Symbioses of Cyanobacteria in Marine Environments: Ecological Insights and Biotechnological Perspectives

Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Marine Cyanobacteria to Produce Bioactive Compounds

(2020) Despoina Konstantinou et al.   Toxins

Evidence for a mutualistic relationship between the cyanobacteria Nostoc and fungi Aspergilli in different environments

(2020) Liqun Jiang et al.   APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Sponge microbiome stability during environmental acquisition of highly specific photosymbionts

(2020) Maya Britstein et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Highlights of marine natural products having parallel scaffolds found from marine-derived bacteria, sponges, and tunicates

(2020) Erin P. McCauley et al.   JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS

Natural Bioactive Thiazole-Based Peptides from Marine Resources: Structural and Pharmacological Aspects

(2020) Rajiv Dahiya et al.   Marine Drugs

Biological Activity of Porcine Gastric Mucin on Stress Resistance and Immunomodulation

(2020) Thiloma D. Liyanage et al.   MOLECULES

Receptors Mediating Host-Microbiota Communication in the Metaorganism: The Invertebrate Perspective

(2020) Katja Dierking et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Ocean acidification alters the responses of invertebrates to wound-activated infochemicals produced by epiphytes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica

(2020) Mirko Mutalipassi et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

On the way to specificity ‐ Microbiome reflects sponge genetic cluster primarily in highly structured populations

(2020) Cristina Díez‐Vives et al.   MOLECULAR ECOLOGY

Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds and Antibacterial Activity of the Amazonian Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain GFB01

(2020) Samuel Cavalcante do Amaral et al.   MOLECULES

The Marine Sponge Petrosia ficiformis Harbors Different Cyanobacteria Strains with Potential Biotechnological Application

(2020) Patrizia Pagliara et al.   Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Distribution of Toxigenic Halomicronema spp. in Adjacent Environments on the Island of Ischia: Comparison of Strains from Thermal Waters and Free Living in Posidonia Oceanica Meadows

(2019) Valerio Zupo et al.   Toxins

Seasonality and latitudinal variability in the diatom-cyanobacteria symbiotic relationships in the coastal waters of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia

(2019) Reny P. Devassy et al.   SYMBIOSIS

Natural Products from Cyanobacteria: Focus on Beneficial Activities

(2019) Justine Demay et al.   Marine Drugs

Diversity, Genomics, and Distribution of Phytoplankton-Cyanobacterium Single-Cell Symbiotic Associations

(2019) Rachel A. Foster et al.   Annual Review of Microbiology

Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids: Making the Foundation for Organic Personalised Sunscreens

(2019) Nedeljka Rosic   Marine Drugs

C-Phycocyanin exerts anti-cancer effects via the MAPK signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells

(2018) Liangqian Jiang et al.   Cancer Cell International

Antioxidant activity and associated structural attributes of Halomicronema phycoerythrin

(2018) Stuti N. Patel et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

Ascidian Toxins with Potential for Drug Development

(2018) Dianne Watters   Marine Drugs

Sponges-Cyanobacteria associations: Global diversity overview and new data from the Eastern Mediterranean

(2018) Despoina Konstantinou et al.   PLoS One

UCYN-A3, a newly characterized open ocean sublineage of the symbiotic N2 -fixing cyanobacterium Candidatus Atelocyanobacterium thalassa

(2018) Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Microalgae-bacteria symbiosis in microalgal growth and biofuel production: a review

(2018) Shuo Yao et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

First evidence of Halomicronema metazoicum (Cyanobacteria) free-living on Posidonia oceanica leaves

(2018) Nadia Ruocco et al.   PLoS One

Anticancer Activity of Natural Compounds from Plant and Marine Environment

(2018) Anna Lichota et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Growth and secretome analysis of possible synergistic interaction between green algae and cyanobacteria

(2018) Kshipra Gautam et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOENGINEERING

Cyclic Peptides: Promising Scaffolds for Biopharmaceuticals

(2018) Donghyeok Gang et al.   Genes

Cyanobacterial nitrogenases: phylogenetic diversity, regulation and functional predictions

(2017) Alberto A. Esteves-Ferreira et al.   GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Bio-prospecting of coral ( Porites lutea ) mucus associated bacteria, Palk Bay reefs, Southeast coast of India

(2017) N.K. Ahila et al.   MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS

Marine natural products

(2017) John W. Blunt et al.   NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS

C-phycocyanin suppresses transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in human epithelial cells

(2017) Dhamotharan Pattarayan et al.   Pharmacological Reports

Discovery of chemoautotrophic symbiosis in the giant shipwormKuphus polythalamia(Bivalvia: Teredinidae) extends wooden-steps theory

(2017) Daniel L. Distel et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Defining the core microbiome of the symbiotic dinoflagellate, Symbiodinium

(2017) Caitlin A. Lawson et al.   Environmental Microbiology Reports

The Assimilation of Diazotroph-Derived Nitrogen by Scleractinian Corals Depends on Their Metabolic Status

(2017) Vanessa N. Bednarz et al.   mBio

Zooming in on the phycosphere: the ecological interface for phytoplankton–bacteria relationships

(2017) Justin R. Seymour et al.   Nature Microbiology

Opinion: Hijacking exogenous signals to generate new secondary metabolites during symbiotic interactions

(2017) Rurun Wang et al.   Nature Reviews Chemistry

Cyanobacteria and Eukaryotic Algae Use Different Chemical Variants of Vitamin B12

(2016) Katherine Emma Helliwell et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Transcriptome analysis of phycocyanin inhibitory effects on SKOV-3 cell proliferation

(2016) Jun Ying et al.   GENE

The regulation of host defences to infection by the microbiota

(2016) Rebecca L. Brown et al.   IMMUNOLOGY

The microbiome of coral surface mucus has a key role in mediating holobiont health and survival upon disturbance

(2016) Bettina Glasl et al.   ISME Journal

Diazotrophs: a non-negligible source of nitrogen for the tropical coralStylophora pistillata

(2016) Mar Benavides et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY

DNA damage protecting and free radical scavenging properties of mycosporine-2-glycine from the Dead Sea cyanobacterium in A375 human melanoma cell lines

(2016) Vipaporn Cheewinthamrongrod et al.   JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY

Biosynthesis of polyketides by trans-AT polyketide synthases

(2016) Eric J. N. Helfrich et al.   NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS

Geographically conserved microbiomes of four temperate water tunicates

(2016) Patrick L. Cahill et al.   Environmental Microbiology Reports

Cyanobacterial symbionts diverged in the late Cretaceous towards lineage-specific nitrogen fixation factories in single-celled phytoplankton

(2016) Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo et al.   Nature Communications

Endosymbiosis and Eukaryotic Cell Evolution

(2015) John M. Archibald   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Exploring mutualistic interactions between microalgae and bacteria in the omics age

(2015) Matthew B Cooper et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY

Similar sponge-associated bacteria can be acquired via both vertical and horizontal transmission

(2015) Detmer Sipkema et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Spirulina phycocyanin induces differential protein expression and apoptosis in SKOV-3 cells

(2015) Ruowang Pan et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

The coral core microbiome identifies rare bacterial taxa as ubiquitous endosymbionts

(2015) Tracy D Ainsworth et al.   ISME Journal

Cyanobactins from Cyanobacteria: Current Genetic and Chemical State of Knowledge

(2015) Joana Martins et al.   Marine Drugs

The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont

(2015) Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse et al.   NEW PHYTOLOGIST

Nostopeptolide plays a governing role during cellular differentiation of the symbiotic cyanobacteriumNostoc punctiforme

(2015) Anton Liaimer et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Functional significance of dinitrogen fixation in sustaining coral productivity under oligotrophic conditions

(2015) Ulisse Cardini et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Discovery of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and chemoautotrophy in cold-water corals

(2015) Jack J. Middelburg et al.   Scientific Reports

Temporal stability of bacterial symbionts in a temperate ascidian

(2015) Susanna López-Legentil et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Identification and characterization of a new Halomicronema species (Cyanobacteria) isolated from the Mediterranean marine sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Porifera).

(2015) Carmela Caroppo et al.   Fottea

4-Methylproline Guided Natural Product Discovery: Co-Occurrence of 4-Hydroxy- and 4-Methylprolines in Nostoweipeptins and Nostopeptolides

(2014) Liwei Liu et al.   ACS Chemical Biology

Microalgal symbiosis in biotechnology

(2014) Carla A. Santos et al.   APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genetic diversity of the unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria UCYN-A and its prymnesiophyte host

(2014) Anne Thompson et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Ascidian photosymbiosis: Diversity of cyanobacterial transmission during embryogenesis

(2014) Euichi Hirose   GENESIS

Species specificity of symbiosis and secondary metabolism in ascidians

(2014) Ma Diarey B Tianero et al.   ISME Journal

Ocean acidification rapidly reduces dinitrogen fixation associated with the hermatypic coral Seriatopora hystrix

(2014) N Rädecker et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Onset and establishment of diazotrophs and other bacterial associates in the early life history stages of the coralAcropora millepora

(2014) Kimberley A. Lema et al.   MOLECULAR ECOLOGY

Physiological Response of Crocosphaera watsonii to Enhanced and Fluctuating Carbon Dioxide Conditions

(2014) Mary R. Gradoville et al.   PLoS One

Molecular mechanism of inhibitory effects of C-phycocyanin combined with all-trans-retinoic acid on the growth of HeLa cells in vitro

(2014) Fan Yang et al.   TUMOR BIOLOGY

Cold-water corals in a changing ocean

(2014) J Murray Roberts et al.   Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability

A Bacterial Source for Mollusk Pyrone Polyketides

(2013) Zhenjian Lin et al.   CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY

TheMontastraea faveolatamicrobiome: ecological and temporal influences on a Caribbean reef-building coral in decline

(2013) Nikole E. Kimes et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Amplicon pyrosequencing reveals spatial and temporal consistency in diazotroph assemblages of theAcropora milleporamicrobiome

(2013) Kimberley A. Lema et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

C-Phycocyanin from Oscillatoria tenuis exhibited an antioxidant and in vitro antiproliferative activity through induction of apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest

(2013) R. Thangam et al.   FOOD CHEMISTRY

Cellular interactions: lessons from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

(2013) Anne W. Thompson et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis

(2013) Hiutung Chu et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Discovery of an Endosymbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium UCYN-A in Braarudosphaera bigelowii (Prymnesiophyceae)

(2013) Kyoko Hagino et al.   PLoS One

Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses

(2013) A. Kampa et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

In situ identification and N2 and C fixation rates of uncultivated cyanobacteria populations

(2013) Andreas Krupke et al.   SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Genomic deletions disrupt nitrogen metabolism pathways of a cyanobacterial diatom symbiont

(2013) Jason A. Hilton et al.   Nature Communications

Corals Form Characteristic Associations with Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria

(2012) Kimberley A. Lema et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Co-Culture of Microalgae, Cyanobacteria, and Macromycetes for Exopolysaccharides Production: Process Preliminary Optimization and Partial Characterization

(2012) S. Angelis et al.   APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Lessons from the Past and Charting the Future of Marine Natural Products Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology

(2012) William H. Gerwick et al.   CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY

Microbe–microbe interactions in mixed culture food fermentations

(2012) Eddy J Smid et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Photosensitization of phycocyanin extracted from Microcystis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Implication of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis

(2012) Chun-yan Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY

Bacterial Biosynthesis and Maturation of the Didemnin Anti-cancer Agents

(2012) Ying Xu et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Symbiotic bacteria in the nudibranch mollusk Dendrodoris nigra: fatty acid composition and ultrastructure analysis

(2012) Natalia V. Zhukova et al.   MARINE BIOLOGY

Adaptative biochemical pathways and regulatory networks in Klebsiella oxytoca BAS-10 producing a biotechnologically relevant exopolysaccharide during Fe(III)-citrate fermentation

(2012) Giuseppe Gallo et al.   Microbial Cell Factories

Antibacterial Activity of Pseudoalteromonas in the Coral Holobiont

(2012) Maya Shnit-Orland et al.   MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

(2012) U. Kaasalainen et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Ocean acidification slows nitrogen fixation and growth in the dominant diazotroph Trichodesmium under low-iron conditions

(2012) D. Shi et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Unicellular Cyanobacterium Symbiotic with a Single-Celled Eukaryotic Alga

(2012) A. W. Thompson et al.   SCIENCE

Symbiosis between the stramenopile protist Solenicola setigera and the diatom Leptocylindrus mediterraneus in the North Eastern Arabian Sea

(2012) K. B. Padmakumar et al.   SYMBIOSIS

Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of cyanobacterial symbionts in Dictyocoryne profunda (polycystine radiolaria)

(2012) Tomoko Yuasa et al.   SYMBIOSIS

First records of didemnid ascidians harbouringProchloronfrom Caribbean Panama: genetic relationships between Caribbean and Pacific photosymbionts and host ascidians

(2012) Euichi Hirose et al.   SYSTEMATICS AND BIODIVERSITY

Results from a randomized trial of salvage chemotherapy followed by lestaurtinib for patients with FLT3 mutant AML in first relapse

(2011) M. Levis et al.   BLOOD

Chemodiversity in Freshwater and Terrestrial Cyanobacteria – A Source for Drug Discovery

(2011) George E. Chlipala et al.   CURRENT DRUG TARGETS

Marine sponges and their microbial symbionts: love and other relationships

(2011) Nicole S. Webster et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Nitrogen fixation and transfer in open ocean diatom–cyanobacterial symbioses

(2011) Rachel A Foster et al.   ISME Journal

Bacterial Production of the Tunicate-Derived Antitumor Cyclic Depsipeptide Didemnin B

(2011) Moriya Tsukimoto et al.   JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

Bleaching of the giant barrel spongeXestospongia mutain the Florida Keys

(2011) Steven E. McMurray et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Antitumor Peptides from Marine Organisms

(2011) Lan-Hong Zheng et al.   Marine Drugs

Cold-Water Corals on the Tisler Reef: Preliminary observations on the dynamic reef environment

(2011) Marc Lavaleye et al.   OCEANOGRAPHY

Variation in Tropical Reef Symbiont Metagenomes Defined by Secondary Metabolism

(2011) Mohamed S. Donia et al.   PLoS One

Complex microbiome underlying secondary and primary metabolism in the tunicate-Prochloron symbiosis

(2011) M. S. Donia et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Cytotoxic and antimitotic activities in aqueous extracts of eight cyanobacterial strains isolated from the marine sponge Petrosia ficiformis

(2011) Patrizia Pagliara et al.   TOXICON

Metaorganisms as the new frontier

(2011) Thomas C.G. Bosch et al.   ZOOLOGY

Putative N2-fixing heterotrophic bacteria associated with dinoflagellate–Cyanobacteria consortia in the low-nitrogen Indian Ocean

(2010) H Farnelid et al.   AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Bacterial assemblages differ between compartments within the coral holobiont

(2010) M. J. Sweet et al.   CORAL REEFS

Life in cellulose houses: symbiotic bacterial biosynthesis of ascidian drugs and drug leads

(2010) Eric W Schmidt et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Coral-Associated Bacterial Assemblages: Current Knowledge and the Potential for Climate-Driven Impacts

(2010) Morgan E. Mouchka et al.   INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY

The dynamics of microbial partnerships in the coral Isopora palifera

(2010) Chung-Pin Chen et al.   ISME Journal

Marine Drugs from Sponge-Microbe Association—A Review

(2010) Tresa Remya A. Thomas et al.   Marine Drugs

Metabolic streamlining in an open-ocean nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium

(2010) H. James Tripp et al.   NATURE

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B1 and B12 auxotrophs

(2010) Y. Z. Tang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Cyanobacterial Endosymbionts in the Benthic Dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata (Dinophysiales, Dinophyceae)

(2010) Laura Escalera et al.   PROTIST

Unicellular Cyanobacterial Distributions Broaden the Oceanic N2 Fixation Domain

(2010) P. H. Moisander et al.   SCIENCE

Culture-Independent Characterization of Bacterial Communities Associated with the Cold-Water Coral Lophelia pertusa in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

(2009) C. A. Kellogg et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Nitrogen fixation by epiphytic and epibenthic diazotrophs associated with seagrass meadows along the Tanzanian coast, Western Indian Ocean

(2009) MI Hamisi et al.   AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Evidence of cyanobacteria-like endosymbionts in Acroporid corals from the Great Barrier Reef

(2009) E. C. E. Kvennefors et al.   CORAL REEFS

Metagenomic analysis of stressed coral holobionts

(2009) Rebecca Vega Thurber et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Antagonistic interactions among coral-associated bacteria

(2009) Krystal L. Rypien et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Microbial functional structure ofMontastraea faveolata, an important Caribbean reef-building coral, differs between healthy and yellow-band diseased colonies

(2009) Nikole E. Kimes et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Importance of seagrass as a carbon source for heterotrophic bacteria in a subtropical estuary (Florida Bay)

(2009) Clayton J. Williams et al.   ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE

Antimicrobial properties of resident coral mucus bacteria ofOculina patagonica

(2009) Jozef Nissimov et al.   FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS

Diazotrophic bacteria associated with Hawaiian Montipora corals: Diversity and abundance in correlation with symbiotic dinoflagellates

(2009) N.D. Olson et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Evolution and Function of Innate Immune Receptors – Insights from Marine Invertebrates

(2009) Philip Rosenstiel et al.   Journal of Innate Immunity

NUTRIENT EFFECTS ON SEAGRASS EPIPHYTE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN FLORIDA BAY

(2009) Thomas A. Frankovich et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Antibacterial Activity of 2-(2’,4’-Dibromophenoxy)-4,6-dibromophenol from Dysidea granulosa

(2009) Divya M. Shridhar et al.   Marine Drugs

Volatile compounds from the symbiotic systemAzolla filiculoides‐Anabaena azollaebacteria

(2009) A. L. Pereira et al.   PLANT BIOSYSTEMS

Phenotype-Specific Bacterial Communities in the Cold-Water Coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) and Their Implications for the Coral's Nutrition, Health, and Distribution

(2008) S. C. Neulinger et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Heterotrophy in Tropical Scleractinian Corals

(2008) Fanny Houlbrèque et al.   BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Regulation of Fructose Transport and Its Effect on Fructose Toxicity in Anabaena spp.

(2008) J. L. Ungerer et al.   JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

The ecology and phylogeny of cyanobacterial symbionts in sponges

(2008) Kayley M. Usher   Marine Ecology-An Evolutionary Perspective

Unusual symbiotic relationships between microendolithic phototrophic organisms and azooxanthellate cold-water corals from Chilean fjords

(2008) G Försterra et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Cryptic diversity of the symbiotic cyanobacterium Synechococcus spongiarum among sponge hosts

(2008) PATRICK M. ERWIN et al.   MOLECULAR ECOLOGY

DNA variation and symbiotic associations in phenotypically diverse sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

(2008) E. S. Balakirev et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Endophytic cyanobacteria in a 400-million-yr-old land plant: A scenario for the origin of a symbiosis?

(2008) Michael Krings et al.   REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY

Globally Distributed Uncultivated Oceanic N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria Lack Oxygenic Photosystem II

(2008) J. P. Zehr et al.   SCIENCE