Drug Repurposing for Glioblastoma and Current Advances in Drug Delivery—A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Preclinical efficacy of ribavirin in SHH and group 3 medulloblastoma

(2021) Sakibul Huq et al.   Journal of Neurosurgery-Pediatrics

Amlexanox Enhances Temozolomide-Induced Antitumor Effects in Human Glioblastoma Cells by Inhibiting IKBKE and the Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway

(2021) Jinbiao Xiong et al.   ACS Omega

Captopril inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and extends survival as a temozolomide adjuvant in an intracranial gliosarcoma model

(2021) Leon Pinheiro et al.   CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY

Antidepressants with Anti‐Tumor Potential in Treating Glioblastoma: A Narrative Review

(2021) Banafshe Abadi et al.   FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Genetic alteration and clonal evolution of primary glioblastoma into secondary gliosarcoma

(2021) Jie Li et al.   CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

Drug repurposing towards targeting cancer stem cells in pediatric brain tumors

(2020) Hisham F. Bahmad et al.   CANCER AND METASTASIS REVIEWS

A phase 2 study of valproic acid and radiation, followed by maintenance valproic acid and bevacizumab in children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma or high‐grade glioma

(2020) Jack Meng‐Fen Su et al.   PEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER

Drug rechanneling: A novel paradigm for cancer treatment

(2020) Itishree Kaushik et al.   SEMINARS IN CANCER BIOLOGY

Repeat radiation with bevacizumab and minocycline in bevacizumab-refractory high grade gliomas: a prospective phase 1 trial

(2020) Adam L. Cohen et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Glioblastoma Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets Express Differential Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Receptor Profiles That Can Be Targeted to Reduce Immune Suppression

(2020) Tyler J. Alban et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Chloroquine combined with concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a phase IB trial

(2020) Inge Compter et al.   Autophagy

Overview of Current Drug Delivery Methods Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors

(2020) Rianne Haumann et al.   CNS DRUGS

Targeting tumor hypoxia and mitochondrial metabolism with anti-parasitic drugs to improve radiation response in high-grade gliomas

(2020) Faiqa Mudassar et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Antitumor effects of ribavirin in combination with TMZ and IFN‑β in malignant glioma cells

(2020) Yushi Ochiai et al.   Oncology Letters

Minocycline in Treating Glioblastoma Multiforme: Far beyond a Conventional Antibiotic

(2020) Amir R. Afshari et al.   Journal of Oncology

Repurposing FDA approved drugs inhibiting mitochondrial function for targeting glioma-stem like cells

(2020) Sandipan Datta et al.   BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY

Advances in drug delivery technology for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme

(2020) Gi Doo Cha et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells, Metabolic Strategy to Kill a Challenging Target

(2019) Delphine Garnier et al.   Frontiers in Oncology

Cholesterol Metabolism: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma

(2019) Fahim Ahmad et al.   Cancers

Ibudilast sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide by targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)

(2019) Wendy Ha et al.   Scientific Reports

Amlexanox attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting dendritic cell maturation and reprogramming effector and regulatory T cell responses

(2019) Mo-Yuan Quan et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

A multicenter phase II study of temozolomide plus disulfiram and copper for recurrent temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma

(2019) Jiayi Huang et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Angiotensin II receptor blockers, steroids and radiotherapy in glioblastoma—a randomised multicentre trial (ASTER trial). An ANOCEF study

(2019) R. Ursu et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER

Drug repurposing in oncology: Compounds, pathways, phenotypes and computational approaches for colorectal cancer

(2019) Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-REVIEWS ON CANCER

IP1867B suppresses the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) ablating epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor resistance in adult high grade gliomas

(2019) K. Mihajluk et al.   CANCER LETTERS

The efficacy of a coordinated pharmacological blockade in glioblastoma stem cells with nine repurposed drugs using the CUSP9 strategy

(2019) Erlend Skaga et al.   JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

The Use of Ribavirin as an Anticancer Therapeutic: Will It Go Viral?

(2019) Joshua Casaos et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

Molecular mechanisms of anti-psychotic drugs for improvement of cancer treatment

(2019) Narjes Hendouei et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Multi-layered core-sheath fiber membranes for controlled drug release in the local treatment of brain tumor

(2019) Daewoo Han et al.   Scientific Reports

Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells in Human Glioblastoma by Manipulating the Renin-Angiotensin System

(2019) Tan et al.   Cells

Update on the Pharmacological Treatment of Tics with Dopamine-Modulating Agents

(2018) Sabine Mogwitz et al.   ACS Chemical Neuroscience

Repurposing drugs for glioblastoma: From bench to bedside

(2018) João Basso et al.   CANCER LETTERS

Final results of a phase I dose-escalation, dose-expansion study of adding disulfiram with or without copper to adjuvant temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma

(2018) Jiayi Huang et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

High-intensity focused ultrasound: past, present, and future in neurosurgery

(2018) Syed A. Quadri et al.   Neurosurgical Focus

Temozolomide-induced increase of tumorigenicity can be diminished by targeting of mitochondria in in vitro models of patient individual glioblastoma

(2018) Doreen William et al.   PLoS One

Drug Repositioning in Glioblastoma: A Pathway Perspective

(2018) Sze Kiat Tan et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Phase 1 lead-in to a phase 2 factorial study of temozolomide plus memantine, mefloquine, and metformin as postradiation adjuvant therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma

(2018) Stefania Maraka et al.   CANCER

Amlexanox, a selective inhibitor of IKBKE, generates anti-tumoral effects by disrupting the Hippo pathway in human glioblastoma cell lines

(2017) Yang Liu et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Revisiting CDK Inhibitors for Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme

(2017) Dorota Lubanska et al.   Drugs in research & development

Study protocol of a phase IB/II clinical trial of metformin and chloroquine in patients with IDH1 -mutated or IDH2 -mutated solid tumours

(2017) Remco J Molenaar et al.   BMJ Open

Giving Drugs a Second Chance: Overcoming Regulatory and Financial Hurdles in Repurposing Approved Drugs As Cancer Therapeutics

(2017) J. Javier Hernandez et al.   Frontiers in Oncology

The incidence rate of cancer in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of cohort studies

(2017) Hailong Li et al.   SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH

Anthelmintic drug ivermectin inhibits angiogenesis, growth and survival of glioblastoma through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

(2016) Yingying Liu et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Valproic Acid Promotes Human Glioma U87 Cells Apoptosis and Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Through ERK/Akt Signaling

(2016) Chi Zhang et al.   CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Disulfiram when Combined with Copper Enhances the Therapeutic Effects of Temozolomide for the Treatment of Glioblastoma

(2016) X. Lun et al.   CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Dynamic contrast-enhanced and dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging for glioma grading: Preliminary comparison of vessel compartment and permeability parameters using hotspot and histogram analysis

(2016) Corrado Santarosa et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Dimethylfumarate effectively inhibits lymphangiogenesis via p21 induction and G1 cell cycle arrest

(2016) Eva Maria Valesky et al.   EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY

Does the choice of antiepileptic drug affect survival in glioblastoma patients?

(2016) Kristin M. Knudsen-Baas et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Clonal evolution of glioblastoma under therapy

(2016) Jiguang Wang et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Use of an anti-viral drug, Ribavirin, as an anti-glioblastoma therapeutic

(2016) F Volpin et al.   ONCOGENE

The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells?

(2016) Maria V. Liberti et al.   TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES

Repurposing antipsychotics as glioblastoma therapeutics: Potentials and challenges

(2016) JIN-KU LEE et al.   Oncology Letters

Repurposing phenformin for the targeting of glioma stem cells and the treatment of glioblastoma

(2016) Wei Jiang et al.   Oncotarget

Anti-miR delivery strategies to bypass the blood-brain barrier in glioblastoma therapy

(2016) Dong Geon Kim et al.   Oncotarget

Fluvoxamine, an anti-depressant, inhibits human glioblastoma invasion by disrupting actin polymerization

(2016) Keiichiro Hayashi et al.   Scientific Reports

The Added Prognostic Value of Preoperative Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Histogram Analysis in Patients with Glioblastoma: Analysis of Overall and Progression-Free Survival

(2015) Y.S. Choi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURORADIOLOGY

T1-Weighted Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI as a Noninvasive Biomarker of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor vIII Status

(2015) J. Arevalo-Perez et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURORADIOLOGY

Repurposing some older drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier and have potential anticancer activity to provide new treatment options for glioblastoma

(2015) Dayle Rundle-Thiele et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Survival benefit of levetiracetam in patients treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide for glioblastoma multiforme

(2015) Young-Hoon Kim et al.   CANCER

Dual Targeting of the Autophagic Regulatory Circuitry in Gliomas with Repurposed Drugs Elicits Cell-Lethal Autophagy and Therapeutic Benefit

(2015) Ksenya Shchors et al.   CANCER CELL

Overcoming the blood–brain tumor barrier for effective glioblastoma treatment

(2015) O. van Tellingen et al.   DRUG RESISTANCE UPDATES

Cancer stem cells in glioblastoma

(2015) Justin D. Lathia et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

A Phase 2 Study of Concurrent Radiation Therapy, Temozolomide, and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid for Patients With Glioblastoma

(2015) Andra V. Krauze et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS

Ibuprofen and Diclofenac Restrict Migration and Proliferation of Human Glioma Cells by Distinct Molecular Mechanisms

(2015) Verena Leidgens et al.   PLoS One

Concise Review: Bullseye: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells to Improve the Treatment of Gliomas by Repurposing Disulfiram

(2015) Joanna Triscott et al.   STEM CELLS

Fluoxetine, an antidepressant, suppresses glioblastoma by evoking AMPAR-mediated calcium-dependent apoptosis

(2015) Kao-Hui Liu et al.   Oncotarget

Antibiotics that target mitochondria effectively eradicate cancer stem cells, across multiple tumor types: Treating cancer like an infectious disease

(2015) Rebecca Lamb et al.   Oncotarget

Targeting Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Cell Surface Markers

(2015) J. He et al.   CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care.

(2015) Richard E. Kast et al.   Oncotarget

CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide

(2015) Richard E. Kast et al.   Oncotarget

Metformin repositioning as antitumoral agent: selective antiproliferative effects in human glioblastoma stem cells, via inhibition of CLIC1-mediated ion current

(2015) Marta Gritti et al.   Oncotarget

Itraconazole suppresses the growth of glioblastoma through induction of autophagy

(2014) Rui Liu et al.   Autophagy

A phase I/II trial of hydroxychloroquine in conjunction with radiation therapy and concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme

(2014) Myrna R Rosenfeld et al.   Autophagy

Sulfasalazine and temozolomide with radiation therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma

(2014) Satoru Takeuchi et al.   NEUROLOGY INDIA

Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy: A Double-Edged Sword of Autophagy

(2013) T. Kimura et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

The Somatic Genomic Landscape of Glioblastoma

(2013) Cameron W. Brennan et al.   CELL

Epigenetic pathways and glioblastoma treatment

(2013) Jennifer Clarke et al.   Epigenetics

Effects of valganciclovir as an add-on therapy in patients with cytomegalovirus-positive glioblastoma: A randomized, double-blind, hypothesis-generating study

(2013) Giuseppe Stragliotto et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Dose-Dense Temozolomide for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial

(2013) Mark R. Gilbert et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Glioblastoma treatment using perphenazine to block the subventricular zone’s tumor trophic functions

(2013) R. E. Kast et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

A phase I study of nelfinavir concurrent with temozolomide and radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme

(2013) Michelle Alonso-Basanta et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Diazepam Inhibits Proliferation of Human Glioblastoma Cells Through Triggering a G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest

(2013) Jingkao Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGICAL ANESTHESIOLOGY

The renin-angiotensin system meets the hallmarks of cancer

(2013) Talia Wegman-Ostrosky et al.   JOURNAL OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

Effect of valproic acid on seizure control and on survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme

(2013) M. Kerkhof et al.   NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Diclofenac inhibits lactate formation and efficiently counteracts local immune suppression in a murine glioma model

(2012) Sridhar R. Chirasani et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Impact of particular antiepileptic drugs on the survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme

(2012) Greg D. Guthrie et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY

Genetic Analysis of Cytomegalovirus in Malignant Gliomas

(2012) B. Bhattacharjee et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Anti-Invasive Adjuvant Therapy with Imipramine Blue Enhances Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Glioma

(2012) J. M. Munson et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Glioblastoma: From Molecular Pathology to Targeted Treatment

(2011) Timothy F. Cloughesy et al.   Annual Review of Pathology-Mechanisms of Disease

Minocycline inhibits the growth of glioma by inducing autophagy

(2011) Wei-Ting Liu et al.   Autophagy

The tricyclic antidepressant imipramine induces autophagic cell death in U-87MG glioma cells

(2011) Seung-Hyun Jeon et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Minocycline reduces glioma expansion and invasion by attenuating microglial MT1-MMP expression

(2011) D.S. Markovic et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

(2011) Douglas Hanahan et al.   CELL

Modulation of CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Homologous Protein (CHOP)-dependent DR5 Expression by Nelfinavir Sensitizes Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

(2011) Xiaobing Tian et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Antiparasitic mebendazole shows survival benefit in 2 preclinical models of glioblastoma multiforme

(2011) Ren-Yuan Bai et al.   NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Prolonged survival with valproic acid use in the EORTC/NCIC temozolomide trial for glioblastoma

(2011) M. Weller et al.   NEUROLOGY

Potential Role for Valproate in the Treatment of High-Risk Brain Tumors of Childhood—Results from a Retrospective Observational Cohort Study

(2011) Francisco Helder Cavalcante Felix et al.   PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY

The incidence and relative risk factors for developing cancer among patients with schizophrenia: A nine-year follow-up study

(2011) Frank Huang-Chih Chou et al.   SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH

Tricyclic antidepressants and the incidence of certain cancers: a study using the GPRD

(2010) A J Walker et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER

Effects of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1) and MRP2 (ABCC2) on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir

(2010) RAB van Waterschoot et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Cancer incidence in the multicenter aids cohort study before and during the HAART era

(2010) Eric C. Seaberg et al.   CANCER

In vitro novel combinations of psychotropics and anti-cancer modalities in U87 human glioblastoma cells

(2010) Nordenberg   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

Phase II trial of ritonavir/lopinavir in patients with progressive or recurrent high-grade gliomas

(2010) Manmeet S. Ahluwalia et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Advanced MRI and PET imaging for assessment of treatment response in patients with gliomas

(2010) Frederic G Dhermain et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Leptin Inhibits the Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by Angiotensin II through Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms

(2010) Amaia Rodríguez et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

Levetiracetam enhances p53-mediated MGMT inhibition and sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide

(2010) George C. Bobustuc et al.   NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Early termination of ISRCTN45828668, a phase 1/2 prospective, randomized study of Sulfasalazine for the treatment of progressing malignant gliomas in adults

(2009) Pierre A Robe et al.   BMC CANCER

Angiotensinogen Delays Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth of Hepatocarcinoma in Transgenic Mice

(2009) F. Vincent et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

New Users of Metformin Are at Low Risk of Incident Cancer: A cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes

(2009) G. Libby et al.   DIABETES CARE

The NK-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant as a broad spectrum antitumor drug

(2009) Miguel Muñoz et al.   INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUGS

A constitutively active form of neurokinin 1 receptor and neurokinin 1 receptor-mediated apoptosis in glioblastomas

(2009) Toshimasa Akazawa et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Angiotensin type 2 receptor-mediated apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells

(2009) H. Li et al.   MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

Expression of AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors in astrocytomas is associated with poor prognosis

(2008) O Arrieta et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER

The renin-angiotensin system and malignancy

(2008) E. I. Ager et al.   CARCINOGENESIS

The xc− cystine/glutamate antiporter: A potential target for therapy of cancer and other diseases

(2008) Maisie Lo et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Gliadel (BCNU) wafer plus concomitant temozolomide therapy after primary resection of glioblastoma multiforme

(2008) Matthew J. McGirt et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY

Induction of MGMT expression is associated with temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma xenografts

(2008) Gaspar J. Kitange et al.   NEURO-ONCOLOGY