A Comprehensive and System Review for the Pharmacological Mechanism of Action of Rhein, an Active Anthraquinone Ingredient

PACS-2 mediates the ATM and NF-κB-dependent induction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL in response to DNA damage

(2016) J Barroso-González et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Exendin-4 protects HUVECs from t-BHP-induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt-Bcl-2-caspase-3 signaling

(2016) Linxi Wang et al.   ENDOCRINE RESEARCH

Nemo-like kinase regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in alveolar epithelial cells

(2016) Hengning Ke et al.   Scientific Reports

TFIIS.h, a new target of p53, regulates transcription efficiency of pro-apoptotic bax gene

(2016) Jun-Ming Liao et al.   Scientific Reports

Crosstalk Between MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signal Pathways During Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion

(2015) Jing Zhou et al.   ASN Neuro

Mechanism of Rhein-Induced Apoptosis in Rat Primary Hepatocytes: Beneficial Effect of Cyclosporine A

(2015) Gati Krushna Panigrahi et al.   CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY

Rhein ElicitsIn VitroCytotoxicity in Primary Human Liver HL-7702 Cells by Inducing Apoptosis through Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway

(2015) Guy-Armel Bounda et al.   Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Rhein: A Review of Pharmacological Activities

(2015) Yan-Xi Zhou et al.   Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

JNK-Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-Bax/Bak Pathway Mediates the Crosstalk between Matrine-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis via Interplay with Beclin 1

(2015) Jiong Yang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis through Downregulation of HIF-1/VEGF Signaling under Hypoxia

(2015) Meng-Chuan Chen et al.   Marine Drugs

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR interactive pathway

(2015) Tulin Ersahin et al.   Molecular BioSystems

The Influence ofAconitum carmichaeliiDebx. on the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Main Components inRheum palmatumL.

(2015) Yun-xia Li et al.   PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH

Anti-Hyperuricemic and Nephroprotective Effects of Rhein in Hyperuricemic Mice

(2015) Zhaoqing Meng et al.   PLANTA MEDICA

Brain overgrowth in disorders of RTK–PI3K–AKT signaling: A mosaic of malformations

(2015) Robert F. Hevner   SEMINARS IN PERINATOLOGY

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A functions to repress FoxO transcription factors to allow cell cycle progression in ovarian cancer

(2015) Huanjie Shao et al.   Oncotarget

HIF-1α pathway: role, regulation and intervention for cancer therapy

(2015) Georgina N. Masoud et al.   Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B

Rhein prevents endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting NF-κB activities

(2015) Chen Yu et al.   Scientific Reports

FOXO3-mediated up-regulation of Bim contributes to rhein-induced cancer cell apoptosis

(2014) Jiao Wang et al.   APOPTOSIS

The p38 MAPK-regulated PKD1/CREB/Bcl-2 pathway contributes to selenite-induced colorectal cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo

(2014) Kaiyan Hui et al.   CANCER LETTERS

A review of crosstalk between MAPK and Wnt signals and its impact on cartilage regeneration

(2014) Ying Zhang et al.   CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH

Rhein Induces a Necrosis-Apoptosis Switch in Pancreatic Acinar Cells

(2014) Xianlin Zhao et al.   Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Rhein exerts pro- and anti-inflammatory actions by targeting IKKβ inhibition in LPS-activated macrophages

(2014) Yuan Gao et al.   FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

TAK1-mediated autophagy and fatty acid oxidation prevent hepatosteatosis and tumorigenesis

(2014) Sayaka Inokuchi-Shimizu et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

PPARα Activation Attenuates Amyloid-β-Dependent Neurodegeneration by Modulating Endo G and AIF Translocation

(2014) Ya-Hsin Cheng et al.   NEUROTOXICITY RESEARCH

Anti-fibrotic and Anti-tumorigenic Effects of Rhein, a Natural Anthraquinone Derivative, in Mammalian Stellate and Carcinoma Cells

(2014) Siu Wai Tsang et al.   PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH

Serum Concentrations of Anthraquinones after Intake of Folium Sennae and Potential Modulation on P-glycoprotein

(2014) Yu-Hsuan Peng et al.   PLANTA MEDICA

p53-dependent Fas expression is critical for Ginsenoside Rh2 triggered caspase-8 activation in HeLa cells

(2014) Xiao-Xi Guo et al.   Protein & Cell

Rhein Inhibits the Expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells with or without Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation

(2013) Gang Hu et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE

Resistance to BH3 mimetic S1 in SCLC cells that up-regulate and phosphorylate Bcl-2 through ERK1/2

(2013) Yubo Liu et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Mathematical modeling of apoptosis

(2013) Kolja Schleich et al.   Cell Communication and Signaling

Cdks, cyclins and CKIs: roles beyond cell cycle regulation

(2013) S. Lim et al.   DEVELOPMENT

Role of mitochondrial permeability transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 cell death induced by rhein

(2013) Qiong Du et al.   FITOTERAPIA

Protection of rhein on IgA nephropathy mediated by inhibition of fibronectin expression in rats

(2013) Zhu Qing-Xian et al.   INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Capsosiphon fulvescens glycoprotein inhibits AGS gastric cancer cell proliferation by downregulating Wnt-1 signaling

(2013) YOUNG-MIN KIM et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

FOXOs: signalling integrators for homeostasis maintenance

(2013) Astrid Eijkelenboom et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Rhein, a Natural Anthraquinone Derivative, Attenuates the Activation of Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Ameliorates Pancreatic Fibrosis in Mice with Experimental Chronic Pancreatitis

(2013) Siu Wai Tsang et al.   PLoS One

Chronic Allograft Nephropathy in Rats Is Improved by the Intervention of Rhein

(2013) J. Su et al.   TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS

Rhein induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells via an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

(2012) Yiwen Li et al.   BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer

(2012) X. Wen et al.   CELL PROLIFERATION

A molecular view on signal transduction by the apoptosome

(2012) Thomas F. Reubold et al.   CELLULAR SIGNALLING

Effect of formula compatibility on the pharmacokinetics of components from Dachengqi Decoction (大承气汤) in rats

(2012) Han-lin Gong et al.   Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine

Comparative pharmacokinetics study of three anthraquinones in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix et Rhei Rhizoma extract and Dahuang Fuzi Tang by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

(2012) Huan Li et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS

Activation of AQP4, p66Shc and endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in inflammation by carrageenan and is suppressed by argirein, a derivative of rhein

(2012) Xiao-Dong Cong et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Protective effect of rhein against oxidative stress-related endothelial cell injury

(2012) Ze-Yuan Deng   Molecular Medicine Reports

MAP Kinase Pathways

(2012) D. K. Morrison   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Rhein Reduces Fat Weight indb/dbMouse and Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity in C57Bl/6 Mouse through the Inhibition of PPARγSignaling

(2012) Yu Zhang et al.   PPAR Research

Rhein ameliorates fatty liver disease through negative energy balance, hepatic lipogenic regulation, and immunomodulation in diet-induced obese mice

(2011) Xiaoyan Sheng et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Pharmacokinetics screening for multi-components absorbed in the rat plasma after oral administration traditional Chinese medicine formula Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with pattern recognition methods

(2011) Xijun Wang et al.   ANALYST

Preventive Effects and Mechanisms of Rhein on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in Obstructive Nephropathy

(2011) Dongyuan He et al.   BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

The role of mitochondria in apoptosis

(2011) Seon-Yong Jeong et al.   BMB Reports

Rhein inhibits angiogenesis and the viability of hormone-dependent and -independent cancer cells under normoxic or hypoxic conditions in vitro

(2011) Vivian E. Fernand et al.   CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

Rhein Induces Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells

(2011) Ching-Yao Chang et al.   Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Rhein protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal toxicity

(2011) Yan-Ling Zhao et al.   FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY

ER Stress, P66shc, and P-Akt/Akt Mediate Adjuvant-Induced Inflammation, Which Is Blunted by Argirein, a Supermolecule and Rhein in Rats

(2011) Xiao-Dong Cong et al.   INFLAMMATION

Rhein, an inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis

(2011) Qian Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH

Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways

(2011) Andrea Oeckinghaus et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Argirein alleviates diabetic nephropathy through attenuating NADPH oxidase, Cx43, and PERK in renal tissue

(2011) C. Hu et al.   NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY

256 EFFECT OF DIACEREIN/RHEIN ON THE WNT SYSTEM IN HUMAN OSTEOARTHRITIC SUBCHONDRAL BONE

(2011) J. Martel-Pelletier et al.   OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE

Endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation: A chaperone assisted journey to hell

(2010) Alexandra Stolz et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH

PUMA cooperates with direct activator proteins to promote mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis

(2010) Jerry E. Chipuk et al.   CELL CYCLE

Granzymes in cancer and immunity

(2010) S P Cullen et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

NF-κB mediates aberrant activation of HIF-1 in malignant lymphoma

(2010) Qiao Qiao et al.   EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY

Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease

(2010) Harmeet Malhi et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

The RET/PTC3 oncogene activates classical NF-κB by stabilizing NIK

(2010) R J Neely et al.   ONCOGENE

Anti-angiogenic effect and mechanism of rhein from Rhizoma Rhei

(2010) Zhi-Heng He et al.   PHYTOMEDICINE

Emodin and rhein inhibit LIGHT-induced monocytes migration by blocking of ROS production

(2010) Sook-Kyoung Heo et al.   VASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY

Targeted Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer: Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

(2009) Todd Morgan et al.   CURRENT CANCER DRUG TARGETS

AMP-activated Protein Kinase Is Involved in Neural Stem Cell Growth Suppression and Cell Cycle Arrest by 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside and Glucose Deprivation by Down-regulating Phospho-retinoblastoma Protein and Cyclin D

(2009) Yi Zang et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Bax activation by the BH3-only protein Puma promotes cell dependence on antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members

(2009) Tristan Gallenne et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Anti-proliferative effect of rhein, an anthraquinone isolated from Cassia species, on Caco-2 human adenocarcinoma cells

(2009) Gabriella Aviello et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Rhein Inhibits TNF-α-Induced Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation via Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis

(2009) Sook-Kyoung Heo et al.   JOURNAL OF VASCULAR RESEARCH

Rhein Improves Renal Lesion and Ameliorates Dyslipidemia in db/db Mice with Diabetic Nephropathy

(2009) Qing Gao et al.   PLANTA MEDICA

Rhein, the metabolite of diacerhein, reduces the proliferation of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and synoviocytes without inducing apoptosis

(2009) F. Legendre et al.   SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY

Notexin upregulates Fas and FasL protein expression of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells through p38 MAPK/ATF-2 and JNK/c-Jun pathways

(2009) Ku-Chung Chen et al.   TOXICON

Repetitive Hypoxic Preconditioning Attenuates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Induced Oxidative Injury via Upregulating HIF-1α–Dependent bcl-2 Signaling

(2009) Chih-Ching Yang et al.   TRANSPLANTATION

Rhein Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma BEL-7402 Cells

(2008) Ping Shi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE

Rhein reverses the diabetic phenotype of mesangial cells over-expressing the glucose transporter (GLUT1) by inhibiting the hexosamine pathway

(2008) J-M Zheng et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

G o mediates WNT-JNK signaling through Dishevelled 1 and 3, RhoA family members, and MEKK 1 and 4 in mammalian cells

(2008) R. K. Bikkavilli et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE

Rhein inhibits invasion and migration of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro by down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor

(2008) Meng-Liang Lin et al.   ORAL ONCOLOGY

Identification of the gene transcription and apoptosis mediated by TGF-β-Smad2/3-Smad4 signaling

(2007) Jian Yu et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY