Small phenolic and indolic gut-dependent molecules in the primate central nervous system: levels vs. bioactivity

Role of dietary fiber in the recovery of the human gut microbiome and its metabolome

(2021) Ceylan Tanes et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Sex and race differences of cerebrospinal fluid metabolites in healthy individuals

(2021) Zackery W. Reavis et al.   Metabolomics

Nuclei isolation of multiple brain cell types for omics interrogation

(2021) Alexi Nott et al.   Nature Protocols

Metabolomics of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Healthy Subjects Reveal Metabolites Associated with Ageing

(2021) Henrik Carlsson et al.   Metabolites

Transporters at the Interface between Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Amino Acid Metabolism

(2021) Keeley G. Hewton et al.   Metabolites

One Brain—All Cells: A Comprehensive Protocol to Isolate All Principal CNS-Resident Cell Types from Brain and Spinal Cord of Adult Healthy and EAE Mice

(2021) Christina B. Schroeter et al.   Cells

Heritability estimates for 361 blood metabolites across 40 genome-wide association studies

(2020) Fiona A. Hagenbeek et al.   Nature Communications

Serum metabolomic profiling in patients with Alzheimer Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment by GC/MS

(2020) Congcong Sun et al.   BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY

A Cardiovascular Disease-Linked Gut Microbial Metabolite Acts via Adrenergic Receptors

(2020) Ina Nemet et al.   CELL

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Post-Mortem Hippocampus and in Serum from Young, Elder, and Alzheimer’s Patients

(2020) Nicte Alaide Ramos-García et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Differential susceptibility of PC12 and BRL cells and the regulatory role of HIF-1α signaling pathway in response to acute methylmercury exposure under normoxia

(2020) Tingting Liu et al.   TOXICOLOGY LETTERS

The Presence of Caffeic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Evidence That Dietary Polyphenols Can Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier in Humans

(2020) Izabela Grabska-Kobylecka et al.   Nutrients

Gut Microbiome-Modified Polyphenolic Compounds Inhibit α-Synuclein Seeding and Spreading in α-Synucleinopathies

(2020) Tritia R. Yamasaki et al.   Frontiers in Neuroscience

Potential Effects of Indole-3-Lactic Acid, a Metabolite of Human Bifidobacteria, on NGF-Induced Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 Cells

(2020) Chyn Boon Wong et al.   Microorganisms

The Role of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Antibiotics in ALS and Neurodegenerative Diseases

(2020) Mark Obrenovich et al.   Microorganisms

Serum Levels of Metabolites Produced by Intestinal Microbes and Lipid Moieties Independently Associated With Acute on Chronic Liver Failure and Death in Patients With Cirrhosis

(2020) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

Protocatechuic acid mitigates cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in rats: Role of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

(2020) Ebtesam M. Al Olayan et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Neurobehavioral effects of uremic toxin–indoxyl sulfate in the rat model

(2020) Malgorzata Karbowska et al.   Scientific Reports

Prophylactic effect of flavanol rich preparation metabolites in promoting resilience to a mouse model of social stress

(2020) Jun Wang et al.   Translational Psychiatry

Microbiota metabolites modulate the T helper 17 to regulatory T cell (Th17/Treg) imbalance promoting resilience to stress-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors

(2020) Susan Westfall et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Characterization of 3(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl) propionic acid as a novel microbiome-derived epigenetic modifier in attenuation of immune inflammatory response in human monocytes

(2020) Jun Wang et al.   MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY

Metabolomic and Imaging Mass Spectrometric Assays of Labile Brain Metabolites: Critical Importance of Brain Harvest Procedures

(2020) Gerald A. Dienel   NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH

Comparison of Approaches for Determining Bioactivity Hits from High-Dimensional Profiling Data

(2020) Johanna Nyffeler et al.   SLAS Discovery

Evidence for perturbed metabolic patterns in bipolar disorder subjects associated with lithium responsiveness

(2019) Manjunath B Joshi et al.   PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH

A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota

(2019) Alexandre Almeida et al.   NATURE

ACYLOXYACYL HYDROLASE MODULATES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS THROUGH ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR

(2019) Lizath M. Aguiniga et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Integrated analysis of genomics, longitudinal metabolomics, and Alzheimer's risk factors among 1,111 cohort participants

(2019) Burcu F. Darst et al.   GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY

Remote sensing and signaling in kidney proximal tubules stimulates gut microbiome-derived organic anion secretion

(2019) Jitske Jansen et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The phenolic interactome and gut microbiota: opportunities and challenges in developing applications for schizophrenia and autism

(2019) George E. Jaskiw et al.   PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Metabolomic signature of exposure and response to citalopram/escitalopram in depressed outpatients

(2019) Sudeepa Bhattacharyya et al.   Translational Psychiatry

Mapping Interactions of Microbial Metabolites with Human G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

(2019) Dominic A. Colosimo et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Changes in brain kynurenine levels via gut microbiota and gut-barrier disruption induced by chronic ethanol exposure in mice

(2019) Pablo Giménez-Gómez et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

Translating the gut microbiome: ready for the clinic?

(2019) Susan V. Lynch et al.   Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The Movement of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Relationship with Substances Behavior in Cerebrospinal and Interstitial Fluid

(2019) Marijan Klarica et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Metabolomics for Investigating Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes

(2019) David S. Wishart   PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Ozone-induced changes in the serum metabolome: Role of the microbiome

(2019) Youngji Cho et al.   PLoS One

Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

(2019) Aimée Parker et al.   Gut Microbes

Higher cerebrospinal fluid to plasma ratio of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in patients with Parkinson’s disease

(2019) Bartłomiej Sankowski et al.   CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA

Tryptophan Metabolism in Inflammaging: From Biomarker to Therapeutic Target

(2019) Freek J. H. Sorgdrager et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

In vitro and in vivo approaches for identifying the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

(2019) Xiang-Yu Zhu et al.   TOXICOLOGY LETTERS

Tryptophan Metabolism by Gut Microbiome and Gut-Brain-Axis: An in silico Analysis

(2019) Harrisham Kaur et al.   Frontiers in Neuroscience

Microbiota-Derived Indole Metabolites Promote Human and Murine Intestinal Homeostasis through Regulation of Interleukin-10 Receptor

(2018) Erica E. Alexeev et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

A global HILIC-MS approach to measure polar human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome: Exploring gender-associated variation in a cohort of elderly cognitively healthy subjects

(2018) Héctor Gallart-Ayala et al.   ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA

Antioxidant action of grape seed polyphenols and aerobic exercise in improving neuronal number in the hippocampus is associated with decrease in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide in adult and middle-aged rats

(2018) S. Abhijit et al.   EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY

Dietary polyphenols promote resilience against sleep deprivation–induced cognitive impairment by activating protein translation

(2018) Tal Frolinger et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

Biophenols: Enzymes (β-secretase, Cholinesterases, histone deacetylase and tyrosinase) inhibitors from olive ( Olea europaea L.)

(2018) Syed Haris Omar et al.   FITOTERAPIA

Colonic metabolites from flavanols stimulate nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells and protect against oxidative stress-induced toxicity and endothelial dysfunction

(2018) David Álvarez-Cilleros et al.   FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY

Absorption and metabolism of yerba mate phenolic compounds in humans

(2018) Miren Gómez-Juaristi et al.   FOOD CHEMISTRY

Host: Microbiome co -metabolic processing of dietary polyphenols – An acute, single blinded, cross-over study with different doses of apple polyphenols in healthy subjects

(2018) Kajetan Trošt et al.   FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

Widely targeted metabolomics of Alzheimer's disease postmortem cerebrospinal fluid based on 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatized ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

(2018) Yoshio Muguruma et al.   JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES

Promises and pitfalls of untargeted metabolomics

(2018) Ilya Gertsman et al.   JOURNAL OF INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASE

Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites

(2018) Veit Rothhammer et al.   NATURE

Epigenetic modulation of inflammation and synaptic plasticity promotes resilience against stress in mice

(2018) Jun Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Promising Metabolite Profiles in the Plasma and CSF of Early Clinical Parkinson's Disease

(2018) Daniel Stoessel et al.   Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Epigenetic modifications by polyphenolic compounds alter gene expression in the hippocampus

(2018) Tal Frolinger et al.   Biology Open

Antidepressant-like Effects of p-Coumaric Acid on LPS-induced Depressive and Inflammatory Changes in Rats

(2018) Seok Lee et al.   Experimental Neurobiology

Making Sense of … the Microbiome in Psychiatry

(2018) Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Ferulic Acid Inhibits the Transition of Amyloid-β42 Monomers to Oligomers but Accelerates the Transition from Oligomers to Fibrils

(2018) Lili Cui et al.   JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

Common gut microbial metabolites of dietary flavonoids exert potent protective activities in β-cells and skeletal muscle cells

(2018) Benjamin F. Bitner et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Metabolomics of mammalian brain reveals regional differences

(2018) William T. Choi et al.   BMC Systems Biology

Diurnal variation of metabolites in three individual participants

(2018) Fangyi Gu et al.   CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Old Receptor, New Tricks—The Ever-Expanding Universe of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Functions. Report from the 4th AHR Meeting, 29–31 August 2018 in Paris, France

(2018) Charlotte Esser et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Heterogeneity in gut microbiota drive polyphenol metabolism that influences α-synuclein misfolding and toxicity

(2018) Lap Ho et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Quantification of phenolic acid metabolites in humans by LC–MS: a structural and targeted metabolomics approach

(2018) Mark E Obrenovich et al.   Bioanalysis

A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites

(2017) Dylan Dodd et al.   NATURE

HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018

(2017) David S Wishart et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Comparison of the Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Anthocyanin Metabolites, Protocatechuic Acid and 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

(2017) Aimee N. Winter et al.   Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

The importance of studying cell metabolism when testing the bioactivity of phenolic compounds

(2017) Gerard Aragonès et al.   TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Catechol Groups Enable Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging-Mediated Suppression of PKD-NFkappaB-IL-8 Signaling Pathway by Chlorogenic and Caffeic Acids in Human Intestinal Cells

(2017) Hee Shin et al.   Nutrients

Large neutral amino acids levels in primate cerebrospinal fluid do not confirm competitive transport under baseline conditions

(2016) Rodolfo Bongiovanni et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Neuroprotection comparison of chlorogenic acid and its metabolites against mechanistically distinct cell death-inducing agents in cultured cerebellar granule neurons

(2016) Faten Taram et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Identification of (poly)phenol treatments that modulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human lymphocytes

(2016) Christopher T. Ford et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

Metal chelation, radical scavenging and inhibition of Aβ42 fibrillation by food constituents in relation to Alzheimer’s disease

(2016) Stephen Chan et al.   FOOD CHEMISTRY

Neuroprotective Effects of Bioavailable Polyphenol-Derived Metabolites against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells

(2016) Antonio González-Sarrías et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Common Phenolic Metabolites of Flavonoids, but Not Their Unmetabolized Precursors, Reduce the Secretion of Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecules by Human Endothelial Cells

(2016) Emily F Warner et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

p-Cresyl sulfate affects the oxidative burst, phagocytosis process, and antigen presentation of monocyte-derived macrophages

(2016) M.L.V. Azevedo et al.   TOXICOLOGY LETTERS

Anticholinesterase activity of selected phenolic acids and flavonoids – interaction testing in model solutions

(2015) Dominik Szwajgier   ANNALS OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE

An Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Antipsychotic Use in Bipolar Disorder

(2015) Kyle J. Burghardt et al.   CTS-Clinical and Translational Science

Bioactivity of phenolic acids: Metabolites versus parent compounds: A review

(2015) Sandrina A. Heleno et al.   FOOD CHEMISTRY

Para-cresyl sulfate acutely impairs vascular reactivity and induces vascular remodeling

(2015) Priscilla Gross et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

N-acetyl-l-tryptophan, but not N-acetyl-d-tryptophan, rescues neuronal cell death in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

(2015) Ana C. Sirianni et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Role of intestinal microbiota in the generation of polyphenol-derived phenolic acid mediated attenuation of Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid oligomerization

(2015) Dongjie Wang et al.   MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH

Protective Effects of Dihydrocaffeic Acid, a Coffee Component Metabolite, on a Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rat Model

(2015) Kyungjin Lee et al.   MOLECULES

Adaptation of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor to sense microbiota-derived indoles

(2015) Troy D. Hubbard et al.   Scientific Reports

Inhibition of human drug-metabolising cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme activities in vitro by uremic toxins

(2014) Kyra J. Barnes et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Symbiotic Bacterial Metabolites Regulate Gastrointestinal Barrier Function via the Xenobiotic Sensor PXR and Toll-like Receptor 4

(2014) Madhukumar Venkatesh et al.   IMMUNITY

The Cardiovascular Effect of the Uremic Solute Indole-3 Acetic Acid

(2014) L. Dou et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY

The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice

(2014) V. Braniste et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Prediction and quantification of bioactive microbiota metabolites in the mouse gut

(2014) Gautham V. Sridharan et al.   Nature Communications

Exceptional Evolutionary Divergence of Human Muscle and Brain Metabolomes Parallels Human Cognitive and Physical Uniqueness

(2014) Katarzyna Bozek et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Albumin is the main plasma binding protein for indoxyl sulfate andp-cresyl sulfate

(2013) Liesbeth Viaene et al.   BIOPHARMACEUTICS & DRUG DISPOSITION

Flavonoids, Flavonoid Metabolites, and Phenolic Acids Inhibit Oxidative Stress in the Neuronal Cell Line HT-22 Monitored by ECIS and MTT Assay: A Comparative Study

(2013) Beata Kling et al.   JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

p -Cresyl sulfate causes renal tubular cell damage by inducing oxidative stress by activation of NADPH oxidase

(2013) Hiroshi Watanabe et al.   KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL

p-Coumaric Acid Activates the GABA-A ReceptorIn Vitroand is Orally AnxiolyticIn Vivo

(2013) Arjan Scheepens et al.   PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH

The Human Urine Metabolome

(2013) Souhaila Bouatra et al.   PLoS One

Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content

(2013) J. A. Rothwell et al.   Database-The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of central catecholamine deficiency in Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies

(2012) David S. Goldstein et al.   BRAIN

Metabolomics of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Identifies Signatures of Malignant Glioma

(2012) Jason W. Locasale et al.   MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS

Comparative Study on the Inhibitory Effect of Caffeic and Chlorogenic Acids on Key Enzymes Linked to Alzheimer’s Disease and Some Pro-oxidant Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats’ Brain-In Vitro

(2012) Ganiyu Oboh et al.   NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH

Persistence of Anticancer Activity in Berry Extracts after Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Colonic Fermentation

(2012) Emma M. Brown et al.   PLoS One

Colonic catabolism of dietary phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from Concord grape juice

(2012) Angelique Stalmach et al.   Food & Function

Dog bites man or man bites dog? The enigma of the amino acid conjugations

(2011) Diren Beyoğlu et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive, Upregulates Neuroprotective Parkinson Disease Protein DJ-1 in Astrocytes and Neurons

(2011) Saurabh Khasnavis et al.   Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology

Colonic Contribution to Uremic Solutes

(2011) P. A. Aronov et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY

Antiglycative and neuroprotective activity of colon-derived polyphenol catabolites

(2011) Elena Verzelloni et al.   MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH

Impact of Polyphenol Metabolites Produced by Colonic Microbiota on Expression of COX-2 and GSTT2 in Human Colon Cells (LT97)

(2011) Claudia Miene et al.   NUTRITION AND CANCER-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

Metabolomic changes in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease

(2010) Rima Kaddurah-Daouk et al.   Alzheimers & Dementia

Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy

(2010) Angélique Stalmach et al.   ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract

(2010) Ok-Hwan Lee et al.   BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY

Relationships between large neutral amino acid levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, brain microdialysate and brain tissue in the rat

(2010) Rodolfo Bongiovanni et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

The Uremic Toxin 3-Indoxyl Sulfate Is a Potent Endogenous Agonist for the Human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

(2009) Jennifer C. Schroeder et al.   BIOCHEMISTRY

Dihydroxylated phenolic acids derived from microbial metabolism reduce lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

(2009) María Monagas et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

Metabolite Profiling of Hydroxycinnamate Derivatives in Plasma and Urine after the Ingestion of Coffee by Humans: Identification of Biomarkers of Coffee Consumption

(2009) A. Stalmach et al.   DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION

Mutations of the Gene for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Interacting Protein in Pituitary Adenomas

(2009) Laure Cazabat et al.   HORMONE RESEARCH

Phenolic Metabolites of Grape Antioxidant Dietary Fiber in Rat Urine

(2009) Sonia Touriño et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive, Reduces Microglial and Astroglial Inflammatory Responses

(2009) S. Brahmachari et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Proteomics of brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

(2009) Martin H. Maurer   MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS

Measurement of caffeic and ferulic acid equivalents in plasma after coffee consumption: Small intestine and colon are key sites for coffee metabolism

(2009) Mathieu Renouf et al.   MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH

Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites

(2009) W. R. Wikoff et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester and its related compounds limit the functional alterations of the isolated mouse brain and liver mitochondria submitted to in vitro anoxia–reoxygenation: Relationship to their antioxidant activities

(2008) Yun Feng et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS

Chlorogenic Acid and Its Metabolitem-Coumaric Acid Evoke Neurite Outgrowth in Hippocampal Neuronal Cells

(2008) Hideyuki ITO et al.   BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

The human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome

(2008) David S. Wishart et al.   JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES

Inhibitors of Cytochrome c Release with Therapeutic Potential for Huntington's Disease

(2008) X. Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Inhibition of histone-deacetylase activity by short-chain fatty acids and some polyphenol metabolites formed in the colon

(2008) Markus Waldecker et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of large neutral and basic amino acids in Macaca mulatta: diurnal variations and responses to chronic changes in dietary protein intake

(2008) Michael A. Grimes et al.   METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL