play

(2019) Keer Sun et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge

(2019) Dewald Schoeman et al.   Virology Journal

Plasma Mitochondrial DNA Levels Are Associated With ARDS in Trauma and Sepsis Patients

(2019) Hilary E. Faust et al.   CHEST

Effect of high doses of vitamin D supplementation on dengue virus replication, Toll-like receptor expression, and cytokine profiles on dendritic cells

(2019) Jahnnyer Martínez-Moreno et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Plasma mitochondrial DNA is elevated in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and correlates positively with insulin resistance

(2019) Larysa V. Yuzefovych et al.   PLoS One

Toll-like receptor 2, 4 and 9 polymorphisms and their association with ICU-acquired infections in Central Greece

(2018) Maria Chatzi et al.   JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE

Gender-specific associations between polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes and lung function among workers in swine operations

(2018) Zhiwei Gao et al.   JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES

Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics

(2018) Muhammad Ayaz Anwar et al.   MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS

Evidence of an anti-inflammatory toll-like receptor 9 (TLR 9) pathway in adipocytes

(2018) Miriam Thomalla et al.   JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

Toll-like receptors-2 and -9 (TLR2 and TLR9) gene polymorphism in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot

(2017) Mohamed-Naguib Abdalla Wifi et al.   MEDICINE

CG dinucleotide suppression enables antiviral defence targeting non-self RNA

(2017) Matthew A. Takata et al.   NATURE

The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for haematopoietic progenitors

(2017) Emma Lefrançais et al.   NATURE

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

(2017) Rudragouda Channappanavar et al.   Seminars in Immunopathology

Adipose Recruitment and Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Fuel Metaflammation

(2016) Amrit Raj Ghosh et al.   DIABETES

Increased expression of TLR9 associated with pro-inflammatory S100A8 and IL-8 in diabetic wounds could lead to unresolved inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases with impaired wound healing

(2016) Kanhaiya Singh et al.   JOURNAL OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS

Intact Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in neutrophils modulates normal thrombogenesis in mice

(2016) Osama M. El-Sayed et al.   JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY

CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Inhibits Cockroach-Induced Asthma via Induction of IFN-γ+Th1 Cells or Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells in the Lung

(2016) Do-Hyun Kim et al.   Allergy Asthma & Immunology Research

Nucleic Acid-Targeting Pathways Promote Inflammation in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance

(2016) Xavier S. Revelo et al.   Cell Reports

Obesity-induced DNA released from adipocytes stimulates chronic adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance

(2016) S. Nishimoto et al.   Science Advances

Sex Differences in Platelet Toll-Like Receptors and Their Association With Cardiovascular Risk FactorsSignificance

(2015) Milka Koupenova et al.   ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY

Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates sepsis-induced mortality through suppressing excessive inflammatory response

(2015) Dan Hu et al.   CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling Regulates Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Expression in Human Endothelial Cells and Coagulation in Mice

(2015) Driss El Kebir et al.   CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

A randomized trial of Mycobacterium w in severe sepsis

(2015) Inderpaul Singh Sehgal et al.   JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE

Role of Mitochondrial DNA in Septic AKI via Toll-Like Receptor 9

(2015) N. Tsuji et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY

TLR9 regulates adipose tissue inflammation and obesity-related metabolic disorders

(2015) Chun-Pyo Hong et al.   Obesity

Coronavirus envelope (E) protein remains at the site of assembly

(2015) Pavithra Venkatagopalan et al.   VIROLOGY

Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases

(2015) K. D. Rainsford et al.   INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY

Mitochondrial DNA Released by Trauma Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

(2015) Kiyoshi Itagaki et al.   PLoS One

TLR9 Mediates Remote Liver Injury following Severe Renal Ischemia Reperfusion

(2015) Pieter J. Bakker et al.   PLoS One

Circulating mitochondrial DNA increases with age and is a familiar trait: Implications for “inflamm-aging”

(2014) Marcello Pinti et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

The role of TLR9 polymorphism in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis

(2014) Deepak Bharti et al.   IMMUNOGENETICS

Toll-like receptor expression in the nervous system of bovine alpha-herpesvirus-infected calves

(2014) M.S. Marin et al.   RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE

The PDZ-Binding Motif of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Is a Determinant of Viral Pathogenesis

(2014) Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88–Dependent Signaling Is Critical for Acute Organic Dust–Induced Airway Inflammation in Mice

(2013) Christopher Bauer et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Primary blood neutrophils express a functional cell surface Toll-like receptor 9

(2013) Dennis Lindau et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Engagement of Platelet Toll-Like Receptor 9 by Novel Endogenous Ligands Promotes Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis

(2012) Soumya Panigrahi et al.   CIRCULATION RESEARCH

Sensing of RNA Viruses: a Review of Innate Immune Receptors Involved in Recognizing RNA Virus Invasion

(2012) S. Jensen et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Sex Bias in Susceptibility to MCMV Infection: Implication of TLR9

(2012) Stephanie Traub et al.   PLoS One

TLR7 and TLR9 Trigger Distinct Neuroinflammatory Responses in the CNS

(2011) Niranjan B. Butchi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor 9 gene associated with sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction after major blunt trauma

(2011) K.-H. Chen et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY

Toll-like receptors in health and disease in the brain: mechanisms and therapeutic potential

(2011) Mark L. Hanke et al.   CLINICAL SCIENCE

Outcomes of toll-like receptors’ antagonism in steroid-resistant optic neuritis; a pilot study

(2011) Aditya Sudhalkar et al.   GRAEFES ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY

Mechanism of Endosomal TLR Inhibition by Antimalarial Drugs and Imidazoquinolines

(2011) A. Kuznik et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Obesity activates toll-like receptor-mediated proinflammatory signaling cascades in the adipose tissue of mice

(2011) Seung-Jin Kim et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

The C Allele of rs5743836 Polymorphism in the Human TLR9 Promoter Links IL-6 and TLR9 Up-Regulation and Confers Increased B-Cell Proliferation

(2011) Agostinho Carvalho et al.   PLoS One

CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as TLR9 Agonists

(2010) Gaurav K. Gupta et al.   BIODRUGS

Cell-specific expression of TLR9 isoforms in inflammation

(2010) Kelly J. McKelvey et al.   JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY

Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury

(2010) Qin Zhang et al.   NATURE

Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis

(2010) T. A. Fuchs et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Vitamin D3 down-regulates intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 expression and Toll-like receptor 9-induced IL-6 production in human monocytes

(2010) L. J. Dickie et al.   RHEUMATOLOGY

Cigarette smoke induces CXCL8 production by human neutrophils via activation of TLR9 receptor

(2009) E. Mortaz et al.   EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL

Increase in NF- B Binding Affinity of the Variant C Allele of the Toll-Like Receptor 9 -1237T/C Polymorphism Is Associated with Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Disease

(2009) M. T. H. Ng et al.   INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

Toll-like receptors in the respiratory system: Their roles in inflammation

(2008) Chiaki Iwamura et al.   CURRENT ALLERGY AND ASTHMA REPORTS

A Review of the Role of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases

(2008) Kaveri Gupta et al.   Drugs in research & development

Patterns of Evolution and Host Gene Mimicry in Influenza and Other RNA Viruses

(2008) Benjamin D. Greenbaum et al.   PLoS Pathogens