Microfluidic neural probes: in vivo tools for advancing neuroscience

Preparation and implementation of optofluidic neural probes for in vivo wireless pharmacology and optogenetics

(2017) Jordan G McCall et al.   Nature Protocols

Flexible Near-Field Wireless Optoelectronics as Subdermal Implants for Broad Applications in Optogenetics

(2017) Gunchul Shin et al.   NEURON

Let There Be Light—Optoprobes for Neural Implants

(2017) Marie T. Alt et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE

Clogging of microfluidic systems

(2017) Emilie Dressaire et al.   Soft Matter

Morphing Metal and Elastomer Bicontinuous Foams for Reversible Stiffness, Shape Memory, and Self-Healing Soft Machines

(2016) Ilse M. Van Meerbeek et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Stimulus-active polymer actuators for next-generation microfluidic devices

(2016) Wolfgang Hilber   APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING

Thermal analysis of wirelessly powered thermo-pneumatic micropump based on planar LC circuit

(2016) Pei Song Chee et al.   Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology

Resolving Behavioral Output via Chemogenetic Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs

(2016) C. Joseph Burnett et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Soft implantable microelectrodes for future medicine: prosthetics, neural signal recording and neuromodulation

(2016) Joong Hoon Lee et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Neural probe combining microelectrodes and a droplet-based microdialysis collection system for high temporal resolution sampling

(2016) Guillaume Petit-Pierre et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Experimental evaluation of neural probe's insertion induced injury based on digital image correlation method

(2016) Wenguang Zhang et al.   MEDICAL PHYSICS

Clogging in parallelized tapered microfluidic channels

(2016) Sorell S. Massenburg et al.   Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

A shared neural ensemble links distinct contextual memories encoded close in time

(2016) Denise J. Cai et al.   NATURE

The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease

(2016) Jeff Sevigny et al.   NATURE

Photoswitchable diacylglycerols enable optical control of protein kinase C

(2016) James Allen Frank et al.   Nature Chemical Biology

Worldwide initiatives to advance brain research

(2016) Sten Grillner et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Direct, long-term intrathecal application of therapeutics to the rodent CNS

(2016) Benjamin V Ineichen et al.   Nature Protocols

A wireless implantable micropump for chronic drug infusion against cancer

(2016) Angelica Cobo et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL

Flexible, Penetrating Brain Probes Enabled by Advances in Polymer Microfabrication

(2016) Ahuva Weltman et al.   Micromachines

Neural Probes for Chronic Applications

(2016) Geon Kook et al.   Micromachines

Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and Near-Field Communication Capabilities

(2015) Jeonghyun Kim et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Wireless programmable electrochemical drug delivery micropump with fully integrated electrochemical dosing sensors

(2015) Roya Sheybani et al.   BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES

Wireless Optofluidic Systems for Programmable In Vivo Pharmacology and Optogenetics

(2015) Jae-Woong Jeong et al.   CELL

Visualizing Hypothalamic Network Dynamics for Appetitive and Consummatory Behaviors

(2015) Joshua H. Jennings et al.   CELL

A Maximum Efficiency Point Tracking Control Scheme for Wireless Power Transfer Systems Using Magnetic Resonant Coupling

(2015) Hongchang Li et al.   IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS

Anti-fouling Coatings of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Devices for Biological and Biomedical Applications

(2015) Hongbin Zhang et al.   Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering

Proportional Control Valves Integrated in Silicon Nitride Surface Channel Technology

(2015) Maarten S. Groen et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Compliant intracortical implants reduce strains and strain rates in brain tissuein vivo

(2015) Arati Sridharan et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

Ultraminiaturized photovoltaic and radio frequency powered optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics

(2015) Sung Il Park et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

Miniature wireless recording and stimulation system for rodent behavioural testing

(2015) R C Pinnell et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

Spatiotemporal dynamics of optogenetically induced and spontaneous seizure transitions in primary generalized epilepsy

(2015) Fabien B. Wagner et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

A multichannel neural probe with embedded microfluidic channels for simultaneous in vivo neural recording and drug delivery

(2015) Hyunjoo J. Lee et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Neural probes with multi-drug delivery capability

(2015) Hyogeun Shin et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Miniaturized optogenetic neural implants: a review

(2015) B. Fan et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Wireless implantable chip with integrated nitinol-based pump for radio-controlled local drug delivery

(2015) Jeffrey Fong et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures

(2015) Derrek P. Hibar et al.   NATURE

Soft, stretchable, fully implantable miniaturized optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics

(2015) Sung Il Park et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Multifunctional fibers for simultaneous optical, electrical and chemical interrogation of neural circuits in vivo

(2015) Andres Canales et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice

(2015) Kate L Montgomery et al.   NATURE METHODS

MicroRNA-based conversion of human fibroblasts into striatal medium spiny neurons

(2015) Michelle Richner et al.   Nature Protocols

CRH Engagement of the Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System Mediates Stress-Induced Anxiety

(2015) Jordan G. McCall et al.   NEURON

Distinct Subpopulations of Nucleus Accumbens Dynorphin Neurons Drive Aversion and Reward

(2015) Ream Al-Hasani et al.   NEURON

Cellular Level Brain Imaging in Behaving Mammals: An Engineering Approach

(2015) Elizabeth J.O. Hamel et al.   NEURON

MEMS-Based Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: A Short Review

(2015) Suprio R. Paul et al.   POLYMER-PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

Basolateral amygdala bidirectionally modulates stress-induced hippocampal learning and memory deficits through a p25/Cdk5-dependent pathway

(2015) Damien Rei et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces

(2015) I. R. Minev et al.   SCIENCE

Refining deep brain stimulation to emulate optogenetic treatment of synaptic pathology

(2015) M. Creed et al.   SCIENCE

Wireless powered thermo-pneumatic micropump using frequency-controlled heater

(2015) Pei Song Chee et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL

Gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases

(2015) Deirdre M. O’Connor et al.   TRENDS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Optodynamic simulation of β-adrenergic receptor signalling

(2015) Edward R. Siuda et al.   Nature Communications

Chronic multichannel neural recordings from soft regenerative microchannel electrodes during gait

(2015) Katherine M. Musick et al.   Scientific Reports

MEMS: Enabled Drug Delivery Systems

(2015) Angelica Cobo et al.   Advanced Healthcare Materials

Polymer SU-8-Based Microprobes for Neural Recording and Drug Delivery

(2015) Ane Altuna et al.   Frontiers in Materials

A Multimodal, SU-8 - Platinum - Polyimide Microelectrode Array for Chronic In Vivo Neurophysiology

(2015) Gergely Márton et al.   PLoS One

Microfluidic Thermally Activated Materials for Rapid Control of Macroscopic Compliance

(2014) Aditya Balasubramanian et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Polymer Fiber Probes Enable Optical Control of Spinal Cord and Muscle Function In Vivo

(2014) Chi Lu et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

A Review of Organic and Inorganic Biomaterials for Neural Interfaces

(2014) Pouria Fattahi et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Optical Neural Interfaces

(2014) Melissa R. Warden et al.   Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Chemogenetic Tools to Interrogate Brain Functions

(2014) Scott M. Sternson et al.   Annual Review of Neuroscience

Control of Stress-Induced Persistent Anxiety by an Extra-Amygdala Septohypothalamic Circuit

(2014) Todd E. Anthony et al.   CELL

Ultra-thin flexible polyimide neural probe embedded in a dissolvable maltose-coated microneedle

(2014) Zhuolin Xiang et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

Generation of Human Striatal Neurons by MicroRNA-Dependent Direct Conversion of Fibroblasts

(2014) Matheus B. Victor et al.   NEURON

Chemogenetic Synaptic Silencing of Neural Circuits Localizes a Hypothalamus→Midbrain Pathway for Feeding Behavior

(2014) Tevye J. Stachniak et al.   NEURON

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Damages Mitochondrial Integrity and Membrane Potential in Cultured Astrocytes

(2014) Chan Yuan et al.   PLoS One

Near-infrared-actuated devices for remotely controlled drug delivery

(2014) B. P. Timko et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Patient-specific flexible and stretchable devices for cardiac diagnostics and therapy

(2014) Sarah R. Gutbrod et al.   PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

EHANCEMENT OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION INTO BIOLOGICAL TISSUES USING A HIGH SURFACE IMPEDANCE GROUND PLANE

(2014) Sung Il Park   Progress in Electromagnetics Research-PIER

The Size of Mesenchymal Stem Cells is a Significant Cause of Vascular Obstructions and Stroke

(2014) Jianfeng Ge et al.   Stem Cell Reviews and Reports

Programmable wireless light-emitting diode stimulator for chronic stimulation of optogenetic molecules in freely moving mice

(2014) Mitsuhiro Hashimoto et al.   Neurophotonics

Fabrication of Thermo-Pneumatic Driven Microactuator for Fluid Transport Applications

(2013) Norihan Abdul Hamid et al.  

Theoretical modeling coupled with experimental study on the preparation and characterization comparison of fluorinated copolymers: Effect of chain structure on copolymer properties

(2013) Yin-Ning Zhou et al.   AICHE JOURNAL

Microfabricated Sampling Probes for in Vivo Monitoring of Neurotransmitters

(2013) Woong Hee Lee et al.   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Wirelessly powering miniature implants for optogenetic stimulation

(2013) Alexander J. Yeh et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

A PDMS-Based Integrated Stretchable Microelectrode Array (isMEA) for Neural and Muscular Surface Interfacing

(2013) Liang Guo et al.   IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems

Thiol-ene/acrylate substrates for softening intracortical electrodes

(2013) Taylor Ware et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS

A low-cost multichannel wireless neural stimulation system for freely roaming animals

(2013) Monzurul Alam et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

3D Parylene sheath neural probe for chronic recordings

(2013) B J Kim et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

An implantable wireless neural interface for recording cortical circuit dynamics in moving primates

(2013) David A Borton et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

SU-8 based microprobes for simultaneous neural depth recording and drug delivery in the brain

(2013) Ane Altuna et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

A microfluidic reciprocating intracochlear drug delivery system with reservoir and active dose control

(2013) Ernest S. Kim et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SU-8 biocompatibility

(2013) Krishnamurthy V. Nemani et al.   Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications

Distinct extended amygdala circuits for divergent motivational states

(2013) Joshua H. Jennings et al.   NATURE

Optogenetic pharmacology for control of native neuronal signaling proteins

(2013) Richard H Kramer et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Stress and CRF gate neural activation of BDNF in the mesolimbic reward pathway

(2013) Jessica J Walsh et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Fabrication and application of flexible, multimodal light-emitting devices for wireless optogenetics

(2013) Jordan G McCall et al.   Nature Protocols

A Unique Population of Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons Inhibits the Lateral Habenula to Promote Reward

(2013) Alice M. Stamatakis et al.   NEURON

Optogenetics

(2013) S. C. P. Williams et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Pandoraviruses: Amoeba Viruses with Genomes Up to 2.5 Mb Reaching That of Parasitic Eukaryotes

(2013) N. Philippe et al.   SCIENCE

The NIH BRAIN Initiative

(2013) T. R. Insel et al.   SCIENCE

Injectable, Cellular-Scale Optoelectronics with Applications for Wireless Optogenetics

(2013) T.-i. Kim et al.   SCIENCE

A Microchannel Neuroprosthesis for Bladder Control After Spinal Cord Injury in Rat

(2013) D. J. Chew et al.   Science Translational Medicine

A Wireless and Batteryless Microsystem with Implantable Grid Electrode/3-Dimensional Probe Array for ECoG and Extracellular Neural Recording in Rats

(2013) Chih-Wei Chang et al.   SENSORS

Deep-brain silicon multielectrodes for simultaneous in vivo neural recording and drug delivery

(2013) A. Pongrácz et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL

Morphology and size of stem cells from mouse and whale: observational study

(2013) M. J. Hoogduijn et al.   BMJ-British Medical Journal

Suppressing Surface Reconstruction of Superhydrophobic PDMS Using a Superhydrophilic Zwitterionic Polymer

(2012) Andrew J. Keefe et al.   BIOMACROMOLECULES

An intra-cerebral drug delivery system for freely moving animals

(2012) Sven Spieth et al.   BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES

Power and signal transmission protocol for a contactless subdural spinal cord stimulation device

(2012) Suk-Heung Song et al.   BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES

Surface chemistry to minimize fouling from blood-based fluids

(2012) Christophe Blaszykowski et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers as anti-biofouling materials

(2012) Zhaoqiang Wu et al.   COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES

High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants by Optimal Resonant Load Transformation

(2012) Rui-Feng Xue et al.   IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS

The NeuroMedicator—a micropump integrated with silicon microprobes for drug delivery in neural research

(2012) S Spieth et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

Design, simulation and experimental validation of a novel flexible neural probe for deep brain stimulation and multichannel recording

(2012) Hsin-Yi Lai et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

Novel flexible Parylene neural probe with 3D sheath structure for enhancing tissue integration

(2012) Jonathan T.W. Kuo et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Fetal dopaminergic transplantation trials and the future of neural grafting in Parkinson's disease

(2012) Roger A Barker et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Simple and Robust Approach for Passivating and Functionalizing Surfaces for Use in Complex Media

(2012) Yuting Li et al.   LANGMUIR

Improving electrochemical performance of flexible thin film electrodes with micropillar array structures

(2012) Sami Myllymaa et al.   MEASUREMENT SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY

Implantable microfluidic and electronic systems for insect flight manipulation

(2012) Aram J. Chung et al.   Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

Improved process flow for buried channel fabrication in silicon

(2012) Z. Fekete et al.   MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES-MICRO-AND NANOSYSTEMS-INFORMATION STORAGE AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Mechanically adaptive nanocomposites for neural interfacing

(2012) Jeffrey R. Capadona et al.   MRS BULLETIN

Optochemical control of genetically engineered neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

(2012) Ivan Tochitsky et al.   Nature Chemistry

Photoactivatable Neuropeptides for Spatiotemporally Precise Delivery of Opioids in Neural Tissue

(2012) Matthew R. Banghart et al.   NEURON

Surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and its applications in microfluidics-based biological analysis

(2012) Qin Tu et al.   REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip

(2012) R. Farra et al.   Science Translational Medicine

A Wireless Magnetic Resonance Energy Transfer System for Micro Implantable Medical Sensors

(2012) Xiuhan Li et al.   SENSORS

Miniaturized shape memory alloy pumps for stepping microfluidic transport

(2012) Fumihiro Sassa et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL

Approaches and Challenges of Engineering Implantable Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Drug Delivery Systems for in Vitro and in Vivo Applications

(2012) Danny Tng et al.   Micromachines

Surface modification for PDMS-based microfluidic devices

(2011) Jinwen Zhou et al.   ELECTROPHORESIS

Design and Fabrication of a PDMS/Parylene Microvalve for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

(2011) Jonghyun Oh et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS

A solid hydraulically amplified piezoelectric microvalve

(2011) Xiaosong Wu et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

Microfabrication of 3D neural probes with combined electrical and chemical interfaces

(2011) Jessin John et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

Wireless microfluidic control with integrated shape-memory-alloy actuators operated by field frequency modulation

(2011) M S Mohamed Ali et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

A floating 3D silicon microprobe array for neural drug delivery compatible with electrical recording

(2011) S Spieth et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

A wirelessly powered and controlled device for optical neural control of freely-behaving animals

(2011) Christian T Wentz et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

Effect of Film Thickness on the Antifouling Performance of Poly(hydroxy-functional methacrylates) Grafted Surfaces

(2011) Chao Zhao et al.   LANGMUIR

Magnetically Triggered Nanocomposite Membranes: A Versatile Platform for Triggered Drug Release

(2011) Todd Hoare et al.   NANO LETTERS

A simple head-mountable LED device for chronic stimulation of optogenetic molecules in freely moving mice

(2011) Youichi Iwai et al.   NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Powering a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) With the Free-Range Resonant Electrical Energy Delivery (FREE-D) System

(2011) B. H. Waters et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE

ZigBee-based Wireless Neuro-Stimulator for Improving Stroke Recovery

(2011) Gookhwa Kim et al.   Experimental Neurobiology

Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, and Marine Organisms

(2010) Indrani Banerjee et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Photocatalyzed Surface Modification of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) with Polysaccharides and Assay of Their Protein Adsorption and Cytocompatibility

(2010) Linyan Yang et al.   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

In vitro evaluation of the long-term stability of polyimide as a material for neural implants

(2010) Birthe Rubehn et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Design and Optimization of Resonance-Based Efficient Wireless Power Delivery Systems for Biomedical Implants

(2010) Anil Kumar RamRakhyani et al.   IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems

What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?

(2010) Matthew A. Hopcroft et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS

SU-8-based microneedles forin vitroneural applications

(2010) Ane Altuna et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

In-plane silicon probes for simultaneous neural recording and drug delivery

(2010) K Seidl et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

Polymers for neural implants

(2010) Christina Hassler et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS

Cyclic olefin polymers: emerging materials for lab-on-a-chip applications

(2010) Pedro S. Nunes et al.   Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

An implantable MEMS drug delivery device for rapid delivery in ambulatory emergency care

(2009) N. M. Elman et al.   BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES

A Microvalve With Integrated Sensors and Customizable Normal State for Low-Temperature Operation

(2009) J.M. Park et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Study of functional viability of SU-8-based microneedles for neural applications

(2009) Luis J Fernández et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING

A MEMS-based flexible multichannel ECoG-electrode array

(2009) Birthe Rubehn et al.   Journal of Neural Engineering

A wireless recording system that utilizes Bluetooth technology to transmit neural activity in freely moving animals

(2009) Robert E. Hampson et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS

A Magnetically Triggered Composite Membrane for On-Demand Drug Delivery

(2009) Todd Hoare et al.   NANO LETTERS

In vivo performance of a microelectrode neural probe with integrated drug delivery

(2009) Pratik Rohatgi et al.   Neurosurgical Focus

Design of an implantable active microport system for patient specific drug release

(2008) A. Geipel et al.   BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES

Assessment of the biocompatibility of photosensitive polyimide for implantable medical device use

(2008) Y. Sun et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A

A combined wireless neural stimulating and recording system for study of pain processing

(2008) Thermpon Ativanichayaphong et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS

Nanoindentation testing of SU-8 photoresist mechanical properties

(2008) A.T. Al-Halhouli et al.   MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites Inspired by the Sea Cucumber Dermis

(2008) J. R. Capadona et al.   SCIENCE

NeuroMEMS: Neural Probe Microtechnologies

(2008) Mohamad HajjHassan et al.   SENSORS

Performance characteristics of a polypyrrole modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane based microfluidic pump

(2008) Jung Ho Kim et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL

An electrochemical intraocular drug delivery device

(2007) Po-Ying Li et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL

Demonstration of cortical recording using novel flexible polymer neural probes

(2007) André Mercanzini et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL

MEMS-based micropumps in drug delivery and biomedical applications

(2007) A. Nisar et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL