Unconventional Actions of Glycoprotein Hormone Subunits: A Comprehensive Review

Cell adhesion in cancer: Beyond the migration of single cells

(2020) Michalina Janiszewska et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin: New Pleiotropic Functions for an “Old” Hormone During Pregnancy

(2020) Virginie Gridelet et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Expression Profiling, Downstream Signaling, and Inter-subunit Interactions of GPA2/GPB5 in the Adult Mosquito Aedes aegypti

(2020) David A. Rocco et al.   Frontiers in Endocrinology

The Human TSHβ Subunit Proteins and their Binding Sites on the TSH Receptor Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

(2020) Mihaly Mezei et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Thyroid stimulating hormone β-subunit splice variant is expressed in all fractional subsets of bone marrow hematopoietic cells and peripheral blood leukocytes and is modulated during bacterial infection

(2020) Austin Weber et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Photoperiodic regulation of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone and brain deiodinase in Atlantic salmon

(2020) Shotaro Irachi et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Single-cell transcriptomics identifies divergent developmental lineage trajectories during human pituitary development

(2020) Shu Zhang et al.   Nature Communications

Novel Splicing of Immune System Thyroid Stimulating Hormone β-Subunit—Genetic Regulation and Biological Importance

(2019) John R. Klein   Frontiers in Endocrinology

An integrative view of mammalian seasonal neuroendocrinology

(2019) Hugues Dardente et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Human placenta and trophoblast development: key molecular mechanisms and model systems

(2019) Martin Knöfler et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES

Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin as a predictor of ongoing pregnancy

(2019) Paula C. Brady et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

Synteny and phylogenetic analysis of paralogous thyrostimulin beta subunits (GpB5) in vertebrates

(2019) Krist Hausken et al.   PLoS One

Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, with Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications

(2019) Sylvie Dufour et al.   PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Mediated Immune Responses That Facilitate Embryo Implantation and Placentation

(2019) Anne Schumacher et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Evolution of gonadotropin signaling on gonad development: insights from gene knockout studies in zebrafish†

(2018) Jianzhen Li et al.   BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION

Two hormones for one receptor: evolution, biochemistry, actions and pathophysiology of LH and hCG

(2018) Livio Casarini et al.   ENDOCRINE REVIEWS

Signaling pathways to and from the hypophysial pars tuberalis, an important center for the control of seasonal rhythms

(2018) Horst-Werner Korf   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Actions of pituitary hormones beyond traditional targets

(2018) Mone Zaidi et al.   JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

Regulation of reproduction via tight control of gonadotropin hormone levels

(2018) Djurdjica Coss   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Gonadotropin regulation by pulsatile GnRH: Signaling and gene expression

(2018) George A. Stamatiades et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

TGF-β receptors: In and beyond TGF-β signaling

(2018) Alexandra Vander Ark et al.   CELLULAR SIGNALLING

β-hCG promotes epithelial ovarian cancer metastasis through ERK/MMP2 signaling pathway

(2018) Weimin Wu et al.   CELL CYCLE

Hyperglycosylated hCG activates LH/hCG-receptor with lower activity than hCG

(2018) Hannu Koistinen et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Evolution of specificity in cartilaginous fish glycoprotein hormones and receptors

(2017) Hanna B. Buechi et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

The highly overlapping actions of Lh signaling and Fsh signaling on zebrafish spermatogenesis

(2017) Yuxin Xie et al.   JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

The Exonization and Functionalization of an Alu-J Element in the Protein Coding Region of Glycoprotein Hormone Alpha Gene Represent a Novel Mechanism to the Evolution of Hemochorial Placentation in Primates

(2017) Haidi Chen et al.   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

Heparin, Heparan Sulphate and the TGF-β Cytokine Superfamily

(2017) et al.   MOLECULES

Human chorionic gonadotropin β regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in human ovarian cancer

(2017) Na Liu et al.   ONCOLOGY REPORTS

BRCA1 regulation on β-hCG: a mechanism for tumorigenicity in BRCA1 defective breast cancer

(2017) S K Sengodan et al.   Oncogenesis

Relish2 mediates bursicon homodimer-induced prophylactic immunity in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

(2017) Hongwei Zhang et al.   Scientific Reports

Human chorionic gonadotropin: Different glycoforms and biological activity depending on its source of production

(2016) Thierry Fournier   ANNALES D ENDOCRINOLOGIE

T3Regulates a Human Macrophage-Derived TSH-β Splice Variant: Implications for Human Bone Biology

(2016) R. Baliram et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Evolution of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Regulation in Vertebrates Revealed by Knockout Medaka

(2016) Akiko Takahashi et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Functional role of the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, GPA2/GPB5, and its receptor, LGR1: An invertebrate perspective

(2016) David A. Rocco et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Neuropeptide evolution: Chelicerate neurohormone and neuropeptide genes may reflect one or more whole genome duplications

(2016) Jan A. Veenstra   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Gonadotropin and tumorigenesis: Direct and indirect effects on inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators and invasion

(2016) Priyanka Khare et al.   MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS

Splenic Leukocytes Traffic to the Thyroid and Produce a Novel TSHβ Isoform during Acute Listeria monocytogenes Infection in Mice

(2016) Dina Montufar-Solis et al.   PLoS One

Structural Biology and Evolution of the TGF-β Family

(2016) Andrew P. Hinck et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Thyrostimulin-TSHR signaling promotes the proliferation of NIH:OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells via trans-regulation of the EGFR pathway

(2016) Wei-Lin Huang et al.   Scientific Reports

Hyperglycosylated hCG: a Unique Human Implantation and Invasion Factor

(2015) Jemma Evans   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY

Thyrostimulin Regulates Osteoblastic Bone Formation During Early Skeletal Development

(2015) J. H. Duncan Bassett et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Emergence of an Ancestral Glycoprotein Hormone in the Pituitary of the Sea Lamprey, a Basal Vertebrate

(2015) Stacia A. Sower et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Disruption of Zebrafish Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (fshr) But Not Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (lhcgr) Gene by TALEN Leads to Failed Follicle Activation in Females Followed by Sexual Reversal to Males

(2015) Zhiwei Zhang et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Dynamic changes in hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotrophin throughout the first trimester of pregnancy and its role in early placentation

(2015) J. Evans et al.   HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Functional human TSHβ splice variant produced by plasma cell may be involved in the immunologic injury of thyroid in the patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

(2015) Chun-rong Liu et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Absence of TGF-β Receptor Activation by Highly Purified hCG Preparations

(2015) Hannu Koistinen et al.   MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Gonadotropin Signaling in Zebrafish Ovary and Testis Development: Insights From Gene Knockout Study

(2015) Lianhe Chu et al.   MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Genetic Analysis of Zebrafish Gonadotropin (FSH and LH) Functions by TALEN-Mediated Gene Disruption

(2015) Zhiwei Zhang et al.   MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Review: hCGs: Different sources of production, different glycoforms and functions

(2015) T. Fournier et al.   PLACENTA

Development of a recombinant hCG-specific single chain immunotoxin cytotoxic to hCG expressing cancer cells

(2015) Kripa N. Nand et al.   PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION

The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization

(2015) Ben M Sadd et al.   GENOME BIOLOGY

Structure–Function Relationships of Glycoprotein Hormones and Their Subunits’ Ancestors

(2015) Claire Cahoreau et al.   Frontiers in Endocrinology

Thyrostimulin deficiency does not alter peripheral responses to acute inflammation-induced nonthyroidal illness

(2014) Clementine J. J. van Zeijl et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Cyclic Decidualization of the Human Endometrium in Reproductive Health and Failure

(2014) Birgit Gellersen et al.   ENDOCRINE REVIEWS

Loss of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Function Causes Masculinization and Suppression of Ovarian Development in Genetically Female Medaka

(2014) Norikazu Murozumi et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Silencing D. melanogaster lgr1 impairs transition from larval to pupal stage

(2014) Hans Peter Vandersmissen et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

The R-spondin/Lgr5/Rnf43 module: regulator of Wnt signal strength

(2014) W. de Lau et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Glycoprotein Hormones and Their Receptors Emerged at the Origin of Metazoans

(2014) Graeme J. Roch et al.   Genome Biology and Evolution

A novel compound heterozygous mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor –implications for fertility

(2014) Frederic Mitri et al.   JOURNAL OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS

Targeted Gene Disruption in Zebrafish Reveals Noncanonical Functions of LH Signaling in Reproduction

(2014) Lianhe Chu et al.   MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Minireview: Extrapituitary Prolactin: An Update on the Distribution, Regulation, and Functions

(2014) Robert J. Marano et al.   MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Multiple Thyrotropin β-Subunit and Thyrotropin Receptor-Related Genes Arose during Vertebrate Evolution

(2014) Gersende Maugars et al.   PLoS One

The DAN family: Modulators of TGF-β signaling and beyond

(2014) Kristof Nolan et al.   PROTEIN SCIENCE

CGB activates ERK and AKT kinases in cancer cells via LHCGR-independent mechanism

(2014) Aleksandra Głodek et al.   TUMOR BIOLOGY

Tissue-Specific Posttranslational Modification Allows Functional Targeting of Thyrotropin

(2014) Keisuke Ikegami et al.   Cell Reports

The First Myriapod Genome Sequence Reveals Conservative Arthropod Gene Content and Genome Organisation in the Centipede Strigamia maritima

(2014) Ariel D. Chipman et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Reassembly of Anterior Pituitary Organization by Hanging Drop Three-Dimensional Cell Culture

(2013) Takehiro Tsukada et al.   ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA

Thyroid and Bone: Macrophage-Derived TSH-β Splice Variant Increases Murine Osteoblastogenesis

(2013) R. Baliram et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Human chorionic gonadotropin and its free β-subunit stimulate trophoblast invasion independent of LH/hCG receptor

(2013) Cheuk-Lun Lee et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Structural biology of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors: Insights to signaling

(2013) Xuliang Jiang et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Embryonic development of gonadotrope cells and gonadotropic hormones – Lessons from model fish

(2013) Finn-Arne Weltzien et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

First trimester hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotrophin in serum – A marker of early-onset preeclampsia

(2013) E. Keikkala et al.   PLACENTA

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin β Induces Migration and Invasion via Activating ERK1/2 and MMP-2 in Human Prostate Cancer DU145 Cells

(2013) Zongwen Li et al.   PLoS One

Synergistic Activation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Mechanisms in the Treatment of Gonadotropin-Sensitive Tumors

(2013) Anjali Bose et al.   PLoS One

Impact of gene gains, losses and duplication modes on the origin and diversification of vertebrates

(2013) Cristian Cañestro et al.   SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Distinct Expression Patterns of Glycoprotein Hormone Subunits in the LophotrochozoanAplysia: Implications for the Evolution of Neuroendocrine Systems in Animals

(2012) Andreas Heyland et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Anterior pituitary cell networks

(2012) P.R. Le Tissier et al.   FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Human chorionic gonadotropin β induces cell motility via ERK1/2 and MMP-2 activation in human glioblastoma U87MG cells

(2012) Zongwen Li et al.   JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Insect Neuropeptide Bursicon Homodimers Induce Innate Immune and Stress Genes during Molting by Activating the NF-κB Transcription Factor Relish

(2012) Shiheng An et al.   PLoS One

Structure of follicle-stimulating hormone in complex with the entire ectodomain of its receptor

(2012) X. Jiang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

hCG, the wonder of today's science

(2012) Laurence A Cole   Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

A tridimensional view of pituitary development and function

(2012) Patrice Mollard et al.   TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Overexpression of the β Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Promotes the Transformation of Human Ovarian Epithelial Cells and Ovarian Tumorigenesis

(2011) Xiaoqing Guo et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Extrathyroidal expression of TSH receptor

(2011) G.R. Williams   ANNALES D ENDOCRINOLOGIE

Emergence and evolution of the glycoprotein hormone and neurotrophin gene families in vertebrates

(2011) Sandra Santos et al.   BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

Phase I Study Utilizing a Novel Antigen-Presenting Cell-Targeted Vaccine with Toll-like Receptor Stimulation to Induce Immunity to Self-antigens in Cancer Patients

(2011) M. A. Morse et al.   CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Elimination of Complement Interference in Immunoassay of Hyperglycosylated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

(2011) U.-H. Stenman et al.   CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

CDX-1307: a novel vaccine under study as treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

(2011) Michael A Morse et al.   Expert Review of Vaccines

Neuropeptide evolution: Neurohormones and neuropeptides predicted from the genomes of Capitella teleta and Helobdella robusta

(2011) Jan A. Veenstra   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

The genome of the leaf-cutting antAcromyrmex echinatiorsuggests key adaptations to advanced social life and fungus farming

(2011) Sanne Nygaard et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Hyperglycosylated hCG, hCGβ and Hyperglycosylated hCGβ: Interchangeable cancer promoters

(2011) Laurence A. Cole et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

An evolutionary comparison of leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptors reveals a novel LGR subtype

(2011) Matthias B. Van Hiel et al.   PEPTIDES

Decreased levels of genuine large free hCG alpha in men presenting with abnormal semen analysis

(2011) Christoph Zenzmaier et al.   Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

Adaptive Divergence in the Thyroid Hormone Signaling Pathway in the Stickleback Radiation

(2010) Jun Kitano et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

The hypophysial pars tuberalis transduces photoperiodic signals via multiple pathways and messenger molecules

(2010) Shinobu Yasuo et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Neuroendocrine cells in Drosophila melanogaster producing GPA2/GPB5, a hormone with homology to LH, FSH and TSH

(2010) Azza Sellami et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Hyperglycosylated hCG Is a Marker of Early Human Trophoblast Invasion

(2010) J. Guibourdenche et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

Genomics and Peptidomics of Neuropeptides and Protein Hormones Present in the Parasitic WaspNasonia vitripennis∥

(2010) Frank Hauser et al.   JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH

Transient hypothyroxinemia in juvenile glycoprotein hormone subunit B5 knock-out mice

(2010) Clementine J.J. van Zeijl et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Does hCG or hCGβ play a role in cancer cell biology?

(2010) R.K. Iles et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Proliferation of Uterine Natural Killer Cells Is Induced by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Mediated via the Mannose Receptor

(2009) Nicole Kane et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and the Thyroid Hormone Feedback Mechanism

(2009) Maria Izabel Chiamolera et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Distinct Expression Patterns of Glycoprotein Hormone-α2 and -β5 in a Basal Chordate Suggest Independent Developmental Functions

(2009) Sandra Dos Santos et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

A novel thyroid stimulating hormone β-subunit isoform in human pituitary, peripheral blood leukocytes, and thyroid

(2009) Jeremy S. Schaefer et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

TRH acts as a multifunctional hypophysiotropic factor in vertebrates

(2009) Ludovic Galas et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Perspectives on fish gonadotropins and their receptors

(2009) B. Levavi-Sivan et al.   GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

FLR-2, the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, is involved in the neural control of intestinal functions inCaenorhabditis elegans

(2009) Akane Oishi et al.   GENES TO CELLS

The fusion protein of HSP65 with tandem repeats of β-hCG acting as a potent tumor vaccine in suppressing hepatocarcinoma

(2009) Hu Xiangbing et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Thyrostimulin, but Not Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH), Acts as a Paracrine Regulator to Activate the TSH Receptor in Mammalian Ovary

(2009) Su-Chin Sun et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Hormones in synergy: Regulation of the pituitary gonadotropin genes

(2009) Varykina G. Thackray et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

Expression and Regulation by PPARγ of hCG α- and β-subunits: Comparison between Villous and Invasive Extravillous Trophoblastic Cells☆

(2009) K. Handschuh et al.   PLACENTA

Comparative structure analyses of cystine knot-containing molecules with eight aminoacyl ring including glycoprotein hormones (GPH) alpha and beta subunits and GPH-related A2 (GPA2) and B5 (GPB5) molecules

(2009) Eva Alvarez et al.   Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

Bone marrow cells produce a novel TSHβ splice variant that is upregulated in the thyroid following systemic virus infection

(2008) B H Vincent et al.   GENES AND IMMUNITY

Reduction of human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit expression by modified U1 snRNA caused apoptosis in cervical cancer cells

(2008) Anna Jankowska et al.   Molecular Cancer

The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype

(2008) Nicholas H. Putnam et al.   NATURE

Biochemical roles of the oligosaccharide chains in thyrostimulin, a heterodimeric hormone of glycoprotein hormone subunits alpha2 (GPA2) and beta5 (GPB5)

(2008) Yoshiki Okajima et al.   REGULATORY PEPTIDES

Non-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mediated Transcription and Secretion of Large Human Glycoprotein Hormone α-Subunit in Human Embryonic Kidney-293 Cells

(2007) Ida Casella et al.   ENDOCRINOLOGY

Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin and the source of pregnancy failures

(2007) Yasushi Sasaki et al.   FERTILITY AND STERILITY