The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review

New Synthetic Cannabinoids Metabolism and Strategies to Best Identify Optimal Marker Metabolites

(2019) Xingxing Diao et al.   Frontiers in Chemistry

Activity-based reporter assays for the screening of abused substances in biological matrices

(2019) Annelies Cannaert et al.   CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY

Altered metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 by human cytochrome P450 2C9 and variants

(2018) Amy L. Patton et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Pharmacological evaluation of new constituents of “Spice”: synthetic cannabinoids based on indole, indazole, benzimidazole and carbazole scaffolds

(2018) Clara T. Schoeder et al.   Forensic Toxicology

Cannabinoid Receptors and the Endocannabinoid System: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System

(2018) et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Molecular and Behavioral Pharmacological Characterization of Abused Synthetic Cannabinoids MMB- and MDMB-FUBINACA, MN-18, NNEI, CUMYL-PICA, and 5-Fluoro-CUMYL-PICA

(2018) Thomas F. Gamage et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS

Finding order in chemical chaos - Continuing characterization of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

(2018) Julie A. Marusich et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

The ongoing challenge of novel psychoactive drugs of abuse. Part I. Synthetic cannabinoids (IUPAC Technical Report)

(2018) Vincenzo Abbate et al.   PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Severe Illness Linked to the Vitamin K Antagonist Brodifacoum and Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids — Illinois, March–April 2018

(2018) Erin Moritz et al.   MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT

Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes

(2018) Tae Yeon Kong et al.   ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH

Therapeutic Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Still an OpenIssue?

(2018) Maria Antonietta De Luca et al.   CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS

E-cigarettes—An unintended illicit drug delivery system

(2018) Andreas K. Breitbarth et al.   DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

The effects of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) on brain structure and function

(2018) A. Livny et al.   EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Cannabinoids: from pot to lab

(2018) Esther Papaseit et al.   International Journal of Medical Sciences

Pharmacodynamic effects, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid AM-2201 in male rats

(2018) Jeremy Carlier et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS

Psychosis and synthetic cannabinoids

(2018) Huiqiong Deng et al.   PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH

New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review

(2017) Ling-Yi Feng et al.   JOURNAL OF FOOD AND DRUG ANALYSIS

Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and of its metabolites in serum after inhalation

(2017) Stefan W. Toennes et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS

Determination of AB-CHMINACA and its metabolites in human hair and their deposition in hair of abusers

(2017) Juhyun Sim et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS

Synthetic Cannabinoid Use Among High School Seniors

(2017) Joseph J. Palamar et al.   PEDIATRICS

The effects of synthetic cannabinoids on executive function

(2017) K Cohen et al.   PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

The dark cloud of recreational drugs and vaping

(2017) M S Blundell et al.   QJM-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Application of a rapid μ-SPE clean-up for multiclass quantitative analysis of sixteen new psychoactive substances in whole blood by LC–MS/MS

(2017) Camilla Montesano et al.   TALANTA

Detection and Activity Profiling of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites with a Newly Developed Bioassay

(2016) Annelies Cannaert et al.   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

New psychoactive substances: an overview on recent publications on their toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics

(2016) Markus R. Meyer   ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY

An Introduction to the Endogenous Cannabinoid System

(2016) Hui-Chen Lu et al.   BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Approaches, Challenges, and Advances in Metabolism of New Synthetic Cannabinoids and Identification of Optimal Urinary Marker Metabolites

(2016) X Diao et al.   CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

Epidemiology and clinical features of toxicity following recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: a report from the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service

(2016) Jennifer Waugh et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of a new synthetic cannabinoid NM-2201 (CBL-2201)

(2016) Xingxing Diao et al.   Forensic Toxicology

Pharmacological evaluation of synthetic cannabinoids identified as constituents of spice

(2016) Cornelius Hess et al.   Forensic Toxicology

Analysis of Parent Synthetic Cannabinoids in Blood and Urinary Metabolites by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

(2016) Jessica L. Knittel et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

Quantitative Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Cannabis Products Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Diode Array/Mass Spectrometric Detection

(2016) Mei Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

Identification and quantification of metabolites of AB-CHMINACA in a urine specimen of an abuser

(2016) Amin Wurita et al.   Legal Medicine

Acute effects of synthetic cannabinoids: Update 2015

(2016) Juliana Tournebize et al.   Substance Abuse

Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Management of Acute Toxicity and Withdrawal

(2016) Ziva D. Cooper   Current Psychiatry Reports

Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules

(2016) Christelle M. Andre et al.   Frontiers in Plant Science

Identification and quantification of metabolites of AB-CHMINACA in a urine specimen of an abuser

(2016) Amin Wurita et al.   Legal Medicine

CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor As Potential Target against Alzheimer's Disease

(2016) Ester Aso et al.   Frontiers in Neuroscience

Acute Poisonings from Synthetic Cannabinoids — 50 U.S. Toxicology Investigators Consortium Registry Sites, 2010–2015

(2016) Anne M. Riederer et al.   MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT

CYP3A4 Mediates Oxidative Metabolism of the Synthetic Cannabinoid AKB-48

(2015) Niels Bjerre Holm et al.   AAPS Journal

Effects of Bioisosteric Fluorine in Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135

(2015) Samuel D. Banister et al.   ACS Chemical Neuroscience

Pharmacology of Indole and Indazole Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs AB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, ADB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB-PINACA, ADBICA, and 5F-ADBICA

(2015) Samuel D. Banister et al.   ACS Chemical Neuroscience

Synthetic Cannabinoids

(2015) Brooke Mills et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES

Determination of urinary metabolites of XLR-11 by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

(2015) Moonhee Jang et al.   ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

A systematic review of adverse events arising from the use of synthetic cannabinoids and their associated treatment

(2015) Robert J. Tait et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

Synthetic cannabinoid use in a nationally representative sample of US high school seniors

(2015) Joseph J. Palamar et al.   DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Synthetic cannabinoids pharmacokinetics and detection methods in biological matrices

(2015) Marisol S. Castaneto et al.   DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS

Detection of main metabolites of XLR-11 and its thermal degradation product in human hepatoma HepaRG cells and human urine

(2015) Tatsuyuki Kanamori et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoids UR-144 and XLR-11

(2015) Line Marie Nielsen et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoids

(2015) Ritva Karinen et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Identification of AB-FUBINACA metabolites in human hepatocytes and urine using high-resolution mass spectrometry

(2015) Marisol S. Castaneto et al.   Forensic Toxicology

The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects

(2015) Jan van Amsterdam et al.   JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Anti-Obesity Effect of the CB2 Receptor Agonist JWH-015 in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

(2015) A. N. A. Verty et al.   PLoS One

Cannabinoids: structures, effects, and classification

(2015) V. A. Shevyrin et al.   RUSSIAN CHEMICAL BULLETIN

Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cancer: current status and future implications

(2015) Bandana Chakravarti et al.   Oncotarget

Metabolism of JWH-015, JWH-098, JWH-251, and JWH-307 in silico and in vitro: a pilot study for the detection of unknown synthetic cannabinoids metabolites

(2014) Sabina Strano-Rossi et al.   ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Raising awareness of new psychoactive substances: chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity screening of ‘legal high’ packages containing synthetic cathinones

(2014) Ana Margarida Araújo et al.   ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY

Acute kidney injury associated with smoking synthetic cannabinoid

(2014) G. L. Buser et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

Synthetic cannabinoids: Epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications

(2014) Marisol S. Castaneto et al.   DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Study on the phase I metabolism of novel synthetic cannabinoids, APICA and its fluorinated analogue

(2014) Tim Sobolevsky et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

The cannabinoid agonist HU-210: Pseudo-irreversible discriminative stimulus effects in rhesus monkeys

(2014) Lenka Hruba et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Inhibitory effect of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP1A activity in mouse liver microsomes

(2014) Takashi Ashino et al.   JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES

What we know and do not know about the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2)

(2014) Anna Maria Malfitano et al.   SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Synthetic Cannabinoids: Use and Predictors in a Community Sample of Young Adults

(2014) Celeste M. Caviness et al.   Substance Abuse

LC/ESI-MS/MS method for quantification of 28 synthetic cannabinoids in neat oral fluid and its application to preliminary studies on their detection windows

(2013) Stefan Kneisel et al.   ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Targeted Metabolomic Approach for Assessing Human Synthetic Cannabinoid Exposure and Pharmacology

(2013) Amy L. Patton et al.   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

The K2/Spice Phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products

(2013) Lisa K. Brents et al.   DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS

UR-144 in products soldviathe Internet: Identification of related compounds and characterization of pyrolysis products

(2013) Pierce Kavanagh et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Spice/K2 drugs – more than innocent substitutes for marijuana

(2013) Jolanta B. Zawilska et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Use of High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry to Detect Reported and Previously Unreported Cannabinomimetics in "Herbal High" Products

(2013) S. Hudson et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

Detection and tentative identification of urinary phase I metabolites of phenylacetylindole cannabimimetics JWH-203 and JWH-251, by GC–MS and LC–MS/MS

(2013) Pierce Kavanagh et al.   JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES

K2 Toxicity: Fatal Case of Psychiatric Complications Following AM2201 Exposure

(2013) Amy L. Patton et al.   JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

Characteristics of the designer drug and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AM-2201 regarding its chemistry and metabolism

(2013) Melanie Hutter et al.   JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ9-THC: Mechanism underlying greater toxicity?

(2013) William E. Fantegrossi et al.   LIFE SCIENCES

Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids

(2013) Max Spaderna et al.   PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

In vivoandin vitrometabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-200

(2013) Nik De Brabanter et al.   RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY

Detection of JWH-018 and JWH-073 by UPLC-MS-MS in Postmortem Whole Blood Casework

(2012) K. G. Shanks et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

Identification of the major urinary metabolites in man of seven synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type present as adulterants in ‘herbal mixtures’ using LC-MS/MS techniques

(2012) M. Hutter et al.   JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

AM-251 and rimonabant act as direct antagonists at mu-opioid receptors: Implications for opioid/cannabinoid interaction studies

(2012) Kathryn A. Seely et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation for structural analysis of synthetic cannabinoids

(2012) Rabi A. Musah et al.   RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY

Rapid identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal samples via direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

(2012) Rabi A. Musah et al.   RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY

Quantitative Measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 Metabolites Excreted in Human Urine

(2011) Cindy L. Moran et al.   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Identification and quantitation of a benzoylindole (2-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone and a naphthoylindole 1-(5-fluoropentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(naphthalene-1-yl)methanone (AM-2201) found in illegal products obtained via the Internet and their cannabimimetic effects evaluated by in vitro [35S]GTPγS binding assays

(2011) Jun’ichi Nakajima et al.   Forensic Toxicology

Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Identification and Quantification of JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-019, and JWH-250 in Human Whole Blood

(2011) S. L. Kacinko et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

Gas and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of the synthetic phenylacetylindole cannabimimetic JWH-250, the psychoactive component of smoking mixtures

(2011) Andrej Grigoryev et al.   JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES

Phase I Hydroxylated Metabolites of the K2 Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 Retain In Vitro and In Vivo Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Affinity and Activity

(2011) Lisa K. Brents et al.   PLoS One

Phytocannabinoids beyond the Cannabis plant - do they exist?

(2010) J������rg Gertsch et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine

(2010) Tim Sobolevsky et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) in human serum by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

(2010) Jörg Teske et al.   JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES

Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds

(2010) Sebastian Dresen et al.   JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

Cannabinoids as novel anti-inflammatory drugs

(2009) Prakash Nagarkatti et al.   Future Medicinal Chemistry

‘Spice’ and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?

(2009) Volker Auwärter et al.   JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

A pilot study of faecal volatile organic compounds in faeces from cholera patients in Bangladesh to determine their utility in disease diagnosis

(2009) C.E. Garner et al.   TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE