CRISPR technology: A decade of genome editing is only the beginning

Engineered virus-like particles for efficient in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins

(2022) Samagya Banskota et al.   CELL

Delivery of CRISPR-Cas tools for in vivo genome editing therapy: Trends and challenges

(2022) Eman A. Taha et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Genome-edited powdery mildew resistance in wheat without growth penalties

(2022) Shengnan Li et al.   NATURE

Saturation variant interpretation using CRISPR prime editing

(2022) Steven Erwood et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A split prime editor with untethered reverse transcriptase and circular RNA template

(2022) Bin Liu et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Structural biology of CRISPR–Cas immunity and genome editing enzymes

(2022) Joy Y. Wang et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Imperfect guide-RNA (igRNA) enables CRISPR single-base editing with ABE and CBE

(2022) Dongdong Zhao et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization

(2022) Nathan H. Cho et al.   SCIENCE

Multiplex base- and prime-editing with drive-and-process CRISPR arrays

(2022) Qichen Yuan et al.   Nature Communications

Increasing the Targeting Scope of CRISPR Base Editing System Beyond NGG

(2022) Si-Yue Yu et al.   CRISPR Journal

Base editors hit the clinic

(2022) Katie Kingwell   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Predicting CRISPR/Cas9 Repair Outcomes by Attention-Based Deep Learning Framework

(2022) Xiuqin Liu et al.   Cells

In vivo base editing rescues Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome in mice

(2021) Luke W. Koblan et al.   NATURE

Massively parallel assessment of human variants with base editor screens

(2021) Ruth E. Hanna et al.   CELL

A route to de novo domestication of wild allotetraploid rice

(2021) Hong Yu et al.   CELL

Functional interrogation of DNA damage response variants with base editing screens

(2021) Raquel Cuella-Martin et al.   CELL

Characterizing the molecular regulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints with multimodal single-cell screens

(2021) Efthymia Papalexi et al.   NATURE GENETICS

The Cas9 Hammer—and Sickle: A Challenge for Genome Editors

(2021) Fyodor D. Urnov   CRISPR Journal

In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates

(2021) Kiran Musunuru et al.   NATURE

Programmable RNA editing with compact CRISPR–Cas13 systems from uncultivated microbes

(2021) Chunlong Xu et al.   NATURE METHODS

Autologous Ex Vivo Lentiviral Gene Therapy for Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency

(2021) Donald B. Kohn et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Genome editing reagent delivery in plants

(2021) Rishikesh Ghogare et al.   TRANSGENIC RESEARCH

Rationally Designed Base Editors for Precise Editing of the Sickle Cell Disease Mutation

(2021) S. Haihua Chu et al.   CRISPR Journal

CROTON: an automated and variant-aware deep learning framework for predicting CRISPR/Cas9 editing outcomes

(2021) Victoria R Li et al.   BIOINFORMATICS

Gene therapy for sickle cell disease: moving from the bench to the bedside

(2021) Allistair A. Abraham et al.   BLOOD

Prime editing – an update on the field

(2021) Janine Scholefield et al.   GENE THERAPY

Engineered miniature CRISPR-Cas system for mammalian genome regulation and editing

(2021) Xiaoshu Xu et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

A new era in functional genomics screens

(2021) Laralynne Przybyla et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

CRISPR-Cas9 In Vivo Gene Editing for Transthyretin Amyloidosis

(2021) Julian D. Gillmore et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Improved CRISPR genome editing using small highly active and specific engineered RNA-guided nucleases

(2021) Moritz J. Schmidt et al.   Nature Communications

Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 and transgenes enables complex immune cell engineering

(2021) Jennifer R. Hamilton et al.   Cell Reports

Evaluating CRISPR-based prime editing for cancer modeling and CFTR repair in organoids

(2021) Maarten H Geurts et al.   Life Science Alliance

Engineered pegRNAs improve prime editing efficiency

(2021) James W. Nelson et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Programmable deletion, replacement, integration and inversion of large DNA sequences with twin prime editing

(2021) Andrew V. Anzalone et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

GABA-enriched tomato is first CRISPR-edited food to enter market

(2021) Emily Waltz   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A general theoretical framework to design base editors with reduced bystander effects

(2021) Qian Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Comprehensive deletion landscape of CRISPR-Cas9 identifies minimal RNA-guided DNA-binding modules

(2021) Arik Shams et al.   Nature Communications

Multiplex Genome-Editing Technologies for Revolutionizing Plant Biology and Crop Improvement

(2021) Mohamed Abdelrahman et al.   Frontiers in Plant Science

CRISPR-Cas9 to induce fetal hemoglobin for the treatment of sickle cell disease

(2021) Selami Demirci et al.   Molecular Therapy-Methods & Clinical Development

Genome editing methods in animal models

(2020) Hyunji Lee et al.   Animal Cells and Systems

Generalizable sgRNA design for improved CRISPR/Cas9 editing efficiency

(2020) Kasidet Hiranniramol et al.   BIOINFORMATICS

RNA-Targeting CRISPR–Cas Systems and Their Applications

(2020) Michal Burmistrz et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

RNA-targeting CRISPR systems from metagenomic discovery to transcriptomic engineering

(2020) Aaron A. Smargon et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Bridge helix arginines play a critical role in Cas9 sensitivity to mismatches

(2020) Majda Bratovič et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

CRISPR-mediated accelerated domestication of African rice landraces

(2020) Elia Lacchini et al.   PLoS One

Pooled In Vitro and In Vivo CRISPR-Cas9 Screening Identifies Tumor Suppressors in Human Colon Organoids

(2020) Birgitta E. Michels et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Cas9 activates the p53 pathway and selects for p53-inactivating mutations

(2020) Oana M. Enache et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Genome editing with the CRISPR‐Cas system: an art, ethics and global regulatory perspective

(2020) Debin Zhang et al.   PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Unconstrained genome targeting with near-PAMless engineered CRISPR-Cas9 variants

(2020) Russell T. Walton et al.   SCIENCE

Cytosine base editors with minimized unguided DNA and RNA off-target events and high on-target activity

(2020) Yi Yu et al.   Nature Communications

Extracellular nanovesicles for packaging of CRISPR-Cas9 protein and sgRNA to induce therapeutic exon skipping

(2020) Peter Gee et al.   Nature Communications

Improving the efficiency of precise genome editing with site-specific Cas9-oligonucleotide conjugates

(2020) Xinyu Ling et al.   Science Advances

Recent Advances in CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery Strategies

(2020) Bon Ham Yip   Biomolecules

Determinants of Base Editing Outcomes from Target Library Analysis and Machine Learning

(2020) Mandana Arbab et al.   CELL

Genome editing with CRISPR–Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors

(2020) Andrew V. Anzalone et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

CRISPR C-to-G base editors for inducing targeted DNA transversions in human cells

(2020) Ibrahim C. Kurt et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

The delivery challenge: fulfilling the promise of therapeutic genome editing

(2020) Joost van Haasteren et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Multicopy Chromosomal Integration Using CRISPR-Associated Transposases

(2020) Yiwen Zhang et al.   ACS Synthetic Biology

Genome scale analysis of pathogenic variants targetable for single base editing

(2020) Alexander V. Lavrov et al.   BMC Medical Genomics

CRISPR-Cas9 DNA Base-Editing and Prime-Editing

(2020) Ariel Kantor et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Base editing: advances and therapeutic opportunities

(2020) Elizabeth M. Porto et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Applications of CRISPR–Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology

(2020) Haocheng Zhu et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Prime editing for functional repair in patient-derived disease models

(2020) Imre F. Schene et al.   Nature Communications

Multiplexed Functional Assessment of Genetic Variants in CARD11

(2020) Iana Meitlis et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

CRISPR RNA-guided integrases for high-efficiency, multiplexed bacterial genome engineering

(2020) Phuc Leo H. Vo et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia

(2020) Haydar Frangoul et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Development of a gene-editing approach to restore vision loss in Leber congenital amaurosis type 10

(2019) Morgan L. Maeder et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Viral Delivery Systems for CRISPR

(2019) Christine Xu et al.   Viruses-Basel

Gene Editing in Plants– Progress and Challenges

(2019) Yanfei Mao et al.   National Science Review

CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing induces megabase-scale chromosomal truncations

(2019) Grégoire Cullot et al.   Nature Communications

Identification of preexisting adaptive immunity to Cas9 proteins in humans

(2019) Carsten T. Charlesworth et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Transcriptome-wide off-target RNA editing induced by CRISPR-guided DNA base editors

(2019) Julian Grünewald et al.   NATURE

Multiplexed detection of proteins, transcriptomes, clonotypes and CRISPR perturbations in single cells

(2019) Eleni P. Mimitou et al.   NATURE METHODS

Origins and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems

(2019) Eugene V. Koonin et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Analysis and minimization of cellular RNA editing by DNA adenine base editors

(2019) Holly A. Rees et al.   Science Advances

Off-target RNA mutation induced by DNA base editing and its elimination by mutagenesis

(2019) Changyang Zhou et al.   NATURE

Transposon-encoded CRISPR–Cas systems direct RNA-guided DNA integration

(2019) Sanne E. Klompe et al.   NATURE

Massively parallel profiling and predictive modeling of the outcomes of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated double-strand break repair

(2019) Wei Chen et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Base Editing in Crops: Current Advances, Limitations, and Future Implications

(2019) Rukmini Mishra et al.   PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

RNA-guided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposases

(2019) Jonathan Strecker et al.   SCIENCE

High-resolution specificity profiling and off-target prediction for site-specific DNA recombinases

(2019) Jeffrey L. Bessen et al.   Nature Communications

CRISPR-READI: Efficient Generation of Knockin Mice by CRISPR RNP Electroporation and AAV Donor Infection

(2019) Sean Chen et al.   Cell Reports

CRISPR DNA base editors with reduced RNA off-target and self-editing activities

(2019) Julian Grünewald et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

CRISPR-mediated live imaging of genome editing and transcription

(2019) Haifeng Wang et al.   SCIENCE

Applications of multiplex genome editing in higher plants

(2019) Victoria Armario Najera et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in nonhuman primates

(2019) Yu Kang et al.   Disease Models & Mechanisms

Super-precise new CRISPR tool could tackle a plethora of genetic diseases

(2019) Heidi Ledford   NATURE

Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA

(2019) Andrew V. Anzalone et al.   NATURE

Engineered materials for in vivo delivery of genome-editing machinery

(2019) Sheng Tong et al.   Nature Reviews Materials

Advances in genome editing through control of DNA repair pathways

(2019) Charles D. Yeh et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Delivering CRISPR: a review of the challenges and approaches

(2018) Christopher A. Lino et al.   DRUG DELIVERY

CRISPR Ethics: Moral Considerations for Applications of a Powerful Tool

(2018) Carolyn Brokowski et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Receptor-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 Endonuclease for Cell-Type-Specific Gene Editing

(2018) Romain Rouet et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Base editing with a Cpf1–cytidine deaminase fusion

(2018) Xiaosa Li et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A highly specific SpCas9 variant is identified by in vivo screening in yeast

(2018) Antonio Casini et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

p53 inhibits CRISPR–Cas9 engineering in human pluripotent stem cells

(2018) Robert J. Ihry et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Efficient mouse genome engineering by CRISPR-EZ technology

(2018) Andrew J Modzelewski et al.   Nature Protocols

Nonviral gene editing via CRISPR/Cas9 delivery by membrane-disruptive and endosomolytic helical polypeptide

(2018) Hong-Xia Wang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity

(2018) Janice S. Chen et al.   SCIENCE

In vivo base editing of post-mitotic sensory cells

(2018) Wei-Hsi Yeh et al.   Nature Communications

Accurate classification of BRCA1 variants with saturation genome editing

(2018) Gregory M. Findlay et al.   NATURE

Evolved Cas9 variants with broad PAM compatibility and high DNA specificity

(2018) Johnny H. Hu et al.   NATURE

A high-fidelity Cas9 mutant delivered as a ribonucleoprotein complex enables efficient gene editing in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

(2018) Christopher A. Vakulskas et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

CRISPR-Cas guides the future of genetic engineering

(2018) Gavin J. Knott et al.   SCIENCE

Protein Barcodes Enable High-Dimensional Single-Cell CRISPR Screens

(2018) Aleksandra Wroblewska et al.   CELL

Coupled Single-Cell CRISPR Screening and Epigenomic Profiling Reveals Causal Gene Regulatory Networks

(2018) Adam J. Rubin et al.   CELL

Domestication of wild tomato is accelerated by genome editing

(2018) Tingdong Li et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells

(2018) Holly A. Rees et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Programmed DNA destruction by miniature CRISPR-Cas14 enzymes

(2018) Lucas B. Harrington et al.   SCIENCE

Improving Gene Editing Outcomes in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells by Temporal Control of DNA Repair

(2018) Anastasia Lomova et al.   STEM CELLS

Genome editing in primary cells and in vivo using viral-derived Nanoblades loaded with Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins

(2018) Philippe E. Mangeot et al.   Nature Communications

Optimized libraries for CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screens with multiple modalities

(2018) Kendall R. Sanson et al.   Nature Communications

Treatment of autosomal dominant hearing loss by in vivo delivery of genome editing agents

(2017) Xue Gao et al.   NATURE

Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage

(2017) Nicole M. Gaudelli et al.   NATURE

In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Ptpn2 as a cancer immunotherapy target

(2017) Robert T. Manguso et al.   NATURE

Efficient genome editing in the mouse brain by local delivery of engineered Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes

(2017) Brett T Staahl et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Pooled CRISPR screening with single-cell transcriptome readout

(2017) Paul Datlinger et al.   NATURE METHODS

AAV-mediated direct in vivo CRISPR screen identifies functional suppressors in glioblastoma

(2017) Ryan D Chow et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Am I ready for CRISPR? A user's guide to genetic screens

(2017) John G. Doench   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

A multi-purpose toolkit to enable advanced genome engineering in plants

(2017) Tomas Cermak et al.   PLANT CELL

Simultaneous modification of three homoeologs of TaEDR1 by genome editing enhances powdery mildew resistance in wheat

(2017) Yunwei Zhang et al.   PLANT JOURNAL

Recruitment of CRISPR-Cas systems by Tn7-like transposons

(2017) Joseph E. Peters et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CRISPR slices virus genes out of pigs, but will it make organ transplants to humans safer?

(2017) Kelly Servick   SCIENCE

RNA editing with CRISPR-Cas13

(2017) David B. T. Cox et al.   SCIENCE

Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9

(2017) Dong Niu et al.   SCIENCE

Improved base excision repair inhibition and bacteriophage Mu Gam protein yields C:G-to-T:A base editors with higher efficiency and product purity

(2017) Alexis C. Komor et al.   Science Advances

Nanoparticle delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and donor DNA in vivo induces homology-directed DNA repair

(2017) Kunwoo Lee et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

Perturb-Seq: Dissecting Molecular Circuits with Scalable Single-Cell RNA Profiling of Pooled Genetic Screens

(2016) Atray Dixit et al.   CELL

Cre Recombinase and Other Tyrosine Recombinases

(2016) Gretchen Meinke et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

A Single Transcript CRISPR-Cas9 System for Efficient Genome Editing in Plants

(2016) Xu Tang et al.   Molecular Plant

Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage

(2016) Alexis C. Komor et al.   NATURE

High-fidelity CRISPR–Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects

(2016) Benjamin P. Kleinstiver et al.   NATURE

Two distinct RNase activities of CRISPR-C2c2 enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection

(2016) Alexandra East-Seletsky et al.   NATURE

Enhancing homology-directed genome editing by catalytically active and inactive CRISPR-Cas9 using asymmetric donor DNA

(2016) Christopher D Richardson et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems

(2016) K. Nishida et al.   SCIENCE

Post-translational Regulation of Cas9 during G1 Enhances Homology-Directed Repair

(2016) Tony Gutschner et al.   Cell Reports

Genome-wide CRISPR Screen in a Mouse Model of Tumor Growth and Metastasis

(2015) Sidi Chen et al.   CELL

Progress and challenges in viral vector manufacturing

(2015) Johannes C.M. van der Loo et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

A Robust CRISPR/Cas9 System for Convenient, High-Efficiency Multiplex Genome Editing in Monocot and Dicot Plants

(2015) Xingliang Ma et al.   Molecular Plant

ClinVar: public archive of interpretations of clinically relevant variants

(2015) Melissa J. Landrum et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

A CRISPR/Cas9 Toolbox for Multiplexed Plant Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation

(2015) Levi G. Lowder et al.   PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Boosting CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex editing capability with the endogenous tRNA-processing system

(2015) Kabin Xie et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Generation of Knockin Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Lacking Undesired Mutations at the Targeted Locus

(2015) Florian T. Merkle et al.   Cell Reports

Precision cancer mouse models through genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9

(2015) Haiwei Mou et al.   Genome Medicine

Off-target Effects in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Genome Engineering

(2015) Xiao-Hui Zhang et al.   Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids

Simultaneous Reprogramming and Gene Correction of Patient Fibroblasts

(2015) Sara E. Howden et al.   Stem Cell Reports

Cas-OFFinder: a fast and versatile algorithm that searches for potential off-target sites of Cas9 RNA-guided endonucleases

(2014) S. Bae et al.   BIOINFORMATICS

A CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for multiplex genome editing in plants

(2014) Hui-Li Xing et al.   BMC PLANT BIOLOGY

Current strategies for DNA therapy based on lipid nanocarriers

(2014) Andrea Pensado et al.   Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Gene disruption by cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of Cas9 protein and guide RNA

(2014) S. Ramakrishna et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Saturation editing of genomic regions by multiplex homology-directed repair

(2014) Gregory M. Findlay et al.   NATURE

Improved vectors and genome-wide libraries for CRISPR screening

(2014) Neville E Sanjana et al.   NATURE METHODS

E-CRISP: fast CRISPR target site identification

(2014) Florian Heigwer et al.   NATURE METHODS

Generating genetically modified mice using CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering

(2014) Hui Yang et al.   Nature Protocols

Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery

(2014) Steven Lin et al.   eLife

One-Step Generation of Mice Carrying Mutations in Multiple Genes by CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Engineering

(2013) Haoyi Wang et al.   CELL

Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression

(2013) Lei S. Qi et al.   CELL

One-Step Generation of Mice Carrying Reporter and Conditional Alleles by CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Engineering

(2013) Hui Yang et al.   CELL

Dynamic Imaging of Genomic Loci in Living Human Cells by an Optimized CRISPR/Cas System

(2013) Baohui Chen et al.   CELL

CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes

(2013) Luke A. Gilbert et al.   CELL

Targeted genome engineering in human cells with the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease

(2013) Seung Woo Cho et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9

(2013) P. Mali et al.   SCIENCE

Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems

(2013) L. Cong et al.   SCIENCE

Repair of Strand Breaks by Homologous Recombination

(2013) M. Jasin et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells

(2013) Martin Jinek et al.   eLife

Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria

(2012) G. Gasiunas et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity

(2012) M. Jinek et al.   SCIENCE

Recombinase technology: applications and possibilities

(2010) Yueju Wang et al.   PLANT CELL REPORTS

Effect of Genome Size on AAV Vector Packaging

(2009) Zhijian Wu et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

Small CRISPR RNAs Guide Antiviral Defense in Prokaryotes

(2008) S. J. J. Brouns et al.   SCIENCE