The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions

Semen virome of men with HIV on or off anti-retroviral treatment

(2020) Yanpeng Li et al.   AIDS

Bacteriophages Isolated from Stunted Children Can Regulate Gut Bacterial Communities in an Age-Specific Manner

(2020) Mohammadali Khan Mirzaei et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

New insights into intestinal phages

(2020) R. Sausset et al.   Mucosal Immunology

Giant virus diversity and host interactions through global metagenomics

(2020) Frederik Schulz et al.   NATURE

Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Health Benefits, Potential Applications in Infant Formulas, and Pharmacology

(2020) Michał Wiciński et al.   Nutrients

Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses

(2020) Michael J Tisza et al.   eLife

How Phages Overcome the Challenges of Drug Resistant Bacteria in Clinical Infections

(2020) Majid Taati Moghadam et al.   Infection and Drug Resistance

Expansion of known ssRNA phage genomes: From tens to over a thousand

(2020) J. Callanan et al.   Science Advances

Dietary prophage inducers and antimicrobials: toward landscaping the human gut microbiome

(2020) Lance Boling et al.   Gut Microbes

grabseqs: simple downloading of reads and metadata from multiple next-generation sequencing data repositories

(2020) Louis J Taylor et al.   BIOINFORMATICS

The dynamics of the stool virome in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease

(2020) Guanxiang Liang et al.   Journal of Crohns & Colitis

The stepwise assembly of the neonatal virome is modulated by breastfeeding

(2020) Guanxiang Liang et al.   NATURE

Metagenomic Detection of Two Vientoviruses in a Human Sputum Sample

(2020) Fernando Lázaro-Perona et al.   Viruses-Basel

Vertically Transferred Immunity in Neonates: Mothers, Mechanisms and Mediators

(2020) Marie Albrecht et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Growth velocity in children with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction is associated with specific bacterial and viral taxa of the gastrointestinal tract in Malawian children

(2020) Chandni Desai et al.   PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Human-Gut-DNA Virome Variations across Geography, Ethnicity, and Urbanization

(2020) Tao Zuo et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

The Gut Virome Database Reveals Age-Dependent Patterns of Virome Diversity in the Human Gut

(2020) Ann C. Gregory et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Redondovirus DNA in human respiratory samples

(2020) Pietro Giorgio Spezia et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY

Characterization of the Vaginal DNA Virome in Health and Dysbiosis

(2020) Rasmus Riemer Jakobsen et al.   Viruses-Basel

Persistent Detection and Infectious Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Clinical Specimens from COVID-19 Patients

(2020) Michael Zapor   Viruses-Basel

Effectiveness of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients in Routine Clinical Care: A Multicenter Study

(2019) H Nina Kim et al.   Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Sunbeam: an extensible pipeline for analyzing metagenomic sequencing experiments

(2019) Erik L. Clarke et al.   Microbiome

Bacteriophage trigger antiviral immunity and prevent clearance of bacterial infection

(2019) Johanna M. Sweere et al.   SCIENCE

The repertoire of maternal anti-viral antibodies in human newborns

(2019) Christian Pou et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Gut mucosal virome alterations in ulcerative colitis

(2019) Tao Zuo et al.   GUT

Expansion of Bacteriophages Is Linked to Aggravated Intestinal Inflammation and Colitis

(2019) Lasha Gogokhia et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

(2019) Kaitlyn E. Kortright et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Virome Diversity Correlates with Intestinal Microbiome Diversity in Adult Monozygotic Twins

(2019) J. Leonardo Moreno-Gallego et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Bacteriophages of the Human Gut: The “Known Unknown” of the Microbiome

(2019) Andrey N. Shkoporov et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Does the human placenta delivered at term have a microbiota? Results of cultivation, quantitative real-time PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metagenomics

(2019) Kevin R. Theis et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

Redondoviridae, a Family of Small, Circular DNA Viruses of the Human Oro-Respiratory Tract Associated with Periodontitis and Critical Illness

(2019) Arwa A. Abbas et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Bacteriophages of the lower urinary tract

(2019) Andrea Garretto et al.   Nature Reviews Urology

The Healthy Human Blood Microbiome: Fact or Fiction?

(2019) Diego J. Castillo et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Viral complementation of immunodeficiency confers protection against enteric pathogens via interferon-λ

(2019) Harshad Ingle et al.   Nature Microbiology

Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens

(2019) Marcus C. de Goffau et al.   NATURE

National, regional, and global levels and trends in neonatal mortality between 1990 and 2017, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis

(2019) Lucia Hug et al.   Lancet Global Health

Virus structures constrain transmission modes

(2019) Frederic D. Bushman et al.   Nature Microbiology

Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage

(2019) Robert A. Edwards et al.   Nature Microbiology

Virome–host interactions in intestinal health and disease

(2019) Sang-Uk Seo et al.   Current Opinion in Virology

The Virome of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Viruses Where We Once Thought There Were None

(2019) Chandrabali Ghose et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

The Human Gut Virome Is Highly Diverse, Stable, and Individual Specific

(2019) Andrey N. Shkoporov et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Metagenomics of the faecal virome indicate a cumulative effect of enterovirus and gluten amount on the risk of coeliac disease autoimmunity in genetically at risk children: the TEDDY study

(2019) Katri Lindfors et al.   GUT

Detecting contamination in viromes using ViromeQC

(2019) Moreno Zolfo et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Commensal viruses maintain intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via noncanonical RIG-I signaling

(2019) Lei Liu et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Viruses RIG up intestinal immunity

(2019) Sanghyun Lee et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Gut Bacteriophage: Current Understanding and Challenges

(2019) Thomas D. S. Sutton et al.   Frontiers in Endocrinology

Vibrio cholerae at the Intersection of Immunity and the Microbiome

(2019) Ana A. Weil et al.   mSphere

Whole-Virome Analysis Sheds Light on Viral Dark Matter in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

(2019) Adam G. Clooney et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Optimality of the spontaneous prophage induction rate

(2019) Michael G. Cortes et al.   JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY

Discordant transmission of bacteria and viruses from mothers to babies at birth

(2019) Rabia Maqsood et al.   Microbiome

Microbial Lineages in Sarcoidosis. A Metagenomic Analysis Tailored for Low–Microbial Content Samples

(2018) Erik L. Clarke et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

Alterations in Enteric Virome Are Associated With Colorectal Cancer and Survival Outcomes

(2018) Geicho Nakatsu et al.   GASTROENTEROLOGY

The analysis of the oral DNA virome reveals which viruses are widespread and rare among healthy young adults in Valencia (Spain)

(2018) Vicente Pérez-Brocal et al.   PLoS One

Bacterial DNA is present in the fetal intestine and overlaps with that in the placenta in mice

(2018) Keith A. Martinez et al.   PLoS One

Infections During Pregnancy

(2018) Connie Leeper et al.   PRIMARY CARE

Allometry and Ecology of the Bilaterian Gut Microbiome

(2018) Scott Sherrill-Mix et al.   mBio

Brevundimonas spp: Emerging global opportunistic pathogens

(2018) Michael P. Ryan et al.   Virulence

Shared and Distinct Features of Human Milk and Infant Stool Viromes

(2018) Pia S. Pannaraj et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

The Virome and Its Major Component, Anellovirus, a Convoluted System Molding Human Immune Defenses and Possibly Affecting the Development of Asthma and Respiratory Diseases in Childhood

(2018) Giulia Freer et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Viromes of one year old infants reveal the impact of birth mode on microbiome diversity

(2018) Angela McCann et al.   PeerJ

FastViromeExplorer: a pipeline for virus and phage identification and abundance profiling in metagenomics data

(2018) Saima Sultana Tithi et al.   PeerJ

A human gut phage catalog correlates the gut phageome with type 2 diabetes

(2018) Yingfei Ma et al.   Microbiome

Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community

(2018) Efrem S. Lim et al.   Microbiome

Bidirectional transfer of anelloviridae lineages between graft and host during lung transplantation

(2018) A. A. Abbas et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION

The Intestinal Virome and Immunity

(2018) Jessica A. Neil et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Enteric Virome and Bacterial Microbiota in Children with Ulcerative Colitis and Crohnʼs Disease

(2018) Melissa A. Fernandes et al.   JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION

Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota

(2018) Daphna Rothschild et al.   NATURE

T cell dynamics and response of the microbiota after gene therapy to treat X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

(2018) Erik L. Clarke et al.   Genome Medicine

Genomic Analyses from Non-invasive Prenatal Testing Reveal Genetic Associations, Patterns of Viral Infections, and Chinese Population History

(2018) Siyang Liu et al.   CELL

Biology and Taxonomy of crAss-like Bacteriophages, the Most Abundant Virus in the Human Gut

(2018) Emma Guerin et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Expanded skin virome in DOCK8-deficient patients

(2018) Osnat Tirosh et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Infant diet and maternal gestational weight gain predict early metabolic maturation of gut microbiomes

(2018) Aimee M. Baumann-Dudenhoeffer et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

UniProt: a worldwide hub of protein knowledge

(2018)   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

The Pfam protein families database in 2019

(2018) Sara El-Gebali et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

ΦCrAss001 represents the most abundant bacteriophage family in the human gut and infects Bacteroides intestinalis

(2018) Andrey N. Shkoporov et al.   Nature Communications

The Human Gut Virome in Hypertension

(2018) Maozhen Han et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Lack of detection of a human placenta microbiome in samples from preterm and term deliveries

(2018) Jacob S. Leiby et al.   Microbiome

Characterization of the human DNA gut virome across populations with different subsistence strategies and geographical origin

(2017) Simone Rampelli et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

The eukaryotic gut virome in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: new clues in enteric graft-versus-host disease

(2017) Jérôme Legoff et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Ménage à trois in the human gut: interactions between host, bacteria and phages

(2017) Mohammadali Khan Mirzaei et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Intestinal virome changes precede autoimmunity in type I diabetes-susceptible children

(2017) Guoyan Zhao et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Ecology of the Oral Microbiome: Beyond Bacteria

(2017) Jonathon L. Baker et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

VirusSeeker, a computational pipeline for virus discovery and virome composition analysis

(2017) Guoyan Zhao et al.   VIROLOGY

The blood DNA virome in 8,000 humans

(2017) Ahmed Moustafa et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Viral communities of the human gut: metagenomic analysis of composition and dynamics

(2017) Varun Aggarwala et al.   Mobile DNA

vConTACT: an iVirus tool to classify double-stranded DNA viruses that infect Archaea and Bacteria

(2017) Benjamin Bolduc et al.   PeerJ

VirFinder: a novel k-mer based tool for identifying viral sequences from assembled metagenomic data

(2017) Jie Ren et al.   Microbiome

Optimizing methods and dodging pitfalls in microbiome research

(2017) Dorothy Kim et al.   Microbiome

Maternal inheritance of bifidobacterial communities and bifidophages in infants through vertical transmission

(2017) Sabrina Duranti et al.   Microbiome

Discovery of an expansive bacteriophage family that includes the most abundant viruses from the human gut

(2017) Natalya Yutin et al.   Nature Microbiology

The placental membrane microbiome is altered among subjects with spontaneous preterm birth with and without chorioamnionitis

(2016) Amanda L. Prince et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

The Perioperative Lung Transplant Virome: Torque Teno Viruses Are Elevated in Donor Lungs and Show Divergent Dynamics in Primary Graft Dysfunction

(2016) A. A. Abbas et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION

Metagenomics and the Human Virome in Asymptomatic Individuals

(2016) Nicolás Rascovan et al.   Annual Review of Microbiology

The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants' life: a systematic review

(2016) Erigene Rutayisire et al.   BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY

ViromeScan: a new tool for metagenomic viral community profiling

(2016) Simone Rampelli et al.   BMC GENOMICS

Altered Virome and Bacterial Microbiome in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(2016) Cynthia L. Monaco et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Genetic Determinants of the Gut Microbiome in UK Twins

(2016) Julia K. Goodrich et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Prokaryotic Virus Orthologous Groups (pVOGs): a resource for comparative genomics and protein family annotation

(2016) Ana Laura Grazziotin et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Virus Variation Resource – improved response to emergent viral outbreaks

(2016) Eneida L. Hatcher et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool

(2016) David Arndt et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

The Bacterial Microbiome and Virome Milestones of Infant Development

(2016) Efrem S. Lim et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond

(2016) Bas Oude Munnink et al.   Viruses-Basel

Hyperexpansion of RNA Bacteriophage Diversity

(2016) Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body

(2016) Ron Sender et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Carriage of λ Latent Virus Is Costly for Its Bacterial Host due to Frequent Reactivation in Monoxenic Mouse Intestine

(2016) Marianne De Paepe et al.   PLoS Genetics

Towards quantitative viromics for both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA viruses

(2016) Simon Roux et al.   PeerJ

Comparison of placenta samples with contamination controls does not provide evidence for a distinct placenta microbiota

(2016) Abigail P. Lauder et al.   Microbiome

Shotgun Metagenomics of 250 Adult Twins Reveals Genetic and Environmental Impacts on the Gut Microbiome

(2016) Hailiang Xie et al.   Cell Systems

MetaPhinder—Identifying Bacteriophage Sequences in Metagenomic Data Sets

(2016) Vanessa Isabell Jurtz et al.   PLoS One

Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid

(2016) Maria Carmen Collado et al.   Scientific Reports

The preterm placental microbiome varies in association with excess maternal gestational weight gain

(2015) Kathleen M. Antony et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects

(2015) Sonia Spandole et al.   ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY

Disease-Specific Alterations in the Enteric Virome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

(2015) Jason M. Norman et al.   CELL

Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life

(2015) Fredrik Bäckhed et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Metagenomic Analysis of Crohnʼs Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers

(2015) Vicente Pérez-Brocal et al.   INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES

Planned Cesarean Delivery at Term and Adverse Outcomes in Childhood Health

(2015) Mairead Black et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Early life dynamics of the human gut virome and bacterial microbiome in infants

(2015) Efrem S Lim et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Association between caesarean section and childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

(2015) S. Kuhle et al.   Obesity Reviews

Gut DNA viromes of Malawian twins discordant for severe acute malnutrition

(2015) Alejandro Reyes et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Allometry of animal–microbe interactions and global census of animal-associated microbes

(2015) Thomas L. Kieft et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The Human Skin Double-Stranded DNA Virome: Topographical and Temporal Diversity, Genetic Enrichment, and Dynamic Associations with the Host Microbiome

(2015) Geoffrey D. Hannigan et al.   mBio

VirSorter: mining viral signal from microbial genomic data

(2015) Simon Roux et al.   PeerJ

Effects of Long Term Antibiotic Therapy on Human Oral and Fecal Viromes

(2015) Shira R. Abeles et al.   PLoS One

Perinatal risk factors increase the risk of being affected by both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease

(2014) Emma H. Adlercreutz et al.   ACTA PAEDIATRICA

Viral Metagenomics Reveal Blooms of Anelloviruses in the Respiratory Tract of Lung Transplant Recipients

(2014) J. C. Young et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION

Metavir 2: new tools for viral metagenome comparison and assembled virome analysis

(2014) Simon Roux et al.   BMC BIOINFORMATICS

Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses

(2014) Susannah J Salter et al.   BMC BIOLOGY

Characterization of bacteriophage communities and CRISPR profiles from dental plaque

(2014) Mayuri Naidu et al.   BMC MICROBIOLOGY

Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome

(2014) Julia K. Goodrich et al.   CELL

The Virome in Mammalian Physiology and Disease

(2014) Herbert W. Virgin   CELL

Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent

(2014) Shira R Abeles et al.   ISME Journal

Impact of Spontaneous Prophage Induction on the Fitness of Bacterial Populations and Host-Microbe Interactions

(2014) Arun M. Nanda et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infections

(2014) Hiroyuki Wakabayashi et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY

An enteric virus can replace the beneficial function of commensal bacteria

(2014) Elisabeth Kernbauer et al.   NATURE

Profile Hidden Markov Models for the Detection of Viruses within Metagenomic Sequence Data

(2014) Peter Skewes-Cox et al.   PLoS One

The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome

(2014) K. Aagaard et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Geographic variation in the eukaryotic virome of human diarrhea

(2014) Lori R. Holtz et al.   VIROLOGY

A highly abundant bacteriophage discovered in the unknown sequences of human faecal metagenomes

(2014) Bas E. Dutilh et al.   Nature Communications

Association between living environment and human oral viral ecology

(2013) Refugio Robles-Sikisaka et al.   ISME Journal

AIDS Alters the Commensal Plasma Virome

(2013) L. Li et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Antibiotic treatment expands the resistance reservoir and ecological network of the phage metagenome

(2013) Sheetal R. Modi et al.   NATURE

Rapid evolution of the human gut virome

(2013) S. Minot et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PHACTS, a computational approach to classifying the lifestyle of phages

(2012) Katelyn McNair et al.   BIOINFORMATICS

CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data

(2012) Limin Fu et al.   BIOINFORMATICS

Going viral: next-generation sequencing applied to phage populations in the human gut

(2012) Alejandro Reyes et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Sequence Analysis of the Human Virome in Febrile and Afebrile Children

(2012) Kristine M. Wylie et al.   PLoS One

Human Skin Microbiota: High Diversity of DNA Viruses Identified on the Human Skin by High Throughput Sequencing

(2012) Vincent Foulongne et al.   PLoS One

Conservation of Gene Cassettes among Diverse Viruses of the Human Gut

(2012) Samuel Minot et al.   PLoS One

Hypervariable loci in the human gut virome

(2012) S. Minot et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients

(2012) Uta Meyding-Lamadé et al.   Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders

Amplification Methods Bias Metagenomic Libraries of Uncultured Single-Stranded and Double-Stranded DNA Viruses

(2011) Kyoung-Ho Kim et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality

(2011) Laura M Lamberti et al.   BMC PUBLIC HEALTH

Cesarean Versus Vaginal Delivery: Long-term Infant Outcomes and the Hygiene Hypothesis

(2011) Josef Neu et al.   CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY

The human gut virome: Inter-individual variation and dynamic response to diet

(2011) S. Minot et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Evidence of a robust resident bacteriophage population revealed through analysis of the human salivary virome

(2011) David T Pride et al.   ISME Journal

Antiviral Properties of Lactoferrin—A Natural Immunity Molecule

(2011) Francesca Berlutti et al.   MOLECULES

Inhibition of SARS Pseudovirus Cell Entry by Lactoferrin Binding to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

(2011) Jianshe Lang et al.   PLoS One

Viruses in the faecal microbiota of monozygotic twins and their mothers

(2010) Alejandro Reyes et al.   NATURE

Metagenomic Analysis of Respiratory Tract DNA Viral Communities in Cystic Fibrosis and Non-Cystic Fibrosis Individuals

(2009) Dana Willner et al.   PLoS One

Isolation of lactoferrin from milk of different species: Calorimetric and antimicrobial studies

(2008) Celia Conesa et al.   COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Influence of Size, Shape, and Flexibility on Bacterial Passage through Micropore Membrane Filters

(2008) Yingying Wang et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Viral diversity and dynamics in an infant gut

(2008) Mya Breitbart et al.   RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY