A story of liver and gut microbes: how does the intestinal flora affect liver disease? A review of the literature

The Importance of Transaminases Flare in Liver Elastography: Characterization of the Probability of Liver Fibrosis Overestimation by Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Cytolysis

(2020) Mauro Giuffrè et al.   Microorganisms

Comparative metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal the breed effect on the rumen microbiome and its associations with feed efficiency in beef cattle

(2019) Fuyong Li et al.   Microbiome

Evaluation of spleen stiffness in healthy volunteers using point shear wave elastography

(2019) Mauro Giuffrè et al.   Annals of Hepatology

Green tea extract prevents obesity in male mice by alleviating gut dysbiosis in association with improved intestinal barrier function that limits endotoxin translocation and adipose inflammation

(2019) Priyankar Dey et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Proton pump inhibitors and dysbiosis: Current knowledge and aspects to be clarified

(2019) Giovanni Bruno et al.   WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Circulating Microbiota-Based Metagenomic Signature for Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2019) Eun Ju Cho et al.   Scientific Reports

Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of liver damage: From non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to liver transplantation

(2019) Alberto Nicoletti et al.   WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Spleen Stiffness Probability Index (SSPI): A simple and accurate method to detect esophageal varices in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis

(2019) Mauro Giuffrè et al.   Annals of Hepatology

Fatty Liver Disease Caused by High-Alcohol-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

(2019) Jing Yuan et al.   Cell Metabolism

Drug-Resistant E. coli Bacteremia Transmitted by Fecal Microbiota Transplant

(2019) Zachariah DeFilipp et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Lactulose drives a reversible reduction and qualitative modulation of the faecal microbiota diversity in healthy dogs

(2019) Marisa da Fonseca Ferreira et al.   Scientific Reports

Gut Dysbiosis Associated With Hepatitis C Virus Infection

(2018) Takako Inoue et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Effect of probiotic treatment on cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A meta-analysis

(2018) Qing Cao et al.   Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International

Molecular phenomics and metagenomics of hepatic steatosis in non-diabetic obese women

(2018) Lesley Hoyles et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Role of oral and gut microbiome in nitric oxide-mediated colon motility

(2018) Miriam Y. Walker et al.   NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY

OUP accepted manuscript

(2018)   NUTRITION REVIEWS

Gut microbiota characterisation in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery

(2018) G. Campisciano et al.   Beneficial Microbes

Effect of lactulose intervention on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid composition of C57BL/6J mice

(2018) Shixiang Zhai et al.   MicrobiologyOpen

Bile Acids, the Microbiome, Immunity, and Liver Tumors

(2018) Christoph Schramm   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer

(2018) Vishal Singh et al.   CELL

Epidemiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

(2018) Zobair M. Younossi et al.   TRANSPLANTATION

Gut microbial profile is altered in primary biliary cholangitis and partially restored after UDCA therapy

(2017) Ruqi Tang et al.   GUT

Suppressed hepatic bile acid signalling despite elevated production of primary and secondary bile acids in NAFLD

(2017) Na Jiao et al.   GUT

Recovery of ethanol-inducedAkkermansia muciniphiladepletion ameliorates alcoholic liver disease

(2017) Christoph Grander et al.   GUT

Fecal microbiota transplantation induces hepatitis B virus e-antigen (HBeAg) clearance in patients with positive HBeAg after long-term antiviral therapy

(2017) Yan-Dan Ren et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Fecal microbiota transplant from a rational stool donor improves hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized clinical trial

(2017) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Exact sequence variants should replace operational taxonomic units in marker-gene data analysis

(2017) Benjamin J Callahan et al.   ISME Journal

Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes

(2017) Li Wen et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

Intestinal microbiota in patients with chronic hepatitis C with and without cirrhosis compared with healthy controls

(2017) Benjamin Heidrich et al.   LIVER INTERNATIONAL

Microbial Ecology along the Gastrointestinal Tract

(2017) Ethan T. Hillman et al.   MICROBES AND ENVIRONMENTS

Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

(2017) Glenn R. Gibson et al.   Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gut barrier failure biomarkers are associated with poor disease outcome in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

(2017) Tamas Tornai et al.   WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Dysbiosis and Its Discontents

(2017) Katarzyna B. Hooks et al.   mBio

Gut Microbiota Promotes Obesity-Associated Liver Cancer through PGE 2 -Mediated Suppression of Antitumor Immunity

(2017) Tze Mun Loo et al.   Cancer Discovery

Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Is Associated with Altered Hepatic Functions and Serum Metabolites in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

(2017) Jing Wang et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

A critical assessment of the “sterile womb” and “in utero colonization” hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome

(2017) Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz et al.   Microbiome

Enterotypes in the landscape of gut microbial community composition

(2017) Paul I. Costea et al.   Nature Microbiology

Total Lipopolysaccharide from the Human Gut Microbiome Silences Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

(2017) Eva d’Hennezel et al.   mSystems

The features of mucosa-associated microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis

(2016) J. Torres et al.   ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

Saturated and Unsaturated Dietary Fats Differentially Modulate Ethanol-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in a Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease

(2016) Irina A. Kirpich et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Metagenomics and the Human Virome in Asymptomatic Individuals

(2016) Nicolás Rascovan et al.   Annual Review of Microbiology

Dual-Track Clearance of Circulating Bacteria Balances Rapid Restoration of Blood Sterility with Induction of Adaptive Immunity

(2016) Steven P. Broadley et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Intestinal Crosstalk between Bile Acids and Microbiota and Its Impact on Host Metabolism

(2016) Annika Wahlström et al.   Cell Metabolism

Alterations and correlations of the gut microbiome, metabolism and immunity in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis

(2016) Long-Xian Lv et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Primary sclerosing cholangitis: 50 years of a gut–liver relationship and still no love?

(2016) Tom H Karlsen   GUT

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD

(2016) João Sabino et al.   GUT

The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls

(2016) Martin Kummen et al.   GUT

Microbiota-induced obesity requires farnesoid X receptor

(2016) Ava Parséus et al.   GUT

Gut microbiota profiling of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obese patients unveiled by an integrated meta-omics-based approach

(2016) Federica Del Chierico et al.   HEPATOLOGY

The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota

(2016) Jérôme Boursier et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Glutamine supplementation attenuates ethanol-induced disruption of apical junctional complexes in colonic epithelium and ameliorates gut barrier dysfunction and fatty liver in mice

(2016) Kamaljit K. Chaudhry et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Probiotic use in at-risk populations

(2016) Mary Ellen Sanders et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PHARMACISTS ASSOCIATION

Bidirectional Communication between Liver and Gut during Alcoholic Liver Disease

(2016) Peter Stärkel et al.   SEMINARS IN LIVER DISEASE

Probiotics and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Treatment and Potential Mechanisms

(2016) Fengyuan Li et al.   Gastroenterology Research and Practice

Gut microbiome alterations in patients with stage 4 hepatitis C

(2016) AbdelRahman Mahmoud Aly et al.   Gut Pathogens

Impaired Gut-Liver-Brain Axis in Patients with Cirrhosis

(2016) Vishwadeep Ahluwalia et al.   Scientific Reports

Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body

(2016) Ron Sender et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Feed your gut with caution!

(2016) Vishal Singh et al.   Translational Cancer Research

Bile Acids and Dysbiosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

(2016) Marialena Mouzaki et al.   PLoS One

Systematic Review: Adverse Events of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

(2016) Sinan Wang et al.   PLoS One

Associations of gut-flora-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide, betaine and choline with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults

(2016) Yu-ming Chen et al.   Scientific Reports

Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid

(2016) Maria Carmen Collado et al.   Scientific Reports

Alteration of the serum microbiome composition in cirrhotic patients with ascites

(2016) Alba Santiago et al.   Scientific Reports

Dysbiosis of small intestinal microbiota in liver cirrhosis and its association with etiology

(2016) Yanfei Chen et al.   Scientific Reports

The complete 12 Mb genome and transcriptome of Nonomuraea gerenzanensis with new insights into its duplicated “magic” RNA polymerase

(2016) Valeria D’Argenio et al.   Scientific Reports

Clinical and Pathophysiological Consequences of Alterations in the Microbiome in Cirrhosis

(2015) Jane Macnaughtan et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Method Optimization for Fecal Sample Collection and Fecal DNA Extraction

(2015) Conny Mathay et al.   BIOPRESERVATION AND BIOBANKING

Improved taxonomic assignment of human intestinal 16S rRNA sequences by a dedicated reference database

(2015) Jarmo Ritari et al.   BMC GENOMICS

Supplementation of Saturated Long-Chain Fatty Acids Maintains Intestinal Eubiosis and Reduces Ethanol-induced Liver Injury in Mice

(2015) Peng Chen et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

Salivary microbiota reflects changes in gut microbiota in cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy

(2015) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Oxidative stress promotes pathologic polyploidization in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

(2015) Géraldine Gentric et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Gut/brain axis and the microbiota

(2015) Emeran A. Mayer et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Gut dysbiosis in acute-on-chronic liver failure and its predictive value for mortality

(2015) Yanfei Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY

Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory liver injury in mice

(2015) K Hamesch et al.   LABORATORY ANIMALS

Digestive tract mycobiota: A source of infection

(2015) N. Gouba et al.   MEDECINE ET MALADIES INFECTIEUSES

Age-related immune clearance of hepatitis B virus infection requires the establishment of gut microbiota

(2015) Han-Hsuan Chou et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Intestinal Microbiota Composition Modulates Choline Bioavailability from Diet and Accumulation of the Proatherogenic Metabolite Trimethylamine- N -Oxide

(2015) Kymberleigh A. Romano et al.   mBio

Method Optimization for Fecal Sample Collection and Fecal DNA Extraction

(2015) Conny Mathay et al.   Biopreservation and Biobanking

Sample storage conditions significantly influence faecal microbiome profiles

(2015) Jocelyn M Choo et al.   Scientific Reports

Dysbiosis gut microbiota associated with inflammation and impaired mucosal immune function in intestine of humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

(2015) Weiwei Jiang et al.   Scientific Reports

Fecal microbiota transplantation: in perspective

(2015) Shaan Gupta et al.   Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology

The Effects of Freezing on Faecal Microbiota as Determined Using MiSeq Sequencing and Culture-Based Investigations

(2015) Fiona Fouhy et al.   PLoS One

Oral Administration of P. gingivalis Induces Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Impaired Barrier Function Leading to Dissemination of Enterobacteria to the Liver

(2015) Mayuka Nakajima et al.   PLoS One

Gut Microbiota Alterations can predict Hospitalizations in Cirrhosis Independent of Diabetes Mellitus

(2015) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   Scientific Reports

Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus GG modulates gut microbiome, metabolome and endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis

(2014) J. S. Bajaj et al.   ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

Systems biology analysis of omeprazole therapy in cirrhosis demonstrates significant shifts in gut microbiota composition and function

(2014) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY

Colonic inflammation and secondary bile acids in alcoholic cirrhosis

(2014) Genta Kakiyama et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY

Complete sequencing of Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y reveals a biotechnologically meaningful metabolic pattern

(2014) Valeria D’Argenio et al.   BMC GENOMICS

Bacteria from Diverse Habitats Colonize and Compete in the Mouse Gut

(2014) Henning Seedorf et al.   CELL

The Treatment-Naive Microbiome in New-Onset Crohn’s Disease

(2014) Dirk Gevers et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Bile acids and the gut microbiome

(2014) Jason M. Ridlon et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN GASTROENTEROLOGY

A Hypothesis

(2014) Lidewine Daniels et al.   DISEASES OF THE COLON & RECTUM

The Mucosa-associated Microbiota of PSC Patients is Characterized by Low Diversity and Low Abundance of Uncultured Clostridiales II

(2014) Noortje G. Rossen et al.   Journal of Crohns & Colitis

Flavin containing monooxygenase 3 exerts broad effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis

(2014) Diana M. Shih et al.   JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH

Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis

(2014) Nan Qin et al.   NATURE

Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity

(2014) Sophie Leclercq et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The Liver May Act as a Firewall Mediating Mutualism Between the Host and Its Gut Commensal Microbiota

(2014) M. L. Balmer et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Exploiting gut bacteriophages for human health

(2014) Marion Dalmasso et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Abnormal fecal microbiota community and functions in patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis as revealed by a metagenomic approach

(2013) Xiao Wei et al.   BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY

Fecal Microbiome and Volatile Organic Compound Metabolome in Obese Humans With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

(2013) Maitreyi Raman et al.   Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Cancer Cells Promotes Cell Survival and Proliferation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2013) Lili Wang et al.   DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES

Microbiota-liver axis in hepatic disease

(2013) Benoit Chassaing et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications

(2013) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis

(2013) James R. Cole et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Archaea and Fungi of the Human Gut Microbiome: Correlations with Diet and Bacterial Residents

(2013) Christian Hoffmann et al.   PLoS One

Molecular Characterization of the Fecal Microbiota in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis – A Longitudinal Study

(2013) Vincent Wai-Sun Wong et al.   PLoS One

Review article: the emerging interplay among the gastrointestinal tract, bile acids and incretins in the pathogenesis of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

(2012) A. Zarrinpar et al.   ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

Colonic mucosal microbiome differs from stool microbiome in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy and is linked to cognition and inflammation

(2012) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY

Involvement of a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

(2012) Masato Yoneda et al.   BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY

Toll-like receptor 4 signaling promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma induced by lipopolysaccharide

(2012) Ying-Ying Jing et al.   BMC Medicine

Storage conditions of intestinal microbiota matter in metagenomic analysis

(2012) Silvia Cardona et al.   BMC MICROBIOLOGY

Promotion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by the Intestinal Microbiota and TLR4

(2012) Dianne H. Dapito et al.   CANCER CELL

The Prevalence of Overgrowth by Aerobic Bacteria in the Small Intestine by Small Bowel Culture: Relationship with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

(2012) Emmannouil Pyleris et al.   DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES

Butyrate Enhances Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function via Up-Regulation of Tight Junction Protein Claudin-1 Transcription

(2012) Hong-Bo Wang et al.   DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES

Toll-Like Receptor 2–Mediated Intestinal Injury and Enteric Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I Contribute to Liver Fibrosis in Mice

(2012) Phillipp Hartmann et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: A connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH

(2012) Lixin Zhu et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Hepatic uptake and deacylation of the LPS in bloodborne LPS-lipoprotein complexes

(2012) Baomei Shao et al.   Innate Immunity

Profound impact of gut homeostasis on chemically-induced pro-tumorigenic inflammation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

(2012) Hui-Lu Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

A longitudinal systems biology analysis of lactulose withdrawal in hepatic encephalopathy

(2012) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE

Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome

(2012)   NATURE

A complex microworld in the gut: Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease connectivity

(2012) Michael R Howitt et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools

(2012) Christian Quast et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Characterization of the Fecal Microbiota Using High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals a Stable Microbial Community during Storage

(2012) Ian M. Carroll et al.   PLoS One

Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy

(2011) Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY

Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis

(2011) Yanfei Chen et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Assessment of the Fecal Lactobacilli Population in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Decompensated Cirrhosis and Hepatitis B Cirrhosis Treated with Liver Transplant

(2011) Zhong-Wen Wu et al.   MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Changes of Fecal Bifidobacterium Species in Adult Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Chronic Liver Disease

(2011) Min Xu et al.   MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Intestinal Microbiota Was Assessed in Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatitis B Virus Infection

(2011) Haifeng Lu et al.   MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Secretory IgA's complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut

(2011) N J Mantis et al.   Mucosal Immunology

Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease

(2011) Zeneng Wang et al.   NATURE

Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome

(2011) Manimozhiyan Arumugam et al.   NATURE

Metatranscriptomic Approach to Analyze the Functional Human Gut Microbiota

(2011) María José Gosalbes et al.   PLoS One

Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve

(2011) J. A. Bravo et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Not all lactic acid bacteria are probiotics, …but some are

(2010) V. Azaïs-Braesco et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis Increase Mortality Four-Fold and Should Be Used in Determining Prognosis

(2010) Vasiliki Arvaniti et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data

(2010) J Gregory Caporaso et al.   NATURE METHODS

Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults

(2010) Nadja Larsen et al.   PLoS One

Obesity and the human microbiome

(2009) Ruth E Ley   CURRENT OPINION IN GASTROENTEROLOGY

Association Between Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Peripheral Bacterial DNA in Cirrhotic Patients

(2009) Dae Won Jun et al.   DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES

Towards the human intestinal microbiota phylogenetic core

(2009) Julien Tap et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

(2009) Luca Miele et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Butyrate-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Human Colonic Mucosa

(2009) Steven A. L. W. Vanhoutvin et al.   PLoS One

Role of TLR9 in hepatic stellate cells and experimental liver fibrosis

(2008) Erwin Gäbele et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Fungi and inflammatory bowel diseases: Alterations of composition and diversity

(2008) Stephan J. Ott et al.   SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY