Genetic and Epigenetic Etiology Underlying Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder as a Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis Disorder

(2020) Virginia Saurman et al.   DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES

Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene: implications for autism symptom severity and brain functional connectivity

(2020) Elissar Andari et al.   NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Locus-specific DNA methylation of Mecp2 promoter leads to autism-like phenotypes in mice

(2020) Zongyang Lu et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2020) Nicola Alessio et al.   International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Both rare and common genetic variants contribute to autism in the Faroe Islands

(2019) Claire S Leblond et al.   npj Genomic Medicine

Shank3 Transgenic and Prenatal Zinc-Deficient Autism Mouse Models Show Convergent and Individual Alterations of Brain Structures in MRI

(2019) Michael Schoen et al.   Frontiers in Neural Circuits

Zinc and Vitamin A Deficiency in a Cohort of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2019) Deirdre U. Sweetman et al.   CHILD CARE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT

The influence of neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2019) Samantha M. Matta et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Atypical behaviour and connectivity in SHANK3-mutant macaques

(2019) Yang Zhou et al.   NATURE

SETD5 Regulates Chromatin Methylation State and Preserves Global Transcriptional Fidelity during Brain Development and Neuronal Wiring

(2019) Alessandro Sessa et al.   NEURON

First behavioural assessment of a novel Immp2l knockdown mouse model with relevance for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and Autism spectrum disorder

(2019) Fabian Kreilaus et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

De novo and inherited variants in ZNF292 underlie a neurodevelopmental disorder with features of autism spectrum disorder

(2019) Ghayda M. Mirzaa et al.   GENETICS IN MEDICINE

The use of iPSC technology for modeling Autism Spectrum Disorders

(2019) Fabiele Baldino Russo et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Exosomes: Versatile Nano Mediators of Immune Regulation

(2019) Li et al.   Cancers

A large data resource of genomic copy number variation across neurodevelopmental disorders

(2019) Mehdi Zarrei et al.   npj Genomic Medicine

Neural Lineage Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells to Mimic Human Brain Tissues

(2019) Yean Ju Hong et al.   Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Epigenetics and autism spectrum disorder: A report of an autism case with mutation in H1 linker histone HIST1H1E and literature review

(2018) Lara J. Duffney et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC GENETICS

Altered Neocortical Gene Expression, Brain Overgrowth and Functional Over-Connectivity in Chd8 Haploinsufficient Mice

(2018) Philipp Suetterlin et al.   CEREBRAL CORTEX

The phenotypic spectrum of proximal 6q deletions based on a large cohort derived from social media and literature reports

(2018) Aafke Engwerda et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Social deficits in Shank3-deficient mouse models of autism are rescued by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition

(2018) Luye Qin et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Differential effects of Foxp2 disruption in distinct motor circuits

(2018) Catherine A. French et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Sexually dimorphic behavior, neuronal activity, and gene expression in Chd8-mutant mice

(2018) Hwajin Jung et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

22q13 deletion syndrome: communication disorder or autism? Evidence from a specific clinical and neurophysiological phenotype

(2018) Ponson Laura et al.   Translational Psychiatry

Altered social behavior in mice carrying a cortical Foxp2 deletion

(2018) Vera P Medvedeva et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

Haploinsufficiency of the intellectual disability gene SETD5 disturbs developmental gene expression and cognition

(2018) Elena Deliu et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Effect of age and autism spectrum disorder on oxytocin receptor density in the human basal forebrain and midbrain

(2018) Sara M. Freeman et al.   Translational Psychiatry

Foxp1 regulation of neonatal vocalizations via cortical development

(2017) Noriyoshi Usui et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Epigenetics at the crossroads between genes, environment and resilience in anxiety disorders

(2017) M. A. Schiele et al.   GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR

Advanced paternal age and childhood cancer in offspring: A nationwide register-based cohort study

(2017) Stine Kjaer Urhoj et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Arid1b Haploinsufficiency Causes Abnormal Brain Gene Expression and Autism-Related Behaviors in Mice

(2017) Mihiro Shibutani et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

The de novo autism spectrum disorder RELN R2290C mutation reduces Reelin secretion and increases protein disulfide isomerase expression

(2017) Dawn B. Lammert et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Foxp1 in Forebrain Pyramidal Neurons Controls Gene Expression Required for Spatial Learning and Synaptic Plasticity

(2017) Daniel J. Araujo et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism

(2017) Mojgan Karahmadi et al.   Journal of Research in Medical Sciences

Kctd13 deletion reduces synaptic transmission via increased RhoA

(2017) Christine Ochoa Escamilla et al.   NATURE

Arid1b haploinsufficiency disrupts cortical interneuron development and mouse behavior

(2017) Eui-Man Jung et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Oxytocin and vasopressin neural networks: Implications for social behavioral diversity and translational neuroscience

(2017) Zachary V. Johnson et al.   NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

Genetics and epigenetics of autism: A Review

(2017) Mary M. Y. Waye et al.   PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES

Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism

(2017) Manish Arora et al.   Nature Communications

Genome-wide copy number variation analysis in a Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort

(2017) Hui Guo et al.   Scientific Reports

Arid1b haploinsufficient mice reveal neuropsychiatric phenotypes and reversible causes of growth impairment

(2017) Cemre Celen et al.   eLife

CpG and Non-CpG Methylation in Epigenetic Gene Regulation and Brain Function

(2017) et al.   Genes

Maternal Immunoreactivity to Herpes Simplex Virus 2 and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Male Offspring

(2017) Milada Mahic et al.   mSphere

The RELN Locus in Alzheimer's Disease

(2017) Davide Seripa et al.   JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

Zinc deficiency and low enterocyte zinc transporter expression in human patients with autism related mutations in SHANK3

(2017) Stefanie Pfaender et al.   Scientific Reports

Association testing of vasopressin receptor 1a microsatellite polymorphisms in non-clinical autism spectrum phenotypes

(2016) Tanya L. Procyshyn et al.   Autism Research

Setd5is essential for mammalian development and the co-transcriptional regulation of histone acetylation

(2016) Anna B. Osipovich et al.   DEVELOPMENT

Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As and MeHg) as risk factors for cognitive dysfunction: A general review of metal mixture mechanism in brain

(2016) Venkatanaidu Karri et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Differential methylation at the RELN gene promoter in temporal cortex from autistic and typically developing post-puberal subjects

(2016) Carla Lintas et al.   Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

CHD8 haploinsufficiency results in autistic-like phenotypes in mice

(2016) Yuta Katayama et al.   NATURE

Foxp2 controls synaptic wiring of corticostriatal circuits and vocal communication by opposing Mef2c

(2016) Yi-Chuan Chen et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

The landscape of DNA methylation amid a perfect storm of autism aetiologies

(2016) Annie Vogel Ciernia et al.   NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

A Single Dose, Randomized, Controlled Proof-Of-Mechanism Study of a Novel Vasopressin 1a Receptor Antagonist (RG7713) in High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2016) Daniel Umbricht et al.   NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

The emerging roles of MicroRNAs in autism spectrum disorders

(2016) Julien Fregeac et al.   NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

Metals and Neuronal Metal Binding Proteins Implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease

(2016) Joana S. Cristóvão et al.   Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Autism-associated SHANK3 haploinsufficiency causes Ih channelopathy in human neurons

(2016) F. Yi et al.   SCIENCE

RELN Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2016) Dawn B. Lammert et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Reelin Exerts Structural, Biochemical and Transcriptional Regulation Over Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Elements in the Adult Hippocampus

(2016) Carles Bosch et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Epigenetic Effect of Environmental Factors on Autism Spectrum Disorders

(2016) Takeo Kubota et al.   International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

A rare de novo interstitial duplication of 15q15.3q21.2 in a boy with severe short stature, hypogonadism, global developmental delay and intellectual disability

(2016) Haiming Yuan et al.   Molecular Cytogenetics

FOXG1-Dependent Dysregulation of GABA/Glutamate Neuron Differentiation in Autism Spectrum Disorders

(2015) Jessica Mariani et al.   CELL

FoxP1 orchestration of ASD-relevant signaling pathways in the striatum

(2015) Daniel J. Araujo et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci

(2015) Stephan J. Sanders et al.   NEURON

The autism-associated chromatin modifier CHD8 regulates other autism risk genes during human neurodevelopment

(2015) Justin Cotney et al.   Nature Communications

Hypomethylation of miR-142 promoter and upregulation of microRNAs that target the oxytocin receptor gene in the autism prefrontal cortex

(2015) Michal Mor et al.   Molecular Autism

Reelin gene variants and risk of autism spectrum disorders: An integrated meta-analysis

(2014) Zhenling Wang et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC GENETICS

A Highly Conserved Program of Neuronal Microexons Is Misregulated in Autistic Brains

(2014) Manuel Irimia et al.   CELL

Disruptive CHD8 Mutations Define a Subtype of Autism Early in Development

(2014) Raphael Bernier et al.   CELL

Kalirin-9 and Kalirin-12 Play Essential Roles in Dendritic Outgrowth and Branching

(2014) Yan Yan et al.   CEREBRAL CORTEX

KDM5C mutational screening among males with intellectual disability suggestive of X-Linked inheritance and review of the literature

(2014) Thainá Fernandez Gonçalves et al.   European Journal of Medical Genetics

Family-based association study of ZNF533, DOCK4 and IMMP2L gene polymorphisms linked to autism in a northeastern Chinese Han population

(2014) Shuang Liang et al.   Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B

Brain-specific Foxp1 deletion impairs neuronal development and causes autistic-like behaviour

(2014) C Bacon et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis

(2014) D LoParo et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism

(2014) Silvia De Rubeis et al.   NATURE

The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder

(2014) Ivan Iossifov et al.   NATURE

Microfluidic organs-on-chips

(2014) Sangeeta N Bhatia et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A SWI/SNF-related autism syndrome caused by de novo mutations in ADNP

(2014) Céline Helsmoortel et al.   NATURE GENETICS

De Novo Mutations in Moderate or Severe Intellectual Disability

(2014) Fadi F. Hamdan et al.   PLoS Genetics

Increased binding of MeCP2 to the GAD1 and RELN promoters may be mediated by an enrichment of 5-hmC in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cerebellum

(2014) A Zhubi et al.   Translational Psychiatry

Epigenetic Control of the Genome—Lessons from Genomic Imprinting

(2014) Bjorn Adalsteinsson et al.   Genes

Zinc deficiency dysregulates the synaptic ProSAP/Shank scaffold and might contribute to autism spectrum disorders

(2013) Stefanie Grabrucker et al.   BRAIN

A role for synaptic zinc in ProSAP/Shank PSD scaffold malformation in autism spectrum disorders

(2013) Andreas M. Grabrucker   Developmental Neurobiology

Epigenetic dysregulation of SHANK3 in brain tissues from individuals with autism spectrum disorders

(2013) Li Zhu et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

Progress in microRNA delivery

(2013) Yu Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Epigenomic strategies at the interface of genetic and environmental risk factors for autism

(2013) Janine M LaSalle   JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

RIM3  and RIM4  Are Key Regulators of Neuronal Arborization

(2013) E. Alvarez-Baron et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Methylomic analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for autism spectrum disorder and related behavioural traits

(2013) C C Y Wong et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

SHANK3 and IGF1 restore synaptic deficits in neurons from 22q13 deletion syndrome patients

(2013) Aleksandr Shcheglovitov et al.   NATURE

From neural development to cognition: unexpected roles for chromatin

(2013) Jehnna L. Ronan et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in an Icelandic birth cohort

(2013) Evald Saemundsen et al.   BMJ Open

The Dynamics of Autism Spectrum Disorders: How Neurotoxic Compounds and Neurotransmitters Interact

(2013) Ilona Quaak et al.   International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

SFARI Gene 2.0: a community-driven knowledgebase for the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

(2013) Brett S Abrahams et al.   Molecular Autism

The Behavioral Phenotype inMECP2Duplication Syndrome: A Comparison With Idiopathic Autism

(2012) Sarika U. Peters et al.   Autism Research

SHANK3 as an autism spectrum disorder-associated gene

(2012) Shigeo Uchino et al.   BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT

cPLA2α knockout mice exhibit abnormalities in the architecture and synapses of cortical neurons

(2012) Bao-Xi Qu et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Advancing Maternal Age Is Associated With Increasing Risk for Autism: A Review and Meta-Analysis

(2012) Sven Sandin et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY

Phosphorylation of Distinct Sites in MeCP2 Modifies Cofactor Associations and the Dynamics of Transcriptional Regulation

(2012) M. L. Gonzales et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Combined analysis of exome sequencing points toward a major role for transcription regulation during brain development in autism

(2012) E Ben-David et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

KCTD13 is a major driver of mirrored neuroanatomical phenotypes of the 16p11.2 copy number variant

(2012) Christelle Golzio et al.   NATURE

Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders

(2012) Benjamin M. Neale et al.   NATURE

The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain

(2012) Stephen M. Collins et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

De Novo Gene Disruptions in Children on the Autistic Spectrum

(2012) Ivan Iossifov et al.   NEURON

Analysis of two language-related genes in autism

(2012) Claudio Toma et al.   PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS

Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Total Population Sample

(2011) Young Shin Kim et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY

Epigenetic Signatures of Autism

(2011) Hennady P. Shulha   ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY

FMRP Stalls Ribosomal Translocation on mRNAs Linked to Synaptic Function and Autism

(2011) Jennifer C. Darnell et al.   CELL

The Genetic Variation of RELN Expression in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

(2011) Galit Ovadia et al.   PLoS One

Autism-Associated Gene Expression in Peripheral Leucocytes Commonly Observed between Subjects with Autism and Healthy Women Having Autistic Children

(2011) Yuki Kuwano et al.   PLoS One

Increased Gene Dosage of Ube3a Results in Autism Traits and Decreased Glutamate Synaptic Transmission in Mice

(2011) S. E. P. Smith et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Infantile zinc deficiency: Association with autism spectrum disorders

(2011) Hiroshi Yasuda et al.   Scientific Reports

ADVANCING PATERNAL AND MATERNAL AGE ARE BOTH IMPORTANT FOR AUTISM RISK

(2010) Abraham Reichenberg et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Maternal Influenza Infection During Pregnancy Impacts Postnatal Brain Development in the Rhesus Monkey

(2010) Sarah J. Short et al.   BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

FOXP2 gene and language impairment in schizophrenia: association and epigenetic studies

(2010) Amparo Tolosa et al.   BMC Medical Genetics

Correlation between EEG abnormalities and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

(2010) Akihiro Yasuhara   BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT

Gene and miRNA expression profiles in autism spectrum disorders

(2010) Mohammad M. Ghahramani Seno et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

An extended Family with a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder

(2010) J. A. Hurst et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

Parental Autoimmune Diseases Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring

(2010) Alexander Keil et al.   EPIDEMIOLOGY

Histone Methylation Regulates Memory Formation

(2010) S. Gupta et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Alzheimer disease pathology in cognitively healthy elderly: A genome-wide study

(2010) Patricia L. Kramer et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING

Detection of cytomegalovirus in preserved umbilical cord from a boy with autistic disorder

(2010) Masao Kawatani et al.   PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL

Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders

(2010) E. Andari et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Replication of an association of a common variant in the Reelin gene (RELN) with schizophrenia in Ashkenazi Jewish women

(2010) Yaping Liu et al.   PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS

Reduced exploration, increased anxiety, and altered social behavior: Autistic-like features of euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 heterozygous knockout mice

(2009) Monique C.M. Balemans et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

Genomic and epigenetic evidence for oxytocin receptor deficiency in autism

(2009) Simon G Gregory et al.   BMC Medicine

BSACI guidelines for the management of drug allergy

(2009) R. Mirakian et al.   CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY

Different timings of dicer deletion affect neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing mouse central nervous system

(2009) Yoko Kawase-Koga et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS

Identification of ANKRD11 and ZNF778 as candidate genes for autism and variable cognitive impairment in the novel 16q24.3 microdeletion syndrome

(2009) Marjolein H Willemsen et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

High-density SNP association study and copy number variation analysis of the AUTS1 and AUTS5 loci implicate the IMMP2L–DOCK4 gene region in autism susceptibility

(2009) E Maestrini et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Common genetic variants on 5p14.1 associate with autism spectrum disorders

(2009) Kai Wang et al.   NATURE

Ube3a is required for experience-dependent maturation of the neocortex

(2009) Koji Yashiro et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Control of Cognition and Adaptive Behavior by the GLP/G9a Epigenetic Suppressor Complex

(2009) Anne Schaefer et al.   NEURON

Conversion of 5-Methylcytosine to 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Mammalian DNA by MLL Partner TET1

(2009) M. Tahiliani et al.   SCIENCE

Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies

(2009) Amanda L. Richdale et al.   SLEEP MEDICINE REVIEWS

Alzheimer's disease, metal ions and metal homeostatic therapy

(2009) Paolo Zatta et al.   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Advanced Parental Age and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2008) M. S. Durkin et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Structural Variation of Chromosomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2008) Christian R. Marshall et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

A Common Genetic Variant in the Neurexin Superfamily Member CNTNAP2 Increases Familial Risk of Autism

(2008) Dan E. Arking et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Disruption of Neurexin 1 Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2008) Hyung-Goo Kim et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Novel de novo SHANK3 mutation in autistic patients

(2008) Julie Gauthier et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC GENETICS

Molecular implementation and physiological roles for histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation

(2008) Ali Shilatifard   CURRENT OPINION IN CELL BIOLOGY

Global DNA Hypomethylation Is Associated with High Serum-Persistent Organic Pollutants in Greenlandic Inuit

(2008) Jennifer A. Rusiecki et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

Conditional Loss of Dicer Disrupts Cellular and Tissue Morphogenesis in the Cortex and Hippocampus

(2008) T. H. Davis et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Heterogeneous dysregulation of microRNAs across the autism spectrum

(2008) Kawther Abu-Elneel et al.   NEUROGENETICS

Fragile X Syndrome: Loss of Local mRNA Regulation Alters Synaptic Development and Function

(2008) Gary J. Bassell et al.   NEURON

Identifying Autism Loci and Genes by Tracing Recent Shared Ancestry

(2008) E. M. Morrow et al.   SCIENCE

Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality

(2008) Z. R. Donaldson et al.   SCIENCE

IncreasedGAD67 mRNA expression in cerebellar interneurons in autism: Implications for Purkinje cell dysfunction

(2007) Jane Yip et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Zinc and copper modulate Alzheimer Aβ levels in human cerebrospinal fluid

(2007) Dorothea Strozyk et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING

The crucial role of metal ions in neurodegeneration: the basis for a promising therapeutic strategy

(2005) Alessandra Gaeta et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY