Endothelium Infection and Dysregulation by SARS-CoV-2: Evidence and Caveats in COVID-19

The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China

(2020) David S. Hui et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China

(2020) Zunyou Wu et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Abnormal Coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia

(2020) Ning Tang et al.   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease

(2020) Peter Richardson et al.   LANCET

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

(2020) Nanshan Chen et al.   LANCET

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chaolin Huang et al.   LANCET

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

(2020) Peng Zhou et al.   NATURE

COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system

(2020) Ying-Ying Zheng et al.   Nature Reviews Cardiology

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

(2020) Na Zhu et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

(2020) Daniel Wrapp et al.   SCIENCE

Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury

(2020) Yingxia Liu et al.   Science China-Life Sciences

High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa

(2020) Hao Xu et al.   International Journal of Oral Science

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

(2020)   Nature Microbiology

Angiopoietin-2 as a marker of endothelial activation is a good predictor factor for intensive care unit admission of COVID-19 patients

(2020) David M. Smadja et al.   ANGIOGENESIS

The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Liang Chen et al.   CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH

SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract

(2020) Yixuan J. Hou et al.   CELL

SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues

(2020) Carly G.K. Ziegler et al.   CELL

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2

(2020) Vanessa Monteil et al.   CELL

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   CELL

Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure

(2020) Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion

(2020) Shuai Xia et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19

(2020) Peng Zhang et al.   CIRCULATION RESEARCH

Cell type-specific expression of the putative SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human hearts

(2020) Luka Nicin et al.   EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL

A hypothesized role for dysregulated bradykinin signaling in COVID‐19 respiratory complications

(2020) Joseph A. Roche et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

Downregulation of ACE2 induces overstimulation of the renin–angiotensin system in COVID-19: should we block the renin–angiotensin system?

(2020) François Silhol et al.   HYPERTENSION RESEARCH

Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area

(2020) Safiya Richardson et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial

(2020) Yang Cao et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Lymphocyte subset (CD4+, CD8+) counts reflect the severity of infection and predict the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19

(2020) Zeming Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION

Central Nervous System Involvement by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)

(2020) Alberto Paniz‐Mondolfi et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up

(2020) Behnood Bikdeli et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY

Fibrinolysis Shutdown Correlates to Thromboembolic Events in Severe COVID-19 Infection

(2020) Franklin L. Wright et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS

Gastrointestinal and Liver Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19

(2020) I-Cheng Lee et al.   Journal of the Chinese Medical Association

Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy

(2020) Ning Tang et al.   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Electron Microscopic Investigations in COVID-19: Not all Crowns Are Coronas

(2020) Candice Roufosse et al.   KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL

Multivesicular bodies mimicking SARS-CoV-2 in patients without COVID-19

(2020) Edward Calomeni et al.   KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL

Visualization of putative coronavirus in kidney

(2020) Sara E. Miller et al.   KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL

Collapsing glomerulopathy in a COVID-19 patient

(2020) Sébastien Kissling et al.   KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL

Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China

(2020) Hua Su et al.   KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL

Electron microscopy of SARS-CoV-2: a challenging task

(2020) Cynthia S Goldsmith et al.   LANCET

Electron microscopy of SARS-CoV-2: a challenging task – Authors' reply

(2020) Zsuzsanna Varga et al.   LANCET

Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir–ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial

(2020) Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung et al.   LANCET

Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19

(2020) Zsuzsanna Varga et al.   LANCET

Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor

(2020) Jun Lan et al.   NATURE

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

(2020) Mingfeng Liao et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes

(2020) Waradon Sungnak et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19

(2020) Maximilian Ackermann et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Preliminary Report

(2020) John H. Beigel et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Victor G. Puelles et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Jian Shang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab

(2020) Xiaoling Xu et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells

(2020) Shutoku Matsuyama et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Role of the Fibrinolytic System from Transmission to Organ Injury and Sequelae

(2020) Hau C. Kwaan   SEMINARS IN THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS

Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases

(2020) Cynthia Magro et al.   Translational Research

and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 research

(2020) Kazuo Takayama   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Kallikrein-kinin blockade in patients with COVID-19 to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome

(2020) Frank L van de Veerdonk et al.   eLife

Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory tract and conjunctiva: an analysis in ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures

(2020) Kenrie P Y Hui et al.   Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients

(2020) Yonggang Zhou et al.   National Science Review

Hypertension, Thrombosis, Kidney Failure, and Diabetes: Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical and Basic Evidence

(2020) Celestino Sardu et al.   Journal of Clinical Medicine

COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) Hanny Al-Samkari et al.   BLOOD

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Contribute to Immunothrombosis in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

(2020) Elizabeth A Middleton et al.   BLOOD

SARS‐CoV‐2 endothelial infection causes COVID‐19 chilblains: histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of seven paediatric cases

(2020) I. Colmenero et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY

A Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-based Platform to Study SARS-CoV-2 Tropism and Model Virus Infection in Human Cells and Organoids

(2020) Liuliu Yang et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Hyperinflammation and derangement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in COVID-19: A novel hypothesis for clinically suspected hypercoagulopathy and microvascular immunothrombosis

(2020) Brandon Michael Henry et al.   CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA

COVID-19 and the endothelium

(2020) F. Jung et al.   CLINICAL HEMORHEOLOGY AND MICROCIRCULATION

Bioinformatics studies on a function of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein as the binding of host sialic acid glycans

(2020) B. Robson   COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Pericyte alteration sheds light on micro-vasculopathy in COVID-19 infection

(2020) Nathalie Cardot-Leccia et al.   INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

(2020) W. Joost Wiersinga et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Predictive values of blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio and other routine blood parameters on disease severity and survival of COVID‐19 patients

(2020) Fesih Ok et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

When interferon tiptoes through COVID-19: Pernio-like lesions and their prognostic implications during SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) William Damsky et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY

Hypofibrinolytic state and high thrombin generation may play a major role in SARS‐COV2 associated thrombosis

(2020) Christophe Nougier et al.   JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series

(2020) Benjamin T Bradley et al.   LANCET

Neurological associations of COVID-19

(2020) Mark A Ellul et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

The Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in COVID-19 with severe systemic hyperinflammation

(2020) F. La Rosée et al.   LEUKEMIA

In situ detection of SARS-CoV-2 in lungs and airways of patients with COVID-19

(2020) Inga-Marie Schaefer et al.   MODERN PATHOLOGY

Immune complement and coagulation dysfunction in adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) Vijendra Ramlall et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients

(2020) Yassine Yachou et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 — Preliminary Report

(2020)   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients

(2020) Jérôme Hadjadj et al.   SCIENCE

Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19

(2020) F.A. Klok et al.   THROMBOSIS RESEARCH

Targeting JAK-STAT Signaling to Control Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19

(2020) Wei Luo et al.   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Cryo-EM analysis of the post-fusion structure of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein

(2020) Xiaoyi Fan et al.   Nature Communications

A mechanistic model and therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 involving a RAS-mediated bradykinin storm

(2020) Michael R Garvin et al.   eLife

Intoxication With Endogenous Angiotensin II: A COVID-19 Hypothesis

(2020) Adonis Sfera et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase in patients with severe COVID-19

(2020) Mark Roschewski et al.   Science Immunology

Pericytes as Novel Targets for HIV/SIV Infection in the Lung

(2020) Sarah E Stephenson et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Direct activation of the alternative complement pathway by SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins is blocked by factor D inhibition

(2020) Jia Yu et al.   BLOOD

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2

(2020) Thomas Mandel Clausen et al.   CELL

Molecular Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus

(2020) Hangping Yao et al.   CELL

Vascular Disease and Thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Rhesus Macaques

(2020) Malika Aid et al.   CELL

Decreased T cell populations contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19

(2020) Rui Liu et al.   CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19: Radiologic and clinical overview

(2020) Shima Behzad et al.   CLINICAL IMAGING

Inhaled and systemic heparin as a repurposed direct antiviral drug for prevention and treatment of COVID-19

(2020) Carina Conzelmann et al.   CLINICAL MEDICINE

Evaluation of COVID‐19 coagulopathy; laboratory characterization using thrombin generation and nonconventional haemostasis assays

(2020) Danielle White et al.   International Journal of Laboratory Hematology

Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19

(2020) Christoph D. Spinner et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

A computational and bioinformatic analysis of ACE2: an elucidation of its dual role in COVID-19 pathology and finding its associated partners as potential therapeutic targets

(2020) Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS

Discordant anti‐SARS‐CoV ‐2 spike protein and RNA staining in cutaneous perniotic lesions suggests endothelial deposition of cleaved spike protein

(2020) Christine J. Ko et al.   JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY

Complement activation in the disease course of COVID-19 and its effects on clinical outcomes

(2020) Aline H de Nooijer et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

COVID‐19 infection induces readily detectable morphologic and inflammation‐related phenotypic changes in peripheral blood monocytes

(2020) Dan Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY

The Use of Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS) Inhibitors is Associated with a Lower Risk of Mortality in Hypertensive COVID‐19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

(2020) Yixuan Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Type I interferon susceptibility distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from SARS-CoV.

(2020) Kumari G. Lokugamage et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Why misinterpretation of electron micrographs in SARS-CoV-2-infected tissue goes viral

(2020) Carsten Dittmayer et al.   LANCET

Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions

(2020) Zunlong Ke et al.   NATURE

Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19

(2020) John H. Stone et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Systemic complement activation is associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 hospitalized patients

(2020) Jan C. Holter et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Engineered ACE2 receptor traps potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Anum Glasgow et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges

(2020) Beata Turoňová et al.   SCIENCE

REGN-COV2 antibodies prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters

(2020) Alina Baum et al.   SCIENCE

Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection

(2020) James L. Daly et al.   SCIENCE

Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity

(2020) Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri et al.   SCIENCE

Mannose-Binding Lectin is Associated with Thrombosis and Coagulopathy in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

(2020) Michael Hultström et al.   THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS

Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis

(2020) Andrew G. Harrison et al.   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

RAAS inhibitors are not associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients: Findings from an observational multicenter study in Italy and a meta-analysis of 19 studies

(2020) Augusto Di Castelnuovo et al.   VASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY

Cell morphological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by transmission electron microscopy

(2020) Jin Zhao et al.   Journal of Thoracic Disease

Human recombinant soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19

(2020) Alexander Zoufaly et al.   Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Increased Plasma Heparanase Activity in COVID-19 Patients

(2020) Baranca Buijsers et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Complement activation and endothelial perturbation parallel COVID-19 severity and activity

(2020) Massimo Cugno et al.   JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2–Induced Immune Activation and Death of Monocyte-Derived Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

(2020) Jian Zheng et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 — Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results

(2020)   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with Covid-19

(2020) Andre C. Kalil et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19

(2020) Peter Chen et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Lymphocyte Subset Alteration and Monocyte CD4 Expression Reduction in Patients with Severe COVID-19

(2020) Sumeyye Kazancioglu et al.   VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY

Cellular events of acute, resolving or progressive COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates

(2020) M. D. Fahlberg et al.   Nature Communications

Endothelium structure and function in kidney health and disease

(2019) Noemie Jourde-Chiche et al.   Nature Reviews Nephrology

Circulating angiotensin peptides levels in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome correlate with clinical outcomes: A pilot study

(2019) Raju Reddy et al.   PLoS One

Small vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications

(2019) Joanna M Wardlaw et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Effects of angiotensin-II on brain endothelial cell permeability via PPARalpha regulation of para- and trans-cellular pathways

(2019) Shuzhen Guo et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Understanding Infection-Induced Thrombosis: Lessons Learned From Animal Models

(2019) Nonantzin Beristain-Covarrubias et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Attenuation of pulmonary ACE2 activity impairs inactivation of des-Arg9 bradykinin/BKB1R axis and facilitates LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration

(2018) Chhinder P. Sodhi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Bradykinin B2 Receptor Contributes to Inflammatory Responses in Human Endothelial Cells by the Transactivation of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor FGFR-1

(2018) Erika Terzuoli et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Immunothrombosis in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Cross Talks between Inflammation and Coagulation

(2016) Frantzeska Frantzeskaki et al.   RESPIRATION

Complement Activation in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis is Mediated by Plasmin

(2016) Jonathan H. Foley et al.   EBioMedicine

Endothelial cell control of thrombosis

(2015) Jonathan W. Yau et al.   BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

Human Coronavirus HKU1 Spike Protein UsesO-Acetylated Sialic Acid as an Attachment Receptor Determinant and Employs Hemagglutinin-Esterase Protein as a Receptor-Destroying Enzyme

(2015) Xingchuan Huang et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Pericyte-endothelial crosstalk: implications and opportunities for advanced cellular therapies

(2014) Anita Geevarghese et al.   Translational Research

Antigen capture and archiving by lymphatic endothelial cells following vaccination or viral infection

(2014) Beth A. Tamburini et al.   Nature Communications

TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 Cleave ACE2 Differentially and Only Proteolysis by TMPRSS2 Augments Entry Driven by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein

(2013) A. Heurich et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC

(2013) V. Stalin Raj et al.   NATURE

Angiotensin II, Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Wasting

(2011) Sergiy Sukhanov et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES

Evidence that TMPRSS2 Activates the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Membrane Fusion and Reduces Viral Control by the Humoral Immune Response

(2011) I. Glowacka et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Efficient Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein by the Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS2

(2010) S. Matsuyama et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and endothelial (dys)function

(2009) K. Stangl et al.   CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH

Differential Downregulation of ACE2 by the Spike Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus NL63

(2009) I. Glowacka et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice

(2008) Yumiko Imai et al.   EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

Modulation of TNF- -converting enzyme by the spike protein of SARS-CoV and ACE2 induces TNF-  production and facilitates viral entry

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