Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms

(2019) Arsalan Alizadeh et al.   Frontiers in Neurology

Neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

(2019) MirHojjat Khorasanizadeh et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY-SPINE

Neural stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles attenuate apoptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating autophagy

(2019) Yuluo Rong et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Connexin-43-dependent ATP release mediates macrophage activation during sepsis

(2019) Michel Dosch et al.   eLife

Regeneration of Spinal Cord Connectivity Through Stem Cell Transplantation and Biomaterial Scaffolds

(2019) Hiroyuki Katoh et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Regenerative Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury

(2019) Nureddin Ashammakhi et al.   TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS

GSK-3 Inhibitor Promotes Neuronal Cell Regeneration and Functional Recovery in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury

(2019) Fei Lei et al.   Biomed Research International

Antioxidant Therapies for Neuroprotection-A Review

(2019) Teleanu et al.   Journal of Clinical Medicine

Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury

(2018) R. Yao et al.   CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Stem Cells Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury

(2018) Marina Gazdic et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Therapeutic efficacy of cyclosporin A against spinal cord injury in rats with hyperglycemia

(2018) Zhi‑Rong Chen et al.   Molecular Medicine Reports

The Rho-associated kinase inhibitors Y27632 and fasudil promote microglial migration in the spinal cord via the ERK signaling pathway

(2018) Xiang Luo et al.   Neural Regeneration Research

Fibronectin EDA forms the chronic fibrotic scar after contusive spinal cord injury

(2018) John G. Cooper et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) improved functional recovery of spinal cord injury partly by promoting axonal regeneration

(2018) Liya Lin et al.   NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL

The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury

(2018) Amanda Phuong Tran et al.   PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Anti-inflammatory effects of Metformin improve the neuropathic pain and locomotor activity in spinal cord injured rats: introduction of an alternative therapy

(2018) Khashayar Afshari et al.   SPINAL CORD

Lysosomal damage after spinal cord injury causes accumulation of RIPK1 and RIPK3 proteins and potentiation of necroptosis

(2018) Shuo Liu et al.   Cell Death & Disease

Role of Caspase-8 and Fas in Cell Death After Spinal Cord Injury

(2018) Daniel Sobrido-Cameán et al.   Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

Engaging pain fibers after a spinal cord injury fosters hemorrhage and expands the area of secondary injury

(2018) Joel D. Turtle et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Simvastatin is the Statin that Most Efficiently Protects Against Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity and Memory Impairment

(2018) Carlos Ramirez et al.   JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

Pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury

(2018) Ruchira M. Jha et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Multimodal Enhancement of Remyelination by Exercise with a Pivotal Role for Oligodendroglial PGC1α

(2018) Samuel K. Jensen et al.   Cell Reports

The Effect of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban on the Organotypic Model of Spinal Cord Injury

(2018) Nur Nabilah Ahmad Puzi et al.   Sains Malaysiana

Spinal cord injuries: how could cell therapy help?

(2017) Anna Badner et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY

Myeloid Cells in the Central Nervous System

(2017) Jasmin Herz et al.   IMMUNITY

Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair

(2017) Timothy M. O’Shea et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Proliferating NG2-Cell-Dependent Angiogenesis and Scar Formation Alter Axon Growth and Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

(2017) Zoe C. Hesp et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment

(2016) Mojtaba Golpich et al.   CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

IL-4 drives microglia and macrophages toward a phenotype conducive for tissue repair and functional recovery after spinal cord injury

(2016) Isaac Francos-Quijorna et al.   GLIA

Neuropathic pain following traumatic spinal cord injury: Models, measurement, and mechanisms

(2016) John L.K. Kramer et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

The Effects of Co-transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Schwann Cells on Local Inflammation Environment in the Contused Spinal Cord of Rats

(2016) Jieyuan Zhang et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Reactive astrocytes undergo M1 microglia/macrohpages-induced necroptosis in spinal cord injury

(2016) Hong Fan et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

Neuroprotection and antioxidants

(2016) Maria Lalkovicová et al.   Neural Regeneration Research

RhoA/Rho kinase in spinal cord injury

(2016) Xiao-ming Xu et al.   Neural Regeneration Research

Astrocytes: Integrative Regulators of Neuroinflammation in Stroke and Other Neurological Diseases

(2016) Egle Cekanaviciute et al.   Neurotherapeutics

Redox Modulations, Antioxidants, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

(2016) Erik A. Fraunberger et al.   Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) inhibits ATP-induced excitotoxicity: a neuroprotective strategy for traumatic spinal cord injury treatment

(2016) David Reigada et al.   Purinergic Signalling

Astrocytes: Key Regulators of Neuroinflammation

(2016) Emanuela Colombo et al.   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Concise Review: Bridging the Gap: Novel Neuroregenerative and Neuroprotective Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury

(2016) Christopher S. Ahuja et al.   Stem Cells Translational Medicine

Function and Mechanisms of Autophagy in Brain and Spinal Cord Trauma

(2015) Marta M. Lipinski et al.   ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING

Neurocontrol of Movement in Humans With Spinal Cord Injury

(2015) Milan R. Dimitrijevic et al.   ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states

(2015) Ruben Orihuela et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

mGluR5 protect astrocytes from ischemic damage in postnatal CNS white matter

(2015) Ilaria Vanzulli et al.   CELL CALCIUM

Local Injection of Lenti–BDNF at the Lesion Site Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization and Inhibits Inflammatory Response After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

(2015) Xin-Chao Ji et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Lipid peroxidation in brain or spinal cord mitochondria after injury

(2015) Edward D. Hall et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOENERGETICS AND BIOMEMBRANES

Drug delivery, cell-based therapies, and tissue engineering approaches for spinal cord injury

(2015) Shushi Kabu et al.   JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

Riluzole as a Neuroprotective Drug for Spinal Cord Injury: From Bench to Bedside

(2015) Narihito Nagoshi et al.   MOLECULES

Advances in regenerative therapies for spinal cord injury: a biomaterials approach

(2015) AlexanderMarcus Seifalian et al.   Neural Regeneration Research

Hematogenous macrophage depletion reduces the fibrotic scar and increases axonal growth after spinal cord injury

(2015) Y. Zhu et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

The characteristics of posttraumatic syringomyelia

(2015) J Krebs et al.   SPINAL CORD

Memantine and q-vd-oph treatments in experimental spinal cord injury: combined inhibition of necrosis and apoptosis

(2015) Aydin Aydoseli et al.   Turkish Neurosurgery

Therapeutic Efficacy of E-64-d, a Selective Calpain Inhibitor, in Experimental Acute Spinal Cord Injury

(2015) Zifeng Zhang et al.   Biomed Research International

The Cotransplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exerts Antiapoptotic Effects in Adult Rats after Spinal Cord Injury

(2015) Shifeng Wu et al.   Stem Cells International

Involvement of autophagy in hypoxic-excitotoxic neuronal death

(2014) Vanessa Ginet et al.   Autophagy

Lymphocytes and autoimmunity after spinal cord injury

(2014) T. Bucky Jones   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Regulatory T Cells in Central Nervous System Injury: A Double-Edged Sword

(2014) James T. Walsh et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Macrophages and CNS remyelination

(2014) Veronique E. Miron et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Neutrophil contribution to spinal cord injury and repair

(2014) Virginie Neirinckx et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, contributes to early neural cells damage after spinal cord injury in adult mice

(2014) Ming Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF SPINAL CORD MEDICINE

Using caffeine and other adenosine receptor antagonists and agonists as therapeutic tools against neurodegenerative diseases: A review

(2014) Marla Rivera-Oliver et al.   LIFE SCIENCES

TNF and Increased Intracellular Iron Alter Macrophage Polarization to a Detrimental M1 Phenotype in the Injured Spinal Cord

(2014) Antje Kroner et al.   NEURON

Reactive Gliosis and the Multicellular Response to CNS Damage and Disease

(2014) Joshua E. Burda et al.   NEURON

T-type calcium channel blockers as neuroprotective agents

(2014) Benjamin J. Kopecky et al.   PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY

A recoverable state of axon injury persists for hours after spinal cord contusion in vivo

(2014) Philip R. Williams et al.   Nature Communications

Mitochondrial fusion and fission after spinal sacord injury in rats

(2013) Yang Cao et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Oligodendrocyte precursors induce early blood-brain barrier opening after white matter injury

(2013) Ji Hae Seo et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Glial Scar Borders Are Formed by Newly Proliferated, Elongated Astrocytes That Interact to Corral Inflammatory and Fibrotic Cells via STAT3-Dependent Mechanisms after Spinal Cord Injury

(2013) I. B. Wanner et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Perivascular Fibroblasts Form the Fibrotic Scar after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

(2013) C. Soderblom et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain

(2013) Ethan G Hughes et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Selenium: Significance, and outlook for supplementation

(2013) Marek Kieliszek et al.   NUTRITION

Over-Expression of PUMA Correlates with the Apoptosis of Spinal Cord Cells in Rat Neuropathic Intermittent Claudication Model

(2013) Bin Ma et al.   PLoS One

Microglia and macrophages of the central nervous system: the contribution of microglia priming and systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration

(2013) V. Hugh Perry et al.   Seminars in Immunopathology

Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

(2013) Jang-Woon Kim et al.   SPINE

Gacyclidine improves the survival and reduces motor deficits in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

(2013) Yannick N. Gerber et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

The glial scar in spinal cord injury and repair

(2013) Yi-Min Yuan et al.   Neuroscience Bulletin

Riluzole for Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Promising Neuroprotective Treatment Strategy

(2013) Jefferson R. Wilson et al.   World Neurosurgery

The Structure of (−)-Kaitocephalin Bound to the Ligand Binding Domain of the (S)-α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA)/Glutamate Receptor, GluA2

(2012) Ahmed H. Ahmed et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Axon degeneration: Molecular mechanisms of a self-destruction pathway

(2012) Jack T. Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Alarmins: awaiting a clinical response

(2012) James K. Chan et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Genomic Analysis of Reactive Astrogliosis

(2012) J. L. Zamanian et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Immunosuppressant FK506: Focusing on neuroprotective effects following brain and spinal cord injury

(2012) Kamila Saganová et al.   LIFE SCIENCES

Reactive Astrogliosis after Spinal Cord Injury—Beneficial and Detrimental Effects

(2012) Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Regulatory B cells control T-cell autoimmunity through IL-21-dependent cognate interactions

(2012) Ayumi Yoshizaki et al.   NATURE

Cross-talk between neural stem cells and immune cells: the key to better brain repair?

(2012) Zaal Kokaia et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Concepts and Methods for the Study of Axonal Regeneration in the CNS

(2012) Mark H. Tuszynski et al.   NEURON

Development of Protective Autoimmunity by Immunization with a Neural-Derived Peptide Is Ineffective in Severe Spinal Cord Injury

(2012) Susana Martiñón et al.   PLoS One

Topiramate Treatment Is Neuroprotective and Reduces Oligodendrocyte Loss after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

(2012) John C. Gensel et al.   PLoS One

Oligodendrocyte-protection and remyelination post-spinal cord injuries: A review

(2012) Mina Mekhail et al.   PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY

Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis and inflammation are key features of acute human spinal cord injury: implications for translational, clinical application

(2011) Wen Ru Yu et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

Antioxidant therapies in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury

(2011) Mona Bains et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE

Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012

(2011) L Galluzzi et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Antiapoptotic Drugs: A Therapautic Strategy for the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases

(2011) Francesc X. Sureda et al.   CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN

Aspartic vinyl sulfones: Inhibitors of a caspase-3-dependent pathway

(2011) Paulo M.C. Glória et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Autoreactivity against myelin basic protein in patients with chronic paraplegia

(2011) D. Zajarías-Fainsod et al.   EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL

A reassessment of a classic neuroprotective combination therapy for spinal cord injured rats: LPS/pregnenolone/indomethacin

(2011) Phillip G. Popovich et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Protective effect of tert-butylhydroquinone on cerebral inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury in mice

(2011) Wei Jin et al.   INJURY-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE CARE OF THE INJURED

Gp130-Dependent Astrocytic Survival Is Critical for the Control of Autoimmune Central Nervous System Inflammation

(2011) F. Haroon et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Pharmacological inhibition of lipid peroxidation attenuates calpain-mediated cytoskeletal degradation after traumatic brain injury

(2011) Ayman G. Mustafa et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

HMGB1 Acts on Microglia Mac1 to Mediate Chronic Neuroinflammation That Drives Progressive Neurodegeneration

(2011) H.-M. Gao et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

(2011) Gang Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Demyelination and degeneration in the injured human spinal cord detected with diffusion and magnetization transfer MRI

(2011) J. Cohen-Adad et al.   NEUROIMAGE

A novel calpain inhibitor for treatment of transient retinal ischemia in the rat

(2011) Joel David et al.   NEUROREPORT

Oligodendrocyte Fate after Spinal Cord Injury

(2011) Akshata Almad et al.   Neurotherapeutics

Antioxidant Therapies for Acute Spinal Cord Injury

(2011) Edward D. Hall   Neurotherapeutics

Necroptosis: Biochemical, Physiological and Pathological Aspects

(2011) Zsuzsanna Dunai et al.   PATHOLOGY & ONCOLOGY RESEARCH

A Pericyte Origin of Spinal Cord Scar Tissue

(2011) C. Goritz et al.   SCIENCE

Quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury: evidence for a multiphasic inflammatory response in the acute to chronic environment

(2010) Kevin D. Beck et al.   BRAIN

Resveratrol improves neuron protection and functional recovery in rat model of spinal cord injury

(2010) Changjiang Liu et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Calcium-dependent mitochondrial function and dysfunction in neurons

(2010) Natalia B. Pivovarova et al.   FEBS Journal

Meloxicam Exerts Neuroprotection on Spinal Cord Trauma in Rats

(2010) Tayfun Hakan et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Mitochondrial protection after traumatic brain injury by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals

(2010) Ayman G. Mustafa et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Lipid Peroxidation-Derived Reactive Aldehydes Directly and Differentially Impair Spinal Cord and Brain Mitochondrial Function

(2010) Radhika A. Vaishnav et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA

Astrocytes: biology and pathology

(2009) Michael V. Sofroniew et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

Astrocytes initiate inflammation in the injured mouse spinal cord by promoting the entry of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in an IL-1 receptor/MyD88-dependent fashion

(2009) Isabelle Pineau et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Calpains as a Target for Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Putative Role of Lithium

(2009) Antoni Camins et al.   CURRENT DRUG METABOLISM

Glutamate induces directed chemotaxis of microglia

(2009) Guo Jun Liu et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization for neuroprotection

(2009) Toshio Hisatomi et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Lovastatin ameliorates α-synuclein accumulation and oxidation in transgenic mouse models of α-synucleinopathies

(2009) Andrew O. Koob et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Tempol protection of spinal cord mitochondria from peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage

(2009) Yiqin Xiong et al.   FREE RADICAL RESEARCH

Corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury in receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma deficient mice

(2009) Elizabeth J. Fry et al.   GLIA

Depletion of Ly6G/Gr-1 Leukocytes after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice Alters Wound Healing and Worsens Neurological Outcome

(2009) D. P. Stirling et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Identification of Two Distinct Macrophage Subsets with Divergent Effects Causing either Neurotoxicity or Regeneration in the Injured Mouse Spinal Cord

(2009) K. A. Kigerl et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Therapeutic potential of melatonin in traumatic central nervous system injury

(2009) Supriti Samantaray et al.   JOURNAL OF PINEAL RESEARCH

Neuroprotective effects of blockers for T-type calcium channels

(2009) Norelle C Wildburger et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in neuronal injury

(2009) Lorenzo Galluzzi et al.   NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

Inhibition of TGF-β1 promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury

(2009) Masaaki Kohta et al.   NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Extensive remyelination of the CNS leads to functional recovery

(2009) I. D. Duncan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

NMDA receptor blockage with 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid improves oxidative stress after spinal cord trauma in rats

(2009) M Vural et al.   SPINAL CORD

Three distinct neuroprotective functions of myricetin against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death: Involvement of direct inhibition of caspase-3

(2008) Yoshiari Shimmyo et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Mechanisms and implications of adaptive immune responses after traumatic spinal cord injury

(2008) D.P. Ankeny et al.   NEUROSCIENCE