Research progress and application opportunities of nanoparticle–protein corona complexes

Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy from the Injection to the Target: The Role of Protein Corona

(2020) Idoia Mikelez-Alonso et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Protein Corona Composition of Silica Nanoparticles in Complex Media: Nanoparticle Size does not Matter

(2020) Laurent Marichal et al.   Nanomaterials

Polyglycerol Grafting Shields Nanoparticles from Protein Corona Formation to Avoid Macrophage Uptake

(2020) Yajuan Zou et al.   ACS Nano

Fragmentation of proteins in the corona of gold nanoparticles as observed in live cell surface-enhanced Raman scattering

(2020) Gergo Peter Szekeres et al.   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Zwitterionic Glutathione Monoethyl Ester: A Model Platform for the Incorporation of Functional Peptides

(2020) Luiza L. Knittel et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B

Machine learning predicts the functional composition of the protein corona and the cellular recognition of nanoparticles

(2020) Zhan Ban et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

In Situ Investigation on the Protein Corona Formation of Quantum Dots by Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

(2020) Shaohua Qu et al.   Small

Recent Advances in Understanding the Protein Corona of Nanoparticles and in the Formulation of “Stealthy” Nanomaterials

(2020) Riccardo Rampado et al.   Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Protein Corona-Enabled Systemic Delivery and Targeting of Nanoparticles

(2020) Dongyu Chen et al.   AAPS Journal

Outstanding protein-repellent feature of soft nanoparticles based on poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) outer shells

(2020) Fernando A. de Oliveira et al.   JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE

Insights into Characterization Methods and Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticle–Protein Corona

(2020) Yan Li et al.   Materials

Controlling evolution of protein corona: a prosperous approach to improve chitosan-based nanoparticle biodistribution and half-life

(2020) Farnaz Sadat Mirzazadeh Tekie et al.   Scientific Reports

Enhancement of the blood-circulation time and performance of nanomedicines via the forced clearance of erythrocytes

(2020) Maxim P. Nikitin et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

Erythrocyte depletion lifts nanoparticle half-lives

(2020) Horacio Cabral et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

A framework for designing delivery systems

(2020) Wilson Poon et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Protein corona formation and its constitutional changes on magnetic nanoparticles in serum featuring a polydehydroalanine coating: effects of charge and incubation conditions

(2019) Christine Gräfe et al.   NANOTECHNOLOGY

Phosphonylation Controls the Protein Corona of Multifunctional Polyglycerol‐Modified Nanocarriers

(2019) Ann‐Kathrin Danner et al.   MACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE

Protein Nanoparticle Fabrication for Optimized Reticuloendothelial System Evasion and Tumor Accumulation

(2019) Yeong Gon Roh et al.   LANGMUIR

Soft and Hard Interactions between Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Human Serum Albumin Protein Corona

(2019) Shinji Kihara et al.   BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY

Biomaterial Surface Hydrophobicity-Mediated Serum Protein Adsorption and Immune Responses

(2019) Rahul M. Visalakshan et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Interaction of graphene oxide with cell culture medium: Evaluating the fetal bovine serum protein corona formation towards in vitro nanotoxicity assessment and nanobiointeractions

(2019) Lidiane S. Franqui et al.   Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications

Overcoming the Reticuloendothelial System Barrier to Drug Delivery with a “Don’t-Eat-Us” Strategy

(2019) Yixuan Tang et al.   ACS Nano

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy as a tool for the study of the intracellular dynamics and biological fate of protein corona

(2019) Marta Martinez-Moro et al.   BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Tailoring the component of protein corona via simple chemistry

(2019) Xiang Lu et al.   Nature Communications

Corona of Thorns: The Surface Chemistry-Mediated Protein Corona Perturbs the Recognition and Immune Response of Macrophages

(2019) Rong Cai et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Soft matter and nanomaterials characterization by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy

(2019) John Watt et al.   MRS BULLETIN

C1q-Mediated Complement Activation and C3 Opsonization Trigger Recognition of Stealth Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-Coated Silica Nanoparticles by Human Phagocytes

(2018) Regina Tavano et al.   ACS Nano

Surface functionalization of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 core-shell nanoparticles with vinylimidazole-rare earth complexes: Synthesis, physico-chemical properties and protein interaction effects

(2018) M. Cîrcu et al.   APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE

Cell Membrane Bioconjugation and Membrane-Derived Nanomaterials for Immunotherapy

(2018) Peter Y. Li et al.   BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY

A new cancer immunotherapy via simultaneous DC-mobilization and DC-targeted IDO gene silencing using an immune-stimulatory nanosystem

(2018) Yujuan Zhang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Formation of protein corona in vivo affects drug release from temperature-sensitive liposomes

(2018) Zahraa S. Al-Ahmady et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Gold nanoparticle should understand protein corona for being a clinical nanomaterial

(2018) Fahimeh Charbgoo et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Cell membrane coating for reducing nanoparticle-induced inflammatory responses to scaffold constructs

(2018) Zhiyuan Fan et al.   Nano Research

Targeted-gene silencing of BRAF to interrupt BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway synergized photothermal therapeutics for melanoma using a novel FA-GNR-siBRAF nanosystem

(2018) Yujuan Zhang et al.   Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine

Interaction of spin-labeled HPMA-based nanoparticles with human blood plasma proteins – the introduction of protein-corona-free polymer nanomedicine

(2018) Damir Klepac et al.   Nanoscale

In vivo formation of protein corona on gold nanoparticles. The effect of their size and shape

(2018) Rafaela García-Álvarez et al.   Nanoscale

PEG-copolymer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles that avoid the reticuloendothelial system and act as kidney MRI contrast agents

(2018) Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo et al.   Nanoscale

The Protein Corona around Nanoparticles Facilitates Stem Cell Labeling for Clinical MR Imaging

(2018) Hossein Nejadnik et al.   RADIOLOGY

Impact of anti-biofouling surface coatings on the properties of nanomaterials and their biomedical applications

(2018) Yuancheng Li et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry B

Effects of Protein Corona on Active and Passive Targeting of Cyclic RGD Peptides Functionalized PEGylation Nanoparticles

(2018) Gaoxing Su et al.   MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS

Protein Corona Formation on Magnetic Nanoparticles Conjugated with Luminescent Europium Complexes

(2018) Latif U. Khan et al.   ChemNanoMat

Real-Time Monitoring of Ligand Exchange Kinetics on Gold Nanoparticle Surfaces Enabled by Hot Spot-Normalized Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

(2018) Haoran Wei et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

How the surface functionalized nanoparticles affect conformation and activity of proteins: Exploring through protein-nanoparticle interactions

(2018) Sathish Dyawanapelly et al.   BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Protein aggregates: Forms, functions and applications

(2017) Joyeeta Mukherjee et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

Protein corona: a new approach for nanomedicine design

(2017) Van Hong Nguyen et al.   International Journal of Nanomedicine

The fate of differently functionalized gold nanorods in human serum: A response from capillary electrophoresis–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

(2017) Magdalena Matczuk et al.   JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A

Hemoglobin bioconjugates with surface-protected gold nanoparticles in aqueous media: The stability depends on solution pH and protein properties

(2017) Rafael del Caño et al.   JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE

Thermodynamics and Mechanisms of the Interactions between Ultrasmall Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters and Human Serum Albumin, γ-Globulins, and Transferrin: A Spectroscopic Approach

(2017) Miao-Miao Yin et al.   LANGMUIR

Structural and Thermodynamic Properties of Nanoparticle–Protein Complexes: A Combined SAXS and SANS Study

(2017) Francesco Spinozzi et al.   LANGMUIR

Concentration-dependent protein adsorption at the nano–bio interfaces of polymeric nanoparticles and serum proteins

(2017) Tian-Xu Zhang et al.   Nanomedicine

Visualization of the protein corona: towards a biomolecular understanding of nanoparticle-cell-interactions

(2017) Maria Kokkinopoulou et al.   Nanoscale

Non-specific adsorption of complement proteins affects complement activation pathways of gold nanomaterials

(2017) Quang Huy Quach et al.   Nanotoxicology

Surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles determines the biocorona composition impacting cellular uptake, toxicity and gene expression profiles in human endothelial cells

(2017) Parwathy Chandran et al.   Nanotoxicology

Protein corona: implications for nanoparticle interactions with pulmonary cells

(2017) Nagarjun V. Konduru et al.   Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Formation of the Protein Corona: The Interface between Nanoparticles and the Immune System

(2017) Francesco Barbero et al.   SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY

In situ detection of the protein corona in complex environments

(2017) Monica Carril et al.   Nature Communications

Probing fibronectin conformation on a protein corona layer around nanoparticles

(2017) Mohammad Raoufi et al.   Nanoscale

Ultrastable and Biofunctionalizable Gold Nanoparticles

(2016) Akash Gupta et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Regulation of Macrophage Recognition through the Interplay of Nanoparticle Surface Functionality and Protein Corona

(2016) Krishnendu Saha et al.   ACS Nano

Adsorption and Unfolding of a Single Protein Triggers Nanoparticle Aggregation

(2016) Sergio Dominguez-Medina et al.   ACS Nano

Surface Charge Controls the Suborgan Biodistributions of Gold Nanoparticles

(2016) Sukru Gokhan Elci et al.   ACS Nano

A simple and fast method to study the hydrodynamic size difference of protein disulfide isomerase in oxidized and reduced form using gold nanoparticles and dynamic light scattering

(2016) Tianyu Zheng et al.   ANALYST

Size-Dependent Protein–Nanoparticle Interactions in Citrate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: The Emergence of the Protein Corona

(2016) Jordi Piella et al.   BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY

Impact of protein pre-coating on the protein corona composition and nanoparticle cellular uptake

(2016) Vahid Mirshafiee et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Protein-Nanoparticle Interaction-Induced Changes in Protein Structure and Aggregation

(2016) Yuna Kim et al.   Chemistry-An Asian Journal

Understanding the nanoparticle–protein corona complexes using computational and experimental methods

(2016) B. Kharazian et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY

Polymeric micelles with α-glutamyl-terminated PEG shells show low non-specific protein adsorption and a prolonged in vivo circulation time

(2016) Xiaoju Wang et al.   Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications

Mechanisms of cell uptake, inflammatory potential and protein corona effects with gold nanoparticles

(2016) Yang Li et al.   Nanomedicine

The impact of nanoparticle protein corona on cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and target drug delivery

(2016) Claudia Corbo et al.   Nanomedicine

Synthetic nanoparticles camouflaged with biomimetic erythrocyte membranes for reduced reticuloendothelial system uptake

(2016) Lang Rao et al.   NANOTECHNOLOGY

Protein corona modulation of hepatocyte uptake and molecular mechanisms of gold nanoparticle toxicity

(2016) Kyoungju Choi et al.   Nanotoxicology

News Feature: Cancer nanomedicine, reengineered

(2016) Katherine Bourzac   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Investigation of the influence of protein corona composition on gold nanoparticle bioactivity using machine learning approaches

(2016) E. Papa et al.   SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

The concept of bio-corona in modulating the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENM)

(2016) Dana Westmeier et al.   TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY

Characterization of protein corona around of SiO2-PEG-Tf NP in human plasma and its influence in active targeting

(2016) A. Solorio-Rodríguez et al.   TOXICOLOGY LETTERS

Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours

(2016) Stefan Wilhelm et al.   Nature Reviews Materials

Carbohydrate-Based Nanocarriers Exhibiting Specific Cell Targeting with Minimum Influence from the Protein Corona

(2015) Biao Kang et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Tailoring the stealth properties of biocompatible polysaccharide nanocontainers

(2015) Biao Kang et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Implications of protein corona on physico-chemical and biological properties of magnetic nanoparticles

(2015) Murali M. Yallapu et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Serum Proteins Enhance Dispersion Stability and Influence the Cytotoxicity and Dosimetry of ZnO Nanoparticles in Suspension and Adherent Cancer Cell Models

(2015) Catherine B. Anders et al.   Nanoscale Research Letters

Mapping protein binding sites on the biomolecular corona of nanoparticles

(2015) Philip M. Kelly et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

(2015) Lennart Treuel et al.   Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology

Serum Proteins Enhance Dispersion Stability and Influence the Cytotoxicity and Dosimetry of ZnO Nanoparticles in Suspension and Adherent Cancer Cell Models

(2015) Catherine B. Anders et al.   Nanoscale Research Letters

Memprot: a program to model the detergent corona around a membrane protein based on SEC–SAXS data

(2015) Javier Pérez et al.   ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Modulation of Complement Activation and Amplification on Nanoparticle Surfaces by Glycopolymer Conformation and Chemistry

(2014) Kai Yu et al.   ACS Nano

Fabrication of Corona-Free Nanoparticles with Tunable Hydrophobicity

(2014) Daniel F. Moyano et al.   ACS Nano

Protein Corona Fingerprinting Predicts the Cellular Interaction of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

(2014) Carl D. Walkey et al.   ACS Nano

Protein corona change the drug release profile of nanocarriers: The “overlooked” factor at the nanobio interface

(2014) Shahed Behzadi et al.   COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES

Alterations in nanoparticle protein corona by biological surfactants: Impact of bile salts on β-lactoglobulin-coated gold nanoparticles

(2014) Thunnalin Winuprasith et al.   JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE

Electrostatic Unfolding and Interactions of Albumin Driven by pH Changes: A Molecular Dynamics Study

(2014) K. Baler et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B

Secondary Structure of Corona Proteins Determines the Cell Surface Receptors Used by Nanoparticles

(2014) Candace C. Fleischer et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B

A proteomics-based methodology to investigate the protein corona effect for targeted drug delivery

(2014) D. Pozzi et al.   Molecular BioSystems

Resolving power of dynamic light scattering for protein and polystyrene nanoparticles

(2014) Anne R. Karow et al.   PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

Protein Corona Composition of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Various Physico-Chemical Properties and Coatings

(2014) Usawadee Sakulkhu et al.   Scientific Reports

Selective binding of proteins on functional nanoparticles via reverse charge parity model: anin vitrostudy

(2014) Goutam Ghosh et al.   Materials Research Express

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a tool to probe surface adsorption on nanoparticles at the liquid–solid interface in environmentally and biologically relevant media

(2013) Imali A. Mudunkotuwa et al.   ANALYST

Charged Gold Nanoparticles with Essentially Zero Serum Protein Adsorption in Undiluted Fetal Bovine Serum

(2013) Avinash K. Murthy et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Revealing the Binding Structure of the Protein Corona on Gold Nanorods Using Synchrotron Radiation-Based Techniques: Understanding the Reduced Damage in Cell Membranes

(2013) Liming Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Time Evolution of Nanoparticle–Protein Corona in Human Plasma: Relevance for Targeted Drug Delivery

(2013) Ana Lilia Barrán-Berdón et al.   LANGMUIR

Protein–nanoparticle interactions: the effects of surface compositional and structural heterogeneity are scale dependent

(2013) Rixiang Huang et al.   Nanoscale

Dynamic development of the protein corona on silica nanoparticles: composition and role in toxicity

(2013) Ninell P. Mortensen et al.   Nanoscale

Transferrin-functionalized nanoparticles lose their targeting capabilities when a biomolecule corona adsorbs on the surface

(2013) Anna Salvati et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Biosafety and Bioapplication of Nanomaterials by Designing Protein-Nanoparticle Interactions

(2013) Sheng-Tao Yang et al.   Small

Interaction of nanoparticles with proteins: relation to bio-reactivity of the nanoparticle

(2013) Shruti R Saptarshi et al.   JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

Atomic Force Microscopy and Analytical Ultracentrifugation for Probing Nanomaterial Protein Interactions

(2012) Jens Schaefer et al.   ACS Nano

Molecular Interaction of Proteins and Peptides with Nanoparticles

(2012) Anton A. Shemetov et al.   ACS Nano

Exploiting the Protein Corona around Gold Nanorods for Loading and Triggered Release

(2012) James Chen Yong Kah et al.   ACS Nano

Reversible versus Irreversible Binding of Transferrin to Polystyrene Nanoparticles: Soft and Hard Corona

(2012) Silvia Milani et al.   ACS Nano

Counter ion induced irreversible denaturation of hen egg white lysozyme upon electrostatic interaction with iron oxide nanoparticles: A predicted model

(2012) Goutam Ghosh et al.   COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES

Rational Nanoconjugation Improves Biocatalytic Performance of Enzymes: Aldol Addition Catalyzed by Immobilized Rhamnulose-1-Phosphate Aldolase

(2012) Inés Ardao et al.   LANGMUIR

Surface Coatings Shape the Protein Corona of SPIONs with Relevance to Their Application in Vivo

(2012) Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú et al.   LANGMUIR

Physicochemical Characteristics of Protein–NP Bioconjugates: The Role of Particle Curvature and Solution Conditions on Human Serum Albumin Conformation and Fibrillogenesis Inhibition

(2012) Sonia Goy-López et al.   LANGMUIR

Inorganic nanoparticle biomolecular corona: formation, evolution and biological impact

(2012) Eudald Casals et al.   Nanomedicine

Biomolecular coronas provide the biological identity of nanosized materials

(2012) Marco P. Monopoli et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Photosensitizer-Conjugated Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles for Effective Photodynamic Therapy

(2012) Hayoung Jeong et al.   Theranostics

The protein corona effect for targeted drug delivery

(2012) Giulio Caracciolo   Bioinspired Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials

The Evolution of the Protein Corona around Nanoparticles: A Test Study

(2011) Martin Lundqvist et al.   ACS Nano

Nanoparticle Size Is a Critical Physicochemical Determinant of the Human Blood Plasma Corona: A Comprehensive Quantitative Proteomic Analysis

(2011) Stefan Tenzer et al.   ACS Nano

Comprehensive proteomic analysis of mineral nanoparticles derived from human body fluids and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

(2011) Jan Martel et al.   ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Protein−Nanoparticle Interactions: Opportunities and Challenges

(2011) Morteza Mahmoudi et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Understanding and controlling the interaction of nanomaterials with proteins in a physiological environment

(2011) Carl D. Walkey et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy for crystallographic study of nanomaterials

(2011) R. M. Imamov et al.   CRYSTALLOGRAPHY REPORTS

A shotgun proteomic study of the protein corona associated with cholesterol and atheronal-B surface-modified quantum dots

(2011) Kanlaya Prapainop et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS

Preferential adsorption of fetal bovine serum on bare and aromatic thiol-functionalized gold surfaces in cell culture media

(2011) Jin Park et al.   JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE

In Situ High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Study of Nanomaterials and Properties

(2011) James M. Howe et al.   MRS BULLETIN

Serum proteins prevent aggregation of Fe2O3and ZnO nanoparticles

(2011) Mark A. Wells et al.   Nanotoxicology

Hardening of the Nanoparticle-Protein Corona in Metal (Au, Ag) and Oxide (Fe3O4, CoO, and CeO2) Nanoparticles

(2011) Eudald Casals et al.   Small

Effects of Cell Culture Media on the Dynamic Formation of Protein−Nanoparticle Complexes and Influence on the Cellular Response

(2010) Gabriele Maiorano et al.   ACS Nano

Time Evolution of the Nanoparticle Protein Corona

(2010) Eudald Casals et al.   ACS Nano

Adsorption of obidoxime onto human serum albumin nanoparticles: Drug loading, particle size and drug release

(2010) Jürgen Kufleitner et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROENCAPSULATION

What the Cell “Sees” in Bionanoscience

(2010) Dorota Walczyk et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Nanoparticle-induced unfolding of fibrinogen promotes Mac-1 receptor activation and inflammation

(2010) Zhou J. Deng et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Hen Egg White Lysozyme Adsorption at a Charged Solid Surface

(2009) Karina Kubiak et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B

Immobilization of BSA on Silica-Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle

(2009) Chih Hao Yu et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Interaction of colloidal gold nanoparticles with human blood: effects on particle size and analysis of plasma protein binding profiles

(2008) Marina A. Dobrovolskaia et al.   Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine

Nanoparticle size and surface properties determine the protein corona with possible implications for biological impacts

(2008) M. Lundqvist et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Finding seconds count after contact with blood (and that is all I did)

(2007) Leo Vroman   COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES