Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm

Promising Therapy for Heart Failure in Patients with Severe COVID-19: Calming the Cytokine Storm

(2021) Xiang Peng et al.   CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS AND THERAPY

The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: Further advances in our understanding the role of specific chemokines involved

(2021) Francesca Coperchini et al.   CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS

Backward transmission of COVID-19 from humans to animals may propagate reinfections and induce vaccine failure

(2021) Shanshan He et al.   Environmental Chemistry Letters

Genetic Variants of SARS-CoV-2—What Do They Mean?

(2021) Adam S. Lauring et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Immune system response during viral Infections: Immunomodulators, cytokine storm (CS) and Immunotherapeutics in COVID-19

(2021) Faheem Hyder Pottoo et al.   SAUDI PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL

Cytokines and Chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 Infections—Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Cytokine Storm

(2021) Alexandra Pum et al.   Biomolecules

Early therapeutic interventions of traditional Chinese medicine in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study

(2021) Miao-yan Shi et al.   Journal of Integrative Medicine-JIM

A molecular modelling approach for identifying antiviral selenium-containing heterocyclic compounds that inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2: an in silico investigation

(2021) Ahmed Rakib et al.   BRIEFINGS IN BIOINFORMATICS

Potential role for interferon gamma in the treatment of recurrent ventilator-acquired pneumonia in patients with COVID-19: a hypothesis

(2021) Lee S. Nguyen et al.   INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

The prognostic value of comorbidity for the severity of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis study

(2021) Mobina Fathi et al.   PLoS One

Immunotherapies and immunomodulatory approaches in clinical trials - a mini review

(2021) Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo et al.   Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine-potential therapeutic application for the treatment of COVID-19

(2021) Jillian L. Capodice et al.   Chinese Medicine

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Severe COVID-19 ARDS

(2021) Helene Häberle et al.   JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

Targeting mesenchymal stem cell therapy for severe pneumonia patients

(2021) Guy Lam et al.   World Journal of Stem Cells

Immunology, immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19; an overview

(2021) Leila Mohamed Khosroshahi et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis

(2020) Alexandre Sepriano et al.   ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China

(2020) Qiurong Ruan et al.   INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

(2020) Dawei Wang et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease

(2020) Peter Richardson et al.   LANCET

Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

(2020) Kristina E Rudd et al.   LANCET

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chaolin Huang et al.   LANCET

An immune-cell signature of bacterial sepsis

(2020) Miguel Reyes et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Quantitative analysis of how Myc controls T cell proteomes and metabolic pathways during T cell activation

(2020) Julia M Marchingo et al.   eLife

Pulmonary Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Responses to Cryptococcus neoformans

(2020) Benjamin N. Nelson et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

(2020) Zhe Xu et al.   Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations

(2020) Yanan Cao et al.   Cell Discovery

COVID-19 with Different Severities: A Multicenter Study of Clinical Features

(2020) Yun Feng et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application

(2020) Stephen A. Lauer et al.   ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions

(2020) Yvan Jamilloux et al.   AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS

Convalescent plasma in Covid-19: Possible mechanisms of action

(2020) Manuel Rojas et al.   AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

(2020) Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.   CELL

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   CELL

Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients

(2020) Zhuo Zhou et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Rheumatologists’ perspective on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and potential therapeutic targets

(2020) Durga Prasanna Misra et al.   CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY

COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation

(2020) Mehdi Mahmudpour et al.   CYTOKINE

Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia

(2020) Xinjuan Sun et al.   CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS

Are erythema multiforme and urticaria related to a better outcome of COVID 19?

(2020) Stefano Dastoli et al.   Dermatologic Therapy

The need for neurologists in the care of COVID‐19 patients

(2020) J. Sellner et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality

(2020) Chi Zhang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

(2020) Jing Yang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

COVID-19 and stroke—A global World Stroke Organization perspective

(2020) Hugh S Markus et al.   International Journal of Stroke

COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda

(2020) Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with Corona Virus Disease‐19

(2020) Rong Qu et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Diagnostic Utility of Clinical Laboratory Data Determinations for Patients with the Severe COVID‐19

(2020) Yong Gao et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Trials of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for COVID-19 are urgently needed

(2020) Marc Feldmann et al.   LANCET

COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression

(2020) Puja Mehta et al.   LANCET

Baricitinib for COVID-19: a suitable treatment? – Authors' reply

(2020) Peter J Richardson et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab

(2020) Xiaoling Xu et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19

(2020) John B. Moore et al.   SCIENCE

Explanation for COVID‐19 infection neurological damage and reactivations

(2020) Kevin Roe   Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19

(2020) Shan Liu et al.   Stem Cell Research & Therapy

An update on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 with particular reference to its clinical pathology, pathogenesis, immunopathology and mitigation strategies

(2020) Kuldeep Dhama et al.   Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19

(2020) Robin E Ferner et al.   BMJ-British Medical Journal

Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients

(2020) Yonggang Zhou et al.   National Science Review

High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin as a Therapeutic Option for Deteriorating Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

(2020) Wei Cao et al.   Open Forum Infectious Diseases

The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease

(2020) Dennis McGonagle et al.   AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS

A Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-based Platform to Study SARS-CoV-2 Tropism and Model Virus Infection in Human Cells and Organoids

(2020) Liuliu Yang et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19

(2020) Kuldeep Dhama et al.   CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS

Immunoinformatics-guided design of an epitope-based vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike glycoprotein

(2020) Ahmed Rakib et al.   COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Dexamethasone therapy in COVID‐19 patients: implications and guidance for the management of blood glucose in people with and without diabetes

(2020) G. Rayman et al.   DIABETIC MEDICINE

Pharmaco-Immunomodulatory Therapy in COVID-19

(2020) John G. Rizk et al.   DRUGS

Antibody-based immunotherapeutics and use of convalescent plasma to counter COVID-19: advances and prospects

(2020) Khan Sharun et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY

Identification of the hyper-variable genomic hotspot for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Feng Wen et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION

The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19

(2020) Qing Ye et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION

Serum Cytokine and Chemokine Profile in Relation to the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

(2020) Ying Chi et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Cytokine storm syndrome in coronavirus disease 2019: A narrative review

(2020) Y.‐M. Gao et al.   JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19

(2020) Carolina Lucas et al.   NATURE

COVID-19 severity correlates with airway epithelium–immune cell interactions identified by single-cell analysis

(2020) Robert Lorenz Chua et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19

(2020) Aaron J. Wilk et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

(2020) Li Runfeng et al.   PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Immunopathology and immunotherapeutic strategies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

(2020) Synat Keam et al.   REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY

COVID-19 and the liver: little cause for concern

(2020) Mansoor N Bangash et al.   Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 and influenza highlights the role of type I interferons in development of severe COVID-19

(2020) Jeong Seok Lee et al.   Science Immunology

Preventing Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokine to Target in a Raging Storm?

(2020) Ligong Lu et al.   Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Ruxolitinib Rapidly Reduces Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19 Disease. Analysis of Data Collection From RESPIRE Protocol

(2020) Enrico Capochiani et al.   Frontiers in Medicine

Immunopathology of Hyperinflammation in COVID-19

(2020) Joshua N. Gustine et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Peipei Song et al.   CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA

Inhibition of cytokine signaling by ruxolitinib and implications for COVID-19 treatment

(2020) Swamy Yeleswaram et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Antibodies at work in the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

(2020) Kuttuvan Valappil Sajna et al.   CYTOTHERAPY

Baricitinib, a drug with potential effect to prevent SARS-COV-2 from entering target cells and control cytokine storm induced by COVID-19

(2020) Xiuhong Zhang et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients, Its Impact on Organs and Potential Treatment by QTY Code-Designed Detergent-Free Chemokine Receptors

(2020) Mujahed I. Mustafa et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

Biochemical and Computational Approach of Selected Phytocompounds from Tinospora crispa in the Management of COVID-19

(2020) Ahmed Rakib et al.   MOLECULES

Pros and cons of corticosteroid therapy for COVID-19 patients

(2020) Paula Mattos-Silva et al.   RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY & NEUROBIOLOGY

Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans

(2020) Prabhu S. Arunachalam et al.   SCIENCE

Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

(2020) Qian Zhang et al.   SCIENCE

Dexamethasone to combat cytokine storm in COVID-19: Clinical trials and preliminary evidence

(2020) Khan Sharun et al.   International Journal of Surgery

COVID-19 and the World with Co-Morbidities of Heart Disease, Hypertension and Diabetes

(2020) Vijaya Anand Arumugam et al.   JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Therapeutic Modalities for Sars-Cov-2 (Covid-19): Current Status and Role of Protease Inhibitors to Block Viral Entry Into Host Cells

(2020) Sarmad Ahmad Qamar et al.   JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and advances in developing potential therapeutics and vaccines to counter this emerging pandemic

(2020) Ali A. Rabaan et al.   Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics

(2020) Ankur Gupta et al.   Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in domestic animals and wildlife: advances and prospects in the development of animal models for vaccine and therapeutic research

(2020) Khan Sharun et al.   Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

BCG vaccine: a hope to control COVID-19 pandemic amid crisis

(2020) Yashpal Singh Malik et al.   Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Cytokine storm and COVID-19: a chronicle of pro-inflammatory cytokines

(2020) Antonella Fara et al.   Open Biology

A comprehensive review on potential therapeutics interventions for COVID-19

(2020) Heerak Chugh et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Recent findings on the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics

(2020) Negin Ebrahimi et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

The deregulated immune reaction and cytokines release storm (CRS) in COVID-19 disease

(2020) Ritu Pasrija et al.   INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

COVID-19: Cytokine storm modulation/blockade with oral polyvalent immunoglobulins (PVIG, KMP01D): A potential and safe therapeutic agent (Primum nil nocere)

(2020) Laura M. Sly et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

Neutrophils and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Impact on innate immune response and cross‐talks with macrophages and dendritic cells

(2020) Manu Kupani et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of COVID‐19: a review of available evidence

(2020) Parisa Moradimajd et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Mesenchymal stem cell therapies for COVID-19: Current status and mechanism of action

(2020) Somaye Sadeghi et al.   LIFE SCIENCES

Tackling the COVID-19 “cytokine storm” with microRNA mimics directly targeting the 3’UTR of pro-inflammatory mRNAs

(2020) Jessica Gasparello et al.   MEDICAL HYPOTHESES

Cytokine Storm

(2020) David C. Fajgenbaum et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, associated zoonotic concerns, and importance of the One Health approach during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

(2020) Khan Sharun et al.   VETERINARY QUARTERLY

Drug Repurposing Approach against Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) through Virtual Screening Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

(2020) Kamrul Hasan Chowdhury et al.   Biology-Basel

Fostering mesenchymal stem cell therapy to halt cytokine storm in COVID-19

(2020) Madhan Jeyaraman et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE

Virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation study of plant-derived compounds to identify potential inhibitors of main protease from SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Shafi Mahmud et al.   BRIEFINGS IN BIOINFORMATICS

Herbal Medication to Enhance or Modulate Viral Infections

(2020) Sherin F. Tahmasbi et al.   NURSING CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA

Recent Advances targeting CCR5 for Cancer and its Role in Immuno-Oncology

(2019) Xuanmao Jiao et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Identifying gene expression programs of cell-type identity and cellular activity with single-cell RNA-Seq

(2019) Dylan Kotliar et al.   eLife

Role of chemokine receptors in thyroid cancer and immunotherapy

(2019) Francesca Coperchini et al.   ENDOCRINE-RELATED CANCER

Antibodies to watch in 2020

(2019) Hélène Kaplon et al.   mAbs

Chemokine and chemotactic signals in dendritic cell migration

(2018) Laura Tiberio et al.   Cellular & Molecular Immunology

Presenting Symptoms Independently Predict Mortality in Septic Shock

(2018) Michael R. Filbin et al.   CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

Herbal Immunomodulators - A Remedial Panacea for Designing and Developing Effective Drugs and Medicines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects

(2018) Ruchi Tiwari et al.   CURRENT DRUG METABOLISM

Medicinal and Therapeutic Potential of Herbs and Plant Metabolites / Extracts Countering Viral Pathogens - Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

(2018) Kuldeep Dhama et al.   CURRENT DRUG METABOLISM

A community approach to mortality prediction in sepsis via gene expression analysis

(2018) Timothy E. Sweeney et al.   Nature Communications

Cytokine release syndrome

(2018) Alexander Shimabukuro-Vornhagen et al.   Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

The Search for Efficacious New Therapies in Sepsis Needs to Embrace Heterogeneity.

(2018) Brendon P. Scicluna et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

Toll-like receptor 4 in acute viral infection: Too much of a good thing

(2018) Judith Olejnik et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes

(2017) Diego Forni et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Tocilizumab (Actemra)

(2017) Martin Sheppard et al.   Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Advances in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: differences and similarities

(2016) Ellen Brisse et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY

Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice

(2016) Rudragouda Channappanavar et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity and human atrial fibrillation: increased plasma angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity is associated with atrial fibrillation and more advanced left atrial structural remodelling

(2016) Tomos E. Walters et al.   EUROPACE

Immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm

(2016) Toshio Tanaka et al.   Immunotherapy

Comparative and kinetic analysis of viral shedding and immunological responses in MERS patients representing a broad spectrum of disease severity

(2016) Chan-Ki Min et al.   Scientific Reports

Pathogenesis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome and Potential for Cytokine- Directed Therapies

(2015) Grant S. Schulert et al.   Annual Review of Medicine

IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease

(2015) Christopher A Hunter et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Novel RAAS agonists and antagonists: clinical applications and controversies

(2015) Cesar A. Romero et al.   Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Mapping the innate signaling cascade essential for cytokine storm during influenza virus infection

(2014) J. R. Teijaro et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

(2013) Christian Drosten et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia

(2012) Ali M. Zaki et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Innate Immune Collectin Surfactant Protein D Simultaneously Binds Both Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Carbohydrate Ligands and Promotes Bacterial Trapping

(2011) D. N. Douda et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Averting inflammation by targeting the cytokine environment

(2010) Manfred Kopf et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Exacerbated Innate Host Response to SARS-CoV in Aged Non-Human Primates

(2010) Saskia L. Smits et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Interferons and viral infections

(2009) Volker Fensterl et al.   BIOFACTORS

Early Upregulation of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Associated Cytokines Promotes Lethal Disease in an Aged-Mouse Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

(2009) B. Rockx et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Clinical uses of interferons

(2008) Robert M. Friedman   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Detection of Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Heart Failure

(2008) Slava Epelman et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY

Modulation of TNF- -converting enzyme by the spike protein of SARS-CoV and ACE2 induces TNF-  production and facilitates viral entry

(2008) S. Haga et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA