Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B: Insights into Pathogenic Properties and Extraintestinal Effects

Pore-forming activity of clostridial binary toxins

(2016) O. Knapp et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES

Analysis of TcdB Proteins within the Hypervirulent Clade 2 Reveals an Impact of RhoA Glucosylation on Clostridium difficile Proinflammatory Activities

(2016) Carlos Quesada-Gómez et al.   INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

Crystal structure of Clostridium difficile toxin A

(2016) Nicole M. Chumbler et al.   Nature Microbiology

Effective Sequestration of Clostridium difficile Protein Toxins by Calcium Aluminosilicate

(2015) Joseph M. Sturino et al.   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized HIV-infected individuals: epidemiology and risk factors: results from a case-control study (2002-2013)

(2015) Stefano Di Bella et al.   BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Bacterial glycosyltransferase toxins

(2015) Thomas Jank et al.   CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Human neutrophils are activated by a peptide fragment ofClostridium difficiletoxin B presumably via formyl peptide receptor

(2015) Sebastian D. Goy et al.   CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Small Molecule Inhibitors of Clostridium difficile Toxin B-Induced Cellular Damage

(2015) John Tam et al.   CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY

Binding and entry ofClostridium difficiletoxin B is mediated by multiple domains

(2015) Jared S. Manse et al.   FEBS LETTERS

The Protective Role of Albumin in Clostridium difficile Infection: A Step Toward Solving the Puzzle

(2015) Stefano Di Bella et al.   INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

Observations on the Role of TcdE Isoforms in Clostridium difficile Toxin Secretion

(2015) Revathi Govind et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Selective Inhibition of Rac GTPaseversusGlobal Suppression of Rho Family GTPases Is Mediated by Alterations in Distinct Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascades

(2015) Trisha R. Stankiewicz et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

The roles of host and pathogen factors and the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection

(2015) Xingmin Sun et al.   MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY

Identification of an epithelial cell receptor responsible forClostridium difficileTcdB-induced cytotoxicity

(2015) Michelle E. LaFrance et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Integration of metabolism and virulence in Clostridium difficile

(2015) Laurent Bouillaut et al.   RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY

A small-molecule antivirulence agent for treating Clostridium difficile infection

(2015) Kristina Oresic Bender et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Inflammasome Activation Contributes to Interleukin-23 Production in Response to Clostridium difficile

(2015) Carrie A. Cowardin et al.   mBio

Defining the Roles of TcdA and TcdB in Localized Gastrointestinal Disease, Systemic Organ Damage, and the Host Response during Clostridium difficile Infections

(2015) Glen P. Carter et al.   mBio

The Role of Rho GTPases in Toxicity of Clostridium difficile Toxins

(2015) Shuyi Chen et al.   Toxins

Defective mutations within the translocation domain ofClostridium difficiletoxin B impair disease pathogenesis

(2015) Therwa Hamza et al.   Pathogens and Disease

Identification of Toxemia in Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection

(2015) Hua Yu et al.   PLoS One

The role of the humoral immune response to Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in susceptibility to C. difficile infection: A case–control study

(2014) J. Islam et al.   ANAEROBE

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 functions as the cellular receptor for Clostridium difficile toxin B

(2014) Pengfei Yuan et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Pyknotic cell death induced byClostridium difficile TcdB: chromatin condensation and nuclear blister are induced independently of the glucosyltransferase activity

(2014) Katharina Wohlan et al.   CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Emergence of a Ribotype 244 Strain of Clostridium difficile Associated With Severe Disease and Related to the Epidemic Ribotype 027 Strain

(2014) S. K. Lim et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Vancomycin, Metronidazole, or Tolevamer for Clostridium difficile Infection: Results From Two Multinational, Randomized, Controlled Trials

(2014) Stuart Johnson et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Structural mechanisms of inflammasome assembly

(2014) Alvin Lu et al.   FEBS Journal

Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome

(2014) Hao Xu et al.   NATURE

Multistate Point-Prevalence Survey of Health Care–Associated Infections

(2014) Shelley S. Magill et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

LRP1 is a receptor for Clostridium perfringens TpeL toxin indicating a two-receptor model of clostridial glycosylating toxins

(2014) B. Schorch et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections

(2013) Christina M Surawicz et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Derivation and validation of a simple clinical bedside score (ATLAS) for Clostridium difficile infection which predicts response to therapy

(2013) Mark A Miller et al.   BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Hijacking of Rho GTPases during bacterial infection

(2013) Emmanuel Lemichez et al.   EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH

Evolutionary History of the Clostridium difficile Pathogenicity Locus

(2013) Kate E. Dingle et al.   Genome Biology and Evolution

Structural Basis for Antibody Recognition in the Receptor-binding Domains of Toxins A and B fromClostridium difficile

(2013) Tomohiko Murase et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Role of Interleukin 23 Signaling in Clostridium difficile Colitis

(2013) Erica L. Buonomo et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Importance of Toxin A, Toxin B, and CDT in Virulence of an Epidemic Clostridium difficile Strain

(2013) Sarah A. Kuehne et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection correlates with host pro-inflammatory and humoral immune responses

(2013) K. Solomon et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Clostridium difficile Modulates Host Innate Immunity via Toxin-Independent and Dependent Mechanism(s)

(2013) Nazila V. Jafari et al.   PLoS One

Clostridium difficile toxin B-induced necrosis is mediated by the host epithelial cell NADPH oxidase complex

(2013) M. A. Farrow et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Horizontal gene transfer converts non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains into toxin producers

(2013) Michael S.M. Brouwer et al.   Nature Communications

Correction: Clostridium difficile Toxin B Causes Epithelial Cell Necrosis through an Autoprocessing-Independent Mechanism

(2013) Nicole M. Chumbler et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Precise Manipulation of the Clostridium difficile Chromosome Reveals a Lack of Association between thetcdCGenotype and Toxin Production

(2012) Stephen T. Cartman et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

A Chimeric Toxin Vaccine Protects against Primary and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection

(2012) Haiying Wang et al.   INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

Treatment failure and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole: a systematic review of the evidence

(2012) Konstantinos Z. Vardakas et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-5 Mediates Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Inhibition of Rac GTPase Activity

(2012) Trisha R. Stankiewicz et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Structural Determinants ofClostridium difficileToxin A Glucosyltransferase Activity

(2012) Rory N. Pruitt et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Antibody Against TcdB, but Not TcdA, Prevents Development of Gastrointestinal and Systemic Clostridium difficile Disease

(2012) Jennifer Steele et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

TcdC Does Not Significantly Repress Toxin Expression in Clostridium difficile 630ΔErm

(2012) Dennis Bakker et al.   PLoS One

Secretion of Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B Requires the Holin-like Protein TcdE

(2012) Revathi Govind et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Toward a structural understanding of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B

(2012) Rory N. Pruitt et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Clostridium difficile binary toxin (CDT) and diarrhea

(2011) Robert J. Carman et al.   ANAEROBE

Super toxins from a super bug: structure and function ofClostridium difficiletoxins

(2011) Abigail H. Davies et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

Treating Clostridium difficile Infection With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

(2011) Johan S. Bakken et al.   Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Systemic Dissemination of Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B Is Associated With Severe, Fatal Disease in Animal Models

(2011) Jennifer Steele et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Release of TcdA and TcdB from Clostridium difficile cdi 630 is not affected by functional inactivation of the tcdE gene

(2011) Alexandra Olling et al.   MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS

Structural determinants for membrane insertion, pore formation and translocation of Clostridium difficile toxin B

(2011) Selda Genisyuerek et al.   MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

Defining an allosteric circuit in the cysteine protease domain of Clostridium difficile toxins

(2011) Aimee Shen et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The Repetitive Oligopeptide Sequences Modulate Cytopathic Potency but Are Not Crucial for Cellular Uptake of Clostridium difficile Toxin A

(2011) Alexandra Olling et al.   PLoS One

The role of toxin A and toxin B in the virulence of Clostridium difficile

(2011) Glen P. Carter et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Clostridium difficile Toxin–Induced Inflammation and Intestinal Injury Are Mediated by the Inflammasome

(2010) Jeffrey Ng et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

Four Distinct Structural Domains in Clostridium difficile Toxin B Visualized Using SAXS

(2010) David Albesa-Jové et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection

(2010) Sarah A. Kuehne et al.   NATURE

Autoproteolytic cleavage mediates cytotoxicity of Clostridium difficile toxin A

(2010) Isa Kreimeyer et al.   NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY

Clostridial Glucosylating Toxins Enter Cells via Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

(2010) Panagiotis Papatheodorou et al.   PLoS One

Structural organization of the functional domains of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B

(2010) R. N. Pruitt et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Identification of a conserved membrane localization domain within numerous large bacterial protein toxins

(2010) B. Geissler et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Clostridium difficile spore germination: an update

(2010) David A. Burns et al.   RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY

Variations in TcdB Activity and the Hypervirulence of Emerging Strains of Clostridium difficile

(2010) Jordi M. Lanis et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Carbon Catabolite Control of the Metabolic Network inBacillus subtilis

(2009) Yasutaro FUJITA   BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Structure-Function Analysis of Inositol Hexakisphosphate-induced Autoprocessing inClostridium difficileToxin A

(2009) Rory N. Pruitt et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Serum albumin in risk assessment for Clostridium difficile

(2009) D.M. Anthony et al.   JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION

An ultrasensitive rapid immunocytotoxicity assay for detecting Clostridium difficile toxins

(2009) Xiangyun He et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS

Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile

(2009) Dena Lyras et al.   NATURE

Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis

(2009) Maja Rupnik et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Expression of recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin A and B in Bacillus megaterium

(2008) Guilin Yang et al.   BMC MICROBIOLOGY

Clinical Recognition and Diagnosis ofClostridium difficileInfection

(2008) John G. Bartlett et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Human α-Defensins Inhibit Clostridium difficile Toxin B

(2008) Torsten Giesemann et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

Functional properties of the carboxy-terminal host cell-binding domains of the two toxins, TcdA and TcdB, expressed by Clostridium difficile

(2008) T. Dingle et al.   GLYCOBIOLOGY

gp96 Is a Human Colonocyte Plasma Membrane Binding Protein for Clostridium difficile Toxin A

(2008) X. Na et al.   INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

Toxin-binding treatment for Clostridium difficile: a review including reports of studies with tolevamer

(2008) Karl Weiss   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Specificity in Ras and Rap Signaling

(2008) Judith H. Raaijmakers et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Autocatalytic Processing ofClostridium difficileToxin B

(2008) Martina Egerer et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Glucosylation of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells

(2008) R. Gerhard et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Structure and mode of action of clostridial glucosylating toxins: the ABCD model

(2008) Thomas Jank et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Diverse roles of Rho family GTPases in neuronal development, survival, and death

(2007) Daniel et al.   Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark