The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, Structure, Function, and Antigenicity: Implications for the Design of Spike-Based Vaccine Immunogens

Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Zhixin Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time

(2020) Ensheng Dong et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

(2020) Fan Wu et al.   NATURE

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

(2020) Peng Zhou et al.   NATURE

Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2

(2020) Renhong Yan et al.   SCIENCE

Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

(2020) Daniel Wrapp et al.   SCIENCE

Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies

(2020) Syed Faraz Ahmed et al.   Viruses-Basel

Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses

(2020) Ning Wang et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses

(2020) Michael Letko et al.   Nature Microbiology

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

(2020)   Nature Microbiology

Updated Approaches against SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Haiou Li et al.   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade

(2020) B. Coutard et al.   ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH

Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2

(2020) Qihui Wang et al.   CELL

Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States

(2020) Joseph R. Fauver et al.   CELL

Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals

(2020) Alba Grifoni et al.   CELL

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2

(2020) Vanessa Monteil et al.   CELL

Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

(2020) Alexandra C. Walls et al.   CELL

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   CELL

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion

(2020) Shuai Xia et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

(2020) Wanbo Tai et al.   Cellular & Molecular Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report

(2020) Fatima Amanat et al.   IMMUNITY

Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reveals an Evolutionary Distinct and Proteolytically Sensitive Activation Loop

(2020) Javier A. Jaimes et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

From SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: safety and broad-spectrum are important for coronavirus vaccine development

(2020) Cuiqing Ma et al.   MICROBES AND INFECTION

A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody

(2020) Dora Pinto et al.   NATURE

Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor

(2020) Jun Lan et al.   NATURE

Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Jian Shang et al.   NATURE

The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Kristian G. Andersen et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

(2020) Tung Thanh Le et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed

(2020) Nicole Lurie et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Jian Shang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike

(2020) Yasunori Watanabe et al.   SCIENCE

A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

(2020) Meng Yuan et al.   SCIENCE

DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

(2020) Jingyou Yu et al.   SCIENCE

Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses

(2020) Shibo Jiang et al.   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) Chunyan Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19

(2020) Trevor R. F. Smith et al.   Nature Communications

Vulnerabilities in coronavirus glycan shields despite extensive glycosylation

(2020) Yasunori Watanabe et al.   Nature Communications

Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV

(2020) Xiuyuan Ou et al.   Nature Communications

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-Ig

(2020) Changhai Lei et al.   Nature Communications

Highlight of Immune Pathogenic Response and Hematopathologic Effect in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-Cov-2 Infection

(2020) Yanwen Liang et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Progress and Prospects on Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Jinyong Zhang et al.   Vaccines

Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for antiviral development

(2020) Tiffany Tang et al.   ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH

Making Sense of Mutation: What D614G Means for the COVID-19 Pandemic Remains Unclear

(2020) Nathan D. Grubaugh et al.   CELL

The Impact of Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Viral Infectivity and Antigenicity

(2020) Qianqian Li et al.   CELL

A Universal Design of Betacoronavirus Vaccines against COVID-19, MERS, and SARS

(2020) Lianpan Dai et al.   CELL

Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus

(2020) Bette Korber et al.   CELL

A Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus for Studies of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Cell Entry and Its Inhibition

(2020) M. Eugenia Dieterle et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses

(2020) Fabian Schmidt et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity

(2020) Jingyun Yang et al.   NATURE

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness

(2020) Kizzmekia S. Corbett et al.   NATURE

Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals

(2020) Davide F. Robbiani et al.   NATURE

Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike

(2020) Lihong Liu et al.   NATURE

A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Ann M. Arvin et al.   NATURE

A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Xiangyang Chi et al.   SCIENCE

Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies

(2020) Alina Baum et al.   SCIENCE

Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spikes

(2020) Ching-Lin Hsieh et al.   SCIENCE

Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail

(2020) Johanna Hansen et al.   SCIENCE

Structural basis for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV by a potent therapeutic antibody

(2020) Zhe Lv et al.   SCIENCE

Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability

(2020) Philip J. M. Brouwer et al.   SCIENCE

Antibody signature induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens in rabbits

(2020) Supriya Ravichandran et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses

(2020) Shibo Jiang et al.   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Cross-reactive Antibody Response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Infections

(2020) Huibin Lv et al.   Cell Reports

Lack of antibody-mediated cross-protection between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infections

(2020) Ren Yang et al.   EBioMedicine

The receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein is an immunodominant and highly specific target of antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 patients

(2020) Lakshmanane Premkumar et al.   Science Immunology

Vaccines against Coronaviruses: The State of the Art

(2020) Cristiano Conte et al.   Vaccines

COVID-19: Emergence, Spread, Possible Treatments, and Global Burden

(2020) Raghuvir Keni et al.   Frontiers in Public Health

TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells

(2020) Dorothea Bestle et al.   Life Science Alliance

In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges

(2020) Beata Turoňová et al.   SCIENCE

Role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 and its mitigation strategies for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies to counter COVID-19

(2020) Kumaragurubaran Karthik et al.   Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Newly Emerging Coronavirus HCoV-19 Spike Protein and Human ACE2 Reveals Camouflaging Glycans and Unique Post-Translational Modifications

(2020) Zeyu Sun et al.   Engineering

Unexpected Receptor Functional Mimicry Elucidates Activation of Coronavirus Fusion

(2019) Alexandra C. Walls et al.   CELL

Structure-Based Vaccine Antigen Design

(2019) Barney S. Graham et al.   Annual Review of Medicine

Protein and Glycan Mimicry in HIV Vaccine Design

(2019) Gemma E. Seabright et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Structural Vaccinology for Viral Vaccine Design

(2019) Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike

(2019) Shuai Xia et al.   Science Advances

Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus

(2019) Chean Yeah Yong et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Vaccination with Glycan-Modified HIV NFL Envelope Trimer-Liposomes Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Multiple Sites of Vulnerability

(2019) Viktoriya Dubrovskaya et al.   IMMUNITY

N-Linked Glycans and K147 Residue on Hemagglutinin Synergize To Elicit Broadly Reactive H1N1 Influenza Virus Antibodies

(2019) Ying Huang et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Structure and Immune Recognition of the HIV Glycan Shield

(2018) Max Crispin et al.   Annual Review of Biophysics

SnapShot: O-Glycosylation Pathways across Kingdoms

(2018) Hiren J. Joshi et al.   CELL

Common Features of Enveloped Viruses and Implications for Immunogen Design for Next-Generation Vaccines

(2018) Felix A. Rey et al.   CELL

Structure of the Lassa virus glycan shield provides a model for immunological resistance

(2018) Yasunori Watanabe et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

(2018) Jie Cui et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen

(2017) Jesper Pallesen et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

What Are the Most Powerful Immunogen Design Vaccine Strategies?

(2017) Peter D. Kwong   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

What Are the Most Powerful Immunogen Design Vaccine Strategies?

(2017) Dennis R. Burton   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains

(2017) Yuan Yuan et al.   Nature Communications

Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G

(2016) Guillaume B.E. Stewart-Jones et al.   CELL

The contribution of the cytoplasmic retrieval signal of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to intracellular accumulation of S proteins and incorporation of S protein into virus-like particles

(2016) Makoto Ujike et al.   JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY

Glycosylation Quality Control by the Golgi Structure

(2016) Xiaoyan Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer

(2016) Alexandra C. Walls et al.   NATURE

Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein

(2016) Robert N. Kirchdoerfer et al.   NATURE

Glycan shield and epitope masking of a coronavirus spike protein observed by cryo-electron microscopy

(2016) Alexandra C Walls et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Glycan shield and epitope masking of a coronavirus spike protein observed by cryo-electron microscopy

(2016) Alexandra C Walls et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Insights into vaccine development for acquired immune deficiency syndrome from crystal structures of human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp41 and equine infectious anemia virus gp45

(2015) Liangwei Duan et al.   PROTEIN SCIENCE

Viral membrane fusion

(2015) Stephen C. Harrison   VIROLOGY

Conformational Masking and Receptor-Dependent Unmasking of Highly Conserved Env Epitopes Recognized by Non-Neutralizing Antibodies That Mediate Potent ADCC against HIV-1

(2015) George Lewis et al.   Viruses-Basel

Evaluation of candidate vaccine approaches for MERS-CoV

(2015) Lingshu Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine design

(2015) Max Crispin et al.   Current Opinion in Virology

Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design

(2014) Bruno E. Correia et al.   NATURE

Structure and immune recognition of trimeric pre-fusion HIV-1 Env

(2014) Marie Pancera et al.   NATURE

Recent strategies targeting HIV glycans in vaccine design

(2014) Satoru Horiya et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Conformational dynamics of single HIV-1 envelope trimers on the surface of native virions

(2014) J. B. Munro et al.   SCIENCE

Insights into RNA synthesis, capping, and proofreading mechanisms of SARS-coronavirus

(2014) Marion Sevajol et al.   VIRUS RESEARCH

N-linked protein glycosylation in the ER

(2013) Markus Aebi   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH

Molecular basis of binding between novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV and its receptor CD26

(2013) Guangwen Lu et al.   NATURE

Structure-Based Design of a Fusion Glycoprotein Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus

(2013) J. S. McLellan et al.   SCIENCE

Protein Folding in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

(2013) I. Braakman et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

N-Linked Protein Glycosylation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

(2013) J. Breitling et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Roadmap to developing a recombinant coronavirus S protein receptor-binding domain vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome

(2012) Shibo Jiang et al.   Expert Review of Vaccines

Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein

(2012) Sandrine Belouzard et al.   Viruses-Basel

Mechanisms and principles of N-linked protein glycosylation

(2011) Flavio Schwarz et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY

Quasispecies Theory and the Behavior of RNA Viruses

(2010) Adam S. Lauring et al.   PLoS Pathogens

The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development

(2009) Lanying Du et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Viral membrane fusion

(2008) Stephen C Harrison   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY