Tethered and Untethered 3D Microactuators Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization: A Review

External Power-Driven Microrobotic Swarm: From Fundamental Understanding to Imaging-Guided Delivery

(2021) Qianqian Wang et al.   ACS Nano

Tiny robots and sensors need tiny batteries — here’s how to do it

(2021) Minshen Zhu et al.   NATURE

Direct coherent multi-ink printing of fabric supercapacitors

(2021) Jingxin Zhao et al.   Science Advances

3D printing of highly stretchable hydrogel with diverse UV curable polymers

(2021) Qi Ge et al.   Science Advances

Magnetic Microswarm Composed of Porous Nanocatalysts for Targeted Elimination of Biofilm Occlusion

(2021) Yue Dong et al.   ACS Nano

Propulsion Gait Analysis and Fluidic Trapping of Swinging Flexible Nanomotors

(2021) Fengtong Ji et al.   ACS Nano

Independent Pattern Formation of Nanorod and Nanoparticle Swarms under an Oscillating Field

(2021) Xingzhou Du et al.   ACS Nano

Transparent Light‐Driven Hydrogel Actuator Based on Photothermal Marangoni Effect and Buoyancy Flow for Three‐Dimensional Motion

(2021) Deng Pan et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Ultrasound Doppler-guided real-time navigation of a magnetic microswarm for active endovascular delivery

(2021) Qianqian Wang et al.   Science Advances

Magnetically Driven Micro and Nanorobots

(2021) Huaijuan Zhou et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Endoscopy-assisted magnetic navigation of biohybrid soft microrobots with rapid endoluminal delivery and imaging

(2021) Ben Wang et al.   Science Robotics

Nanogap Plasmonic Structures Fabricated by Switchable Capillary‐Force Driven Self‐Assembly for Localized Sensing of Anticancer Medicines with Microfluidic SERS

(2020) Zhaoxin Lao et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Pros and Cons: Magnetic versus Optical Microrobots

(2020) Metin Sitti et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Grain structure control during metal 3D printing by high-intensity ultrasound

(2020) C. J. Todaro et al.   Nature Communications

Multipolar spatial electric field modulation for freeform electroactive hydrogel actuation

(2020) Moon-Young Choi et al.   Scientific Reports

Programmable deformation of patterned bimorph actuator swarm

(2020) Jia-Nan Ma et al.   National Science Review

Four-dimensional micro-building blocks

(2020) T.-Y. Huang et al.   Science Advances

Stimuli-Responsive Actuator Fabricated by Dynamic Asymmetric Femtosecond Bessel Beam for In Situ Particle and Cell Manipulation

(2020) Rui Li et al.   ACS Nano

Light-Driven Hovering of a Magnetic Microswarm in Fluid

(2020) Fengtong Ji et al.   ACS Nano

Amplitude-phase optimized long depth of focus femtosecond axilens beam for single-exposure fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microstructures

(2020) Deng Pan et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

Acoustofluidic sonoporation for gene delivery to human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

(2020) Jason N. Belling et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Complexation-induced resolution enhancement of 3D-printed hydrogel constructs

(2020) Jiaxing Gong et al.   Nature Communications

O-FIB: far-field-induced near-field breakdown for direct nanowriting in an atmospheric environment

(2020) Zhen-Ze Li et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Dynamic Airy imaging through high-efficiency broadband phase microelements by femtosecond laser direct writing

(2020) Ze Cai et al.   Photonics Research

Direct Laser Writing of Four-Dimensional Structural Color Microactuators Using a Photonic Photoresist

(2020) Marc del Pozo et al.   ACS Nano

Acoustofluidic Holography for Micro- to Nanoscale Particle Manipulation

(2020) Yuyang Gu et al.   ACS Nano

Liquid‐Crystal‐Elastomer‐Based Dissipative Structures by Digital Light Processing 3D Printing

(2020) Nicholas A. Traugutt et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Chiral Assemblies of Laser‐Printed Micropillars Directed by Asymmetrical Capillary Force

(2020) Yanlei Hu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Acoustic Microfluidics

(2020) Peiran Zhang et al.   Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Self-assembled micropillars fabricated by holographic femtosecond multi-foci beams for in-situ trapping of microparticles

(2020) Yanlei Hu et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

Efficient full-path optical calculation of scalar and vector diffraction using the Bluestein method

(2020) Yanlei Hu et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Printability of photo-sensitive nanocomposites using two-photon polymerization

(2020) Ka-Wai Yeung et al.   Nanotechnology Reviews

Soft electromagnetic actuators

(2020) Guoyong Mao et al.   Science Advances

Light-Triggered Catalytic Performance Enhancement Using Magnetic Nanomotor Ensembles

(2020) Fengtong Ji et al.   Research

Leukocyte Membrane-Coated Liquid Metal Nanoswimmers for Actively Targeted Delivery and Synergistic Chemophotothermal Therapy

(2020) Daolin Wang et al.   Research

Zwitterionic 3D‐Printed Non‐Immunogenic Stealth Microrobots

(2020) Pol Cabanach et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Femtosecond laser programmed artificial musculoskeletal systems

(2020) Zhuo-Chen Ma et al.   Nature Communications

3D Bioinspired Microstructures for Switchable Repellency in both Air and Liquid

(2020) Xiaojiang Liu et al.   Advanced Science

Trends in Micro‐/Nanorobotics: Materials Development, Actuation, Localization, and System Integration for Biomedical Applications

(2020) Ben Wang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Real-Time Magnetic Navigation of a Rotating Colloidal Microswarm Under Ultrasound Guidance

(2020) Qianqian Wang et al.   IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Xolography for linear volumetric 3D printing

(2020) Martin Regehly et al.   NATURE

Mechanically interlocked 3D multi-material micromachines

(2020) C. C. J. Alcântara et al.   Nature Communications

Design and Real-Time Optimization for a Magnetic Actuation System With Enhanced Flexibility

(2020) Xingzhou Du et al.   IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS

Controlling the shape of 3D microstructures by temperature and light

(2019) Marc Hippler et al.   Nature Communications

Real-time tracking of fluorescent magnetic spore–based microrobots for remote detection of C. diff toxins

(2019) Yabin Zhang et al.   Science Advances

Micro/Nanomachines: from Functionalization to Sensing and Removal

(2019) Yabin Zhang et al.   Advanced Materials Technologies

Hydrophobicity Influence on Swimming Performance of Magnetically Driven Miniature Helical Swimmers

(2019) Chengwei Ye et al.   Micromachines

3D-Printed Microrobotic Transporters with Recapitulated Stem Cell Niche for Programmable and Active Cell Delivery

(2019) Immihan Ceren Yasa et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

3D-Printed Biodegradable Microswimmer for Theranostic Cargo Delivery and Release

(2019) Hakan Ceylan et al.   ACS Nano

Femtosecond Mathieu Beams for Rapid Controllable Fabrication of Complex Microcages and Application in Trapping Microobjects

(2019) Chaowei Wang et al.   ACS Nano

Dual-3D Femtosecond Laser Nanofabrication Enables Dynamic Actuation

(2019) Yong-Lai Zhang et al.   ACS Nano

High-Fidelity Conformal Printing of 3D Liquid Alloy Circuits for Soft Electronics

(2019) Shuo Zhang et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Development of Direct-Laser-Printable Light-Powered Nanocomposites

(2019) Ling Chen et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Mimicking the Structure and Function of Ant Bridges in a Reconfigurable Microswarm for Electronic Applications

(2019) Dongdong Jin et al.   ACS Nano

Conical Hollow Microhelices with Superior Swimming Capabilities for Targeted Cargo Delivery

(2019) Chen Xin et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Design and Fabrication of Tubular Micro/Nanomotors via 3D Laser Lithography

(2019) Yimeng Chen et al.   Chemistry-An Asian Journal

Dynamic Morphology and Swimming Properties of Rotating Miniature Swimmers With Soft Tails

(2019) Tiantian Xu et al.   IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS

Four-dimensional direct laser writing of reconfigurable compound micromachines

(2019) Dongdong Jin et al.   Materials Today

High-resolution, reconfigurable printing of liquid metals with three-dimensional structures

(2019) Young-Geun Park et al.   Science Advances

Molecular cargo delivery using multicellular magnetic microswimmers

(2019) Xiaohui Yan et al.   Applied Materials Today

Gradient Assembly of Polymer Nanospheres and Graphene Oxide Sheets for Dual-Responsive Soft Actuators

(2019) Yuan-Yuan Gao et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Targeted Single‐Cell Therapeutics with Magnetic Tubular Micromotor by One‐Step Exposure of Structured Femtosecond Optical Vortices

(2019) Liang Yang et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Liquid‐Crystal‐Mediated Geometric Phase: From Transmissive to Broadband Reflective Planar Optics

(2019) Peng Chen et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

3D Printing of BaTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics for a Focused Ultrasonic Array

(2019) Jian Cheng et al.   SENSORS

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

(2019) Marco Carlotti et al.   Small

4D Printing of a Liquid Crystal Elastomer with a Controllable Orientation Gradient

(2019) Chun Zhang et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

3D Printing of Interdigitated Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

(2019) Alex Chortos et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Botanical‐Inspired 4D Printing of Hydrogel at the Microscale

(2019) Yanlei Hu et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing

(2019) Sourabh K. Saha et al.   SCIENCE

Shape-programmed 3D printed swimming microtori for the transport of passive and active agents

(2019) Remmi Danae Baker et al.   Nature Communications

Disassembly and spreading of magnetic nanoparticle clusters on uneven surfaces

(2019) Qianqian Wang et al.   Applied Materials Today

Electrotunable Nanoplasmonics for Amplified Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

(2019) Ye Ma et al.   ACS Nano

Image-Based Visual Servoing of Helical Microswimmers for Planar Path Following

(2019) Tiantian Xu et al.   IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering

Automated Control of Magnetic Spore-Based Microrobot Using Fluorescence Imaging for Targeted Delivery With Cellular Resolution

(2019) Lidong Yang et al.   IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering

Statistics-Based Automated Control for a Swarm of Paramagnetic Nanoparticles in 2-D Space

(2019) Lidong Yang et al.   IEEE Transactions on Robotics

Light-driven micron-scale 3D hydrogel actuator produced by two-photon polymerization microfabrication

(2019) Chenglin Zheng et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL

Active generation and magnetic actuation of microrobotic swarms in bio-fluids

(2019) Jiangfan Yu et al.   Nature Communications

3-D Path Following of Helical Microswimmers With an Adaptive Orientation Compensation Model

(2019) Xinyu Wu et al.   IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering

Surface-Chemistry-Mediated Control of Individual Magnetic Helical Microswimmers in a Swarm

(2018) Xiaopu Wang et al.   ACS Nano

Reconfigurable Swarms of Ferromagnetic Colloids for Enhanced Local Hyperthermia

(2018) Ben Wang et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Swimming Microrobots: Soft, Reconfigurable, and Smart

(2018) Mariana Medina-Sánchez et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Remote Control of Heterodimeric Magnetic Nanoswitch Regulates the Adhesion and Differentiation of Stem Cells

(2018) Heemin Kang et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Real-time two-photon lithography in controlled flow to create a single-microparticle array and particle-cluster array for optofluidic imaging

(2018) Bing Xu et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Generation of colorful Airy beams and Airy imaging of letters via two-photon processed cubic phase plates

(2018) Ze Cai et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

A Monolithic Force-Sensitive 3D Microgripper Fabricated on the Tip of an Optical Fiber Using 2-Photon Polymerization

(2018) Maura Power et al.   Small

3D printing of robotic soft actuators with programmable bioinspired architectures

(2018) Manuel Schaffner et al.   Nature Communications

Optically Driven Soft Micro Robotics

(2018) Sara Nocentini et al.   Advanced Optical Materials

Nonlinear Parametric Excitation Effect Induces Stability Transitions in Swimming Direction of Flexible Superparamagnetic Microswimmers

(2018) Yuval Harduf et al.   Soft Robotics

Carbon-Based Photothermal Actuators

(2018) Bing Han et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Localized Self-Growth of Reconfigurable Architectures Induced by a Femtosecond Laser on a Shape-Memory Polymer

(2018) Yachao Zhang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Controllable rotational inversion in nanostructures with dual chirality

(2018) Lu Dai et al.   Nanoscale

Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials

(2018) Yoonho Kim et al.   NATURE

A bioinspired multilegged soft millirobot that functions in both dry and wet conditions

(2018) Haojian Lu et al.   Nature Communications

Ultra-extensible ribbon-like magnetic microswarm

(2018) Jiangfan Yu et al.   Nature Communications

Bioinspired 3D structures with programmable morphologies and motions

(2018) Amirali Nojoomi et al.   Nature Communications

Collective Behavior of Reconfigurable Magnetic Droplets via Dynamic Self-Assembly

(2018) Qianqian Wang et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Mechanical-Tunable Capillary-Force-Driven Self-Assembled Hierarchical Structures on Soft Substrate

(2018) Zhaoxin Lao et al.   ACS Nano

Enhanced Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals Using Swarming Biohybrid Adsorbents

(2018) Yabin Zhang et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Capillary-assisted localized crystallization on discrete micropillar rings

(2018) Yanlei Hu et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

Acoustic tweezers for the life sciences

(2018) Adem Ozcelik et al.   NATURE METHODS

Flexible and rapid fabrication of silver microheaters with spatial-modulated multifoci by femtosecond laser multiphoton reduction

(2018) Dongdong Qian et al.   OPTICS LETTERS

3D nanofabrication by volumetric deposition and controlled shrinkage of patterned scaffolds

(2018) Daniel Oran et al.   SCIENCE

Universal Soft Robotic Microgripper

(2018) Haiyan Jia et al.   Small

Orthogonal programming of heterogeneous micro-mechano-environments and geometries in three-dimensional bio-stereolithography

(2018) Hang Yin et al.   Nature Communications

On-Demand Disassembly of Paramagnetic Nanoparticle Chains for Microrobotic Cargo Delivery

(2017) Jiangfan Yu et al.   IEEE Transactions on Robotics

Magnetically Tuning Tether Mobility of Integrin Ligand Regulates Adhesion, Spreading, and Differentiation of Stem Cells

(2017) Dexter S. H. Wong et al.   NANO LETTERS

Edge effect of strained bilayer nanofilms for tunable multistability and actuation

(2017) N. Hu et al.   Nanoscale

Selective surface tension induced patterning on flexible textiles via click chemistry

(2017) Ben Wang et al.   Nanoscale

Arch-like microsorters with multi-modal and clogging-improved filtering functions by using femtosecond laser multifocal parallel microfabrication

(2017) Bing Xu et al.   OPTICS EXPRESS

Field responsive materials: photo-, electro-, magnetic- and ultrasound-sensitive polymers

(2017) Theodore Manouras et al.   Polymer Chemistry

DNA sequence–directed shape change of photopatterned hydrogels via high-degree swelling

(2017) Angelo Cangialosi et al.   SCIENCE

High sensitivity fiber acoustic sensor tip working at 1550 nm fabricated by two-photon polymerization technique

(2017) Min Li et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL

Self-Sealed Bionic Long Microchannels with Thin Walls and Designable Nanoholes Prepared by Line-Contact Capillary-Force Assembly

(2017) Zhao-Xin Lao et al.   Small

Graphene-edge dielectrophoretic tweezers for trapping of biomolecules

(2017) Avijit Barik et al.   Nature Communications

Light controlled 3D micromotors powered by bacteria

(2017) Gaszton Vizsnyiczai et al.   Nature Communications

Three-dimensional chiral microstructures fabricated by structured optical vortices in isotropic material

(2017) Jincheng Ni et al.   Light-Science & Applications

Maximizing the performance of photothermal actuators by combining smart materials with supplementary advantages

(2017) Tongyu Wang et al.   Science Advances

One-step volumetric additive manufacturing of complex polymer structures

(2017) Maxim Shusteff et al.   Science Advances

3D Printing Macroscale Engineered Materials Using Ultrasound Directed Self-Assembly and Stereolithography

(2017) John Greenhall et al.   Advanced Materials Technologies

Dumbbell Fluidic Tweezers for Dynamical Trapping and Selective Transport of Microobjects

(2016) Qi Zhou et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Light-Mediated Manufacture and Manipulation of Actuators

(2016) Dong-Dong Han et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Soft Actuators for Small-Scale Robotics

(2016) Lindsey Hines et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Nano-patterned SU-8 surface using nanosphere-lithography for enhanced neuronal cell growth

(2016) Eunhee Kim et al.   NANOTECHNOLOGY

Printing soft matter in three dimensions

(2016) Ryan L. Truby et al.   NATURE

Biomimetic 4D printing

(2016) A. Sydney Gladman et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Evolution of 3D printed soft actuators

(2016) Ali Zolfagharian et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL

Lipid Coated Microbubbles and Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhance Chondrogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in 3D Printed Scaffolds

(2016) Mitra Aliabouzar et al.   Scientific Reports

Optimized holographic femtosecond laser patterning method towards rapid integration of high-quality functional devices in microchannels

(2016) Chenchu Zhang et al.   Scientific Reports

High efficiency integration of three-dimensional functional microdevices inside a microfluidic chip by using femtosecond laser multifoci parallel microfabrication

(2016) Bing Xu et al.   Scientific Reports

Self-Folding Thermo-Magnetically Responsive Soft Microgrippers

(2015) Joyce C. Breger et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Artificial Micromotors in the Mouse’s Stomach: A Step toward in Vivo Use of Synthetic Motors

(2015) Wei Gao et al.   ACS Nano

Capillary Force Driven Self-Assembly of Anisotropic Hierarchical Structures Prepared by Femtosecond Laser 3D Printing and Their Applications in Crystallizing Microparticles

(2015) Zhaoxin Lao et al.   ACS Nano

Magnetite Nanostructured Porous Hollow Helical Microswimmers for Targeted Delivery

(2015) Xiaohui Yan et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Magnetic Helical Microswimmers Functionalized with Lipoplexes for Targeted Gene Delivery

(2015) Famin Qiu et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Direct 3D Printing of Shear-Thinning Hydrogels into Self-Healing Hydrogels

(2015) Christopher B. Highley et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Reversible Swarming and Separation of Self-Propelled Chemically Powered Nanomotors under Acoustic Fields

(2015) Tailin Xu et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Cellular Cargo Delivery: Toward Assisted Fertilization by Sperm-Carrying Micromotors

(2015) Mariana Medina-Sánchez et al.   NANO LETTERS

Laser printing hierarchical structures with the aid of controlled capillary-driven self-assembly

(2015) Yanlei Hu et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects

(2015) J. R. Tumbleston et al.   SCIENCE

Micromotors with asymmetric shape that efficiently convert light into work by thermocapillary effects

(2015) Claudio Maggi et al.   Nature Communications

Mechanical properties of normal and binormal double nanohelices

(2015) Lu Dai et al.   RSC Advances

Hydrogel Walkers with Electro-Driven Motility for Cargo Transport

(2015) Chao Yang et al.   Scientific Reports

An improved multi-exposure approach for high quality holographic femtosecond laser patterning

(2014) Chenchu Zhang et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

Polymeric Actuators

(2014) Leonid Ionov   LANGMUIR

Dynamic laser prototyping for biomimetic nanofabrication

(2014) Dong-Xu Liu et al.   Laser & Photonics Reviews

Hydrogel-based actuators: possibilities and limitations

(2014) Leonid Ionov   Materials Today

Self-Folding Single Cell Grippers

(2014) Kate Malachowski et al.   NANO LETTERS

Helical metallic micro- and nanostructures: fabrication and application

(2014) Lichun Liu et al.   Nanoscale

Light-Controlled Graphene-Elastin Composite Hydrogel Actuators

(2013) Eddie Wang et al.   NANO LETTERS

Electro-actuated hydrogel walkers with dual responsive legs

(2013) Daniel Morales et al.   Soft Matter

Three-dimensional deep sub-diffraction optical beam lithography with 9 nm feature size

(2013) Zongsong Gan et al.   Nature Communications

Magnetic Helical Micromachines: Fabrication, Controlled Swimming, and Cargo Transport

(2012) Soichiro Tottori et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

A light-driven turbine-like micro-rotor and study on its light-to-mechanical power conversion efficiency

(2012) Xiao-Feng Lin et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

On-chip manipulation of single microparticles, cells, and organisms using surface acoustic waves

(2012) X. Ding et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Dynamically Tunable Protein Microlenses

(2011) Yun-Lu Sun et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Chemically Triggered Swarming of Gold Microparticles

(2010) Daniel Kagan et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

High performance magnetically controllable microturbines

(2010) Ye Tian et al.   LAB ON A CHIP

Designable 3D nanofabrication by femtosecond laser direct writing

(2010) Yong-Lai Zhang et al.   Nano Today

Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal network actuators modularly driven by light

(2009) Casper L. van Oosten et al.   NATURE MATERIALS