Analyzing dendritic spine pathology in Alzheimer’s disease: problems and opportunities

Tau Immunotherapy Modulates Both Pathological Tau and Upstream Amyloid Pathology in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

(2015) D. L. Castillo-Carranza et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Presenilin-1 Knockin Mice Reveal Loss-of-Function Mechanism for Familial Alzheimer’s Disease

(2015) Dan Xia et al.   NEURON

Fibrillar Amyloid Plaque Formation Precedes Microglial Activation

(2015) Christian K. E. Jung et al.   PLoS One

Neurofibrillary tangle formation by introducing wild-type human tau into APP transgenic mice

(2014) Tomohiro Umeda et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

The complexities of the pathology–pathogenesis relationship in Alzheimer disease

(2014) Rudy J. Castellani et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Accumulation of Intraneuronal Amyloid-β is Common in Normal Brain

(2014) Jeffrey Blair et al.   Current Alzheimer Research

Tau phosphorylation and tau mislocalization mediate soluble Aβ oligomer-induced AMPA glutamate receptor signaling deficits

(2014) Eric C. Miller et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Role of HIV in Amyloid Metabolism

(2014) Mario Ortega et al.   Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology

Genetic Modulation of Soluble A  Rescues Cognitive and Synaptic Impairment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

(2014) S. W. Fowler et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Local Pruning of Dendrites and Spines by Caspase-3-Dependent and Proteasome-Limited Mechanisms

(2014) A. Erturk et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Altered synaptic structure in the hippocampus in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease with soluble amyloid-β oligomers and no plaque pathology

(2014) Katherine A Price et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

Loss of neuronal GSK3β reduces dendritic spine stability and attenuates excitatory synaptic transmission via β-catenin

(2014) S M Ochs et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Asparagine endopeptidase cleaves tau and promotes neurodegeneration

(2014) Hanna Rosenmann   NATURE MEDICINE

Cleavage of tau by asparagine endopeptidase mediates the neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease

(2014) Zhentao Zhang et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Single App knock-in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease

(2014) Takashi Saito et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Distinct Tau Prion Strains Propagate in Cells and Mice and Define Different Tauopathies

(2014) David W. Sanders et al.   NEURON

Dendritic Structural Degeneration Is Functionally Linked to Cellular Hyperexcitability in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

(2014) Zuzana Šišková et al.   NEURON

Reduced Synaptic STIM2 Expression and Impaired Store-Operated Calcium Entry Cause Destabilization of Mature Spines in Mutant Presenilin Mice

(2014) Suya Sun et al.   NEURON

Disruption of Amyloid Plaques Integrity Affects the Soluble Oligomers Content from Alzheimer Disease Brains

(2014) Sebastian Jimenez et al.   PLoS One

Truncated and modified amyloid-beta species

(2014) Markus P Kummer et al.   Alzheimers Research & Therapy

Axonal degeneration in an Alzheimer mouse model is PS1 gene dose dependent and linked to intraneuronal Aβ accumulation

(2014) Ditte Z. Christensen et al.   Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Neuron-to-neuron wild-type Tau protein transfer through a trans-synaptic mechanism: relevance to sporadic tauopathies

(2014) Simon Dujardin et al.   Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Soluble pathological tau in the entorhinal cortex leads to presynaptic deficits in an early Alzheimer’s disease model

(2013) Manuela Polydoro et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

Electrical Compartmentalization in Dendritic Spines

(2013) Rafael Yuste   Annual Review of Neuroscience

Brain amyloid-β oligomers in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease

(2013) Sylvain E. Lesné et al.   BRAIN

The influence of phospho-tau on dendritic spines of cortical pyramidal neurons in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

(2013) Paula Merino-Serrais et al.   BRAIN

Alterations in α4β2 nicotinic receptors in cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s aetiopathology

(2013) Hiroyuki Okada et al.   BRAIN

Microglia Promote Learning-Dependent Synapse Formation through Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

(2013) Christopher N. Parkhurst et al.   CELL

Synaptic control of local translation: the plot thickens with new characters

(2013) María Gabriela Thomas et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES

A ‘danse macabre’: tau and Fyn in STEP with amyloid beta to facilitate induction of synaptic depression and excitotoxicity

(2013) Jannic Boehm   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

In vivo type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability in Alzheimer's disease

(2013) Rawaha Ahmad et al.   EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Human APOE genotype affects intraneuronal A 1-42 accumulation in a lentiviral gene transfer model

(2013) W. Zhao et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

Involvement of presenilin holoprotein upregulation in calcium dyshomeostasis of Alzheimer's disease

(2013) Kamran Honarnejad et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Actin filaments and microtubules in dendritic spines

(2013) Tomoaki Shirao et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Down’s syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis

(2013) Donna M Wilcock et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Mitochondrial Alterations near Amyloid Plaques in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

(2013) Hong Xie et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Hyperphosphorylated Tau is Implicated in Acquired Epilepsy and Neuropsychiatric Comorbidities

(2013) Ping Zheng et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Neuron loss in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease correlates with intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulation and Caspase-3 activation

(2013) William A Eimer et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

The Inside-Out Amyloid Hypothesis and Synapse Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease

(2013) Gunnar K. Gouras et al.   Neurodegenerative Diseases

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Is a Coreceptor for Alzheimer Aβ Oligomer Bound to Cellular Prion Protein

(2013) Ji Won Um et al.   NEURON

A Phase 3 Trial of Semagacestat for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

(2013) Rachelle S. Doody et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Accumulation of Intraneuronal β-Amyloid 42 Peptides Is Associated with Early Changes in Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 in Neurites and Synapses

(2013) Reisuke H. Takahashi et al.   PLoS One

Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Loss Precede Aβ Plaque Deposition in the hAPP-J20 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

(2013) Amanda L. Wright et al.   PLoS One

Profiling Murine Tau with 0N, 1N and 2N Isoform-Specific Antibodies in Brain and Peripheral Organs Reveals Distinct Subcellular Localization, with the 1N Isoform Being Enriched in the Nucleus

(2013) Chang Liu et al.   PLoS One

Neurofibrillary tangle-bearing neurons are functionally integrated in cortical circuits in vivo

(2013) K. V. Kuchibhotla et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Brain homogenates from human tauopathies induce tau inclusions in mouse brain

(2013) Florence Clavaguera et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Promiscuous Alzheimer's Amyloid: Yet Another Partner

(2013) I. Benilova et al.   SCIENCE

Caspase-2 is required for dendritic spine and behavioural alterations in J20 APP transgenic mice

(2013) Julio Pozueta et al.   Nature Communications

The type of Aβ-related neuronal degeneration differs between amyloid precursor protein (APP23) and amyloid β-peptide (APP48) transgenic mice

(2013) Ajeet Rijal Upadhaya et al.   Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Impaired plasticity of cortical dendritic spines in P301S tau transgenic mice

(2013) Nadine A Hoffmann et al.   Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Amyloid plaque formation precedes dendritic spine loss

(2012) Tobias Bittner et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

NMDA receptor dysfunction contributes to impaired brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced facilitation of hippocampal synaptic transmission in a Tau transgenic model

(2012) Sylvie Burnouf et al.   AGING CELL

The Synaptic Accumulation of Hyperphosphorylated Tau Oligomers in Alzheimer Disease Is Associated With Dysfunction of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System

(2012) Hwan-Ching Tai et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Lack of Tau Proteins Rescues Neuronal Cell Death and Decreases Amyloidogenic Processing of APP in APP/PS1 Mice

(2012) Karelle Leroy et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Amyloid-beta oligomerization in Alzheimer dementia versus high-pathology controls

(2012) Thomas J. Esparza et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Apolipoprotein E4 effects in Alzheimer’s disease are mediated by synaptotoxic oligomeric amyloid-β

(2012) Robert M. Koffie et al.   BRAIN

Structural Dynamics of Dendritic Spines are Influenced by an Environmental Enrichment: An In Vivo Imaging Study

(2012) Christian K.E. Jung et al.   CEREBRAL CORTEX

RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA localization and their implications in neuronal diseases

(2012) Marco Tolino et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Interaction of Endogenous Tau Protein with Synaptic Proteins Is Regulated byN-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor-dependent Tau Phosphorylation

(2012) Siddhartha Mondragón-Rodríguez et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity Is Suppressed by Interleukin-1  via p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

(2012) L. Tong et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Hypercholesterolemia accelerates intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ oligomers resulting in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease model mice

(2012) Tomohiro Umeda et al.   LIFE SCIENCES

The toxic Aβ oligomer and Alzheimer's disease: an emperor in need of clothes

(2012) Iryna Benilova et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Alzheimer amyloid-β oligomer bound to postsynaptic prion protein activates Fyn to impair neurons

(2012) Ji Won Um et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

A Plaque-Specific Antibody Clears Existing β-amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mice

(2012) Ronald B. DeMattos et al.   NEURON

Propagation of Tau Pathology in a Model of Early Alzheimer's Disease

(2012) Alix de Calignon et al.   NEURON

Synaptic changes in Alzheimer’s disease and its models

(2012) J. Pozueta et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Trans-Synaptic Spread of Tau Pathology In Vivo

(2012) Li Liu et al.   PLoS One

Human P301L-Mutant Tau Expression in Mouse Entorhinal-Hippocampal Network Causes Tau Aggregation and Presynaptic Pathology but No Cognitive Deficits

(2012) Julie A. Harris et al.   PLoS One

Levetiracetam suppresses neuronal network dysfunction and reverses synaptic and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model

(2012) P. E. Sanchez et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Critical role of soluble amyloid-  for early hippocampal hyperactivity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

(2012) M. A. Busche et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Aβ alters the connectivity of olfactory neurons in the absence of amyloid plaques in vivo

(2012) Luxiang Cao et al.   Nature Communications

Relationship Between Late-Life Hypertension, Blood Pressure, and Alzheimer’s Disease

(2011) Yuan-Han Yang et al.   American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias

Involvement of Perineuronal and Perisynaptic Extracellular Matrix in Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology

(2011) Markus Morawski et al.   BRAIN PATHOLOGY

The cellular prion protein mediates neurotoxic signalling of β-sheet-rich conformers independent of prion replication

(2011) Ulrike K Resenberger et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Role of presenilin1 in structural plasticity of cortical dendritic spines in vivo

(2011) Christian K. E. Jung et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Soluble Aβ oligomer production and toxicity

(2011) Megan E. Larson et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Stages of the Pathologic Process in Alzheimer Disease: Age Categories From 1 to 100 Years

(2011) Heiko Braak et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Amyloid- /Fyn-Induced Synaptic, Network, and Cognitive Impairments Depend on Tau Levels in Multiple Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease

(2011) E. D. Roberson et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Traumatic Brain Injury Causes an FK506-Sensitive Loss and an Overgrowth of Dendritic Spines in Rat Forebrain

(2011) John N. Campbell et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA

Dendritic spine pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders

(2011) Peter Penzes et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Linking Amyloid-ß and Tau: Amyloid-ß Induced Synaptic Dysfunction via Local Wreckage of the Neuronal Cytoskeleton

(2011) Hans Zempel et al.   Neurodegenerative Diseases

An immunohistochemical study of the serotonin 1A receptor in the hippocampus of subjects with Alzheimer's disease

(2011) Katsuyoshi Mizukami et al.   NEUROPATHOLOGY

An immunohistochemical finding in glioneuronal lesions associated with epilepsy: The appearance of nestin-positive, CD34-positive and tau-accumulating cells

(2011) Masaya Nagaishi et al.   NEUROPATHOLOGY

Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development

(2011) R. C. Paolicelli et al.   SCIENCE

Early calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease: setting the stage for synaptic dysfunction

(2011) Shreaya Chakroborty et al.   Science China-Life Sciences

Human apoE Isoforms Differentially Regulate Brain Amyloid-  Peptide Clearance

(2011) J. M. Castellano et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the cortex

(2011) Min Fu et al.   TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES

Changes in dendritic complexity and spine morphology in transgenic mice expressing human wild-type tau

(2010) Dara L. Dickstein et al.   Brain Structure & Function

Dendritic Function of Tau Mediates Amyloid-β Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models

(2010) Lars M. Ittner et al.   CELL

Decreased cerebral α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease assessed with positron emission tomography

(2010) Kai Kendziorra et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING

Binding of amyloid β peptide to β2 adrenergic receptor induces PKA-dependent AMPA receptor hyperactivity

(2010) Dayong Wang et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

Role of Presenilins in Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis

(2010) H. Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

CX3CR1 in Microglia Regulates Brain Amyloid Deposition through Selective Protofibrillar Amyloid-  Phagocytosis

(2010) Z. Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Activation of Extrasynaptic, But Not Synaptic, NMDA Receptors Modifies Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression Pattern and Increases Amyloid-  Production

(2010) K. Bordji et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Amyloid   Induces the Morphological Neurodegenerative Triad of Spine Loss, Dendritic Simplification, and Neuritic Dystrophies through Calcineurin Activation

(2010) H.-Y. Wu et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

A Mouse Model of Amyloid   Oligomers: Their Contribution to Synaptic Alteration, Abnormal Tau Phosphorylation, Glial Activation, and Neuronal Loss In Vivo

(2010) T. Tomiyama et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Caspase activation precedes and leads to tangles

(2010) Alix de Calignon et al.   NATURE

Caspase-3 triggers early synaptic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

(2010) Marcello D'Amelio et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Functional Alterations in Memory Networks in Early Alzheimer’s Disease

(2010) Reisa A. Sperling et al.   NEUROMOLECULAR MEDICINE

Regulation of Tau Pathology by the Microglial Fractalkine Receptor

(2010) Kiran Bhaskar et al.   NEURON

Deleterious Effects of Amyloid β Oligomers Acting as an Extracellular Scaffold for mGluR5

(2010) Marianne Renner et al.   NEURON

The Genetics of Alzheimer Disease: Back to the Future

(2010) Lars Bertram et al.   NEURON

Tau Mislocalization to Dendritic Spines Mediates Synaptic Dysfunction Independently of Neurodegeneration

(2010) Brian R. Hoover et al.   NEURON

Multiple Events Lead to Dendritic Spine Loss in Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice

(2010) Tobias Bittner et al.   PLoS One

Gain-of-Function Enhancement of IP3 Receptor Modal Gating by Familial Alzheimer's Disease-Linked Presenilin Mutants in Human Cells and Mouse Neurons

(2010) K.-H. Cheung et al.   Science Signaling

Microglial Interactions with Synapses Are Modulated by Visual Experience

(2010) Marie-Ève Tremblay et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Structural and functional changes in tau mutant mice neurons are not linked to the presence of NFTs

(2009) A.B. Rocher et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Age-Dependent Impairment of Spine Morphology and Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal CA1 Neurons of a Presenilin 1 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

(2009) A. Auffret et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

 -Secretase Inhibition Reduces Spine Density In Vivo via an Amyloid Precursor Protein-Dependent Pathway

(2009) T. Bittner et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Synaptic Activity Reduces Intraneuronal A , Promotes APP Transport to Synapses, and Protects against A -Related Synaptic Alterations

(2009) D. Tampellini et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Deviant Ryanodine Receptor-Mediated Calcium Release Resets Synaptic Homeostasis in Presymptomatic 3xTg-AD Mice

(2009) S. Chakroborty et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Inflammation Triggers Synaptic Alteration and Degeneration in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

(2009) D. Centonze et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories

(2009) Tonghui Xu et al.   NATURE

Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories

(2009) Guang Yang et al.   NATURE

GSK3ß, a centre-staged kinase in neuropsychiatric disorders, modulates long term memory by inhibitory phosphorylation at Serine-9

(2009) I. Dewachter et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Intraneuronal amyloid β accumulation and oxidative damage to nucleic acids in Alzheimer disease

(2009) Akihiko Nunomura et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Amyloid Deposition Is Associated with Impaired Default Network Function in Older Persons without Dementia

(2009) Reisa A. Sperling et al.   NEURON

Oligomeric amyloid   associates with postsynaptic densities and correlates with excitatory synapse loss near senile plaques

(2009) R. M. Koffie et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

RAGE-mediated signaling contributes to intraneuronal transport of amyloid-  and neuronal dysfunction

(2009) K. Takuma et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Akt/GSK3 Signaling in the Action of Psychotropic Drugs

(2008) Jean-Martin Beaulieu et al.   Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques remain continuous and connected to viable cell bodies

(2008) Robert Adalbert et al.   BRAIN

Structural Classification of Toxic Amyloid Oligomers

(2008) Charles G. Glabe   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Amyloid-β Binds to the Extracellular Cysteine-rich Domain of Frizzled and Inhibits Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling

(2008) Margaret H. Magdesian et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Plaque complement activation and cognitive loss in Alzheimer's disease

(2008) David A Loeffler et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Rapid Tumor Necrosis Factor  -Induced Exocytosis of Glutamate Receptor 2-Lacking AMPA Receptors to Extrasynaptic Plasma Membrane Potentiates Excitotoxicity

(2008) D. Leonoudakis et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Cell Death after Spinal Cord Injury Is Exacerbated by Rapid TNF -Induced Trafficking of GluR2-Lacking AMPARs to the Plasma Membrane

(2008) A. R. Ferguson et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Massive restructuring of neuronal circuits during functional reorganization of adult visual cortex

(2008) Tara Keck et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Presenilin-1 mutation impairs cholinergic modulation of synaptic plasticity and suppresses NMDA currents in hippocampus slices

(2008) Yue Wang et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING

Co-occurrence of Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid and tau pathologies at synapses

(2008) Reisuke H. Takahashi et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING

Mechanism of Ca2+ Disruption in Alzheimer's Disease by Presenilin Regulation of InsP3 Receptor Channel Gating

(2008) King-Ho Cheung et al.   NEURON

Aβ Plaques Lead to Aberrant Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis In Vivo Resulting in Structural and Functional Disruption of Neuronal Networks

(2008) Kishore V. Kuchibhotla et al.   NEURON

Clusters of Hyperactive Neurons Near Amyloid Plaques in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

(2008) M. A. Busche et al.   SCIENCE

Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease

(2007) Assunta Dal Bianco et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Modulation of synaptic plasticity and Tau phosphorylation by wild-type and mutant presenilin1

(2007) I. Dewachter et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING

Stereologic estimates of total spinophilin-immunoreactive spine number in area 9 and the CA1 field: Relationship with the progression of Alzheimer's disease

(2007) Afia Akram et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING