Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ji Xiao, Ping Liu, Yiliang Wang, Yexuan Zhu, Qiongzhen Zeng, Xiao Hu, Zhe Ren, Yifei Wang
Summary: DNA methylation plays a significant role in innate immune responses and antiviral ability, and decitabine, as an efficient DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, has shown promising results. Understanding the regulation of decitabine could lead to the development of therapeutic methods for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with pathogen infections, particularly virus infections.
Review
Virology
Jie Min, Wenjun Liu, Jing Li
Summary: This review summarizes the complex regulatory role of IFN-induced ncRNAs in antiviral innate immunity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhongshun Liu, Congwei Jiang, Zhangmengxue Lei, Sihan Dong, Linlin Kuang, Chenxu Huang, Ying Gao, Mu Liu, Hui Xiao, Patrick Legembre, Jae U. Jung, Huaping Liang, Xiaozhen Liang
Summary: Type I interferons (IFNs) are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This study identified a previously unknown protein, PINLYP, that interacts with TBK1 to induce the production of type I IFN. Loss of PINLYP impaired the activation of IRF3 and the production of IFN induced by various viruses and Toll-like receptor ligands. Mice lacking PINLYP were more susceptible to lethal virus infection, highlighting the importance of PINLYP in the host defense against viral infections.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Virology
Liying Jin, Mengna Chen, Meiqin Xiang, Zhongxin Guo
Summary: The article reviews the mechanism of RNAi-based antiviral innate immunity in plants and the counteractions of various viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). The authors also propose some critical challenges in the field and suggest that further elucidating conserved antiviral innate immunity may provide a broad spectrum of antiviral strategies in the future.
Article
Fisheries
Sylvie M. A. Quiniou, Jonathan Crider, Kristianna L. Felch, Eva Bengten, Pierre Boudinot
Summary: In this study, we identified the complete repertoire of IFNs and IFN receptor genes in channel catfish. We found 16 type I IFN genes representing six previously defined subgroups, as well as two type II IFN genes and their respective receptors. Our findings provide a comprehensive resource for future research on the innate antiviral immunity of channel catfish.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Chloe E. Jones, Wenfang S. Tan, Finn Grey, David J. Hughes
Summary: Viral infections activate the interferon response, inducing the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes to limit virus replication and spread. However, this response is characterized by redundancy, often requiring a combination of ISGs to limit infection.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jie Wang, Zhenyu Lin, Qiuju Liu, Feiyu Fu, Zhaofei Wang, Jingjiao Ma, Hengan Wang, Yaxian Yan, Yuqiang Cheng, Jianhe Sun
Summary: Bats, important hosts for various zoonotic viral diseases, rarely show signs of disease infection with such viruses. This study cloned the batMDA5 gene, a major sensor for anti-RNA viral infection, and identified its biological functions in antiviral innate immunity. The study revealed that bats employ a conserved MDA5 gene to trigger the immune response against RNA viruses.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Jie Tong, Wuchao Zhang, Yuran Chen, Qiaoling Yuan, Ning-Ning Qin, Guosheng Qu
Summary: This review summarizes the impacts of RNA epigenetic marks, including N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A), 5-methylcytidine (m(5)C), on viral RNAs and their roles in antiviral innate immunity and relevant signaling pathways. It highlights the significance of antiviral innate immune responses during virus infection.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Xing Liu, Lin Lv, Chenlong Jiang, Juan Bai, Yanni Gao, Zicheng Ma, Ping Jiang
Summary: Pseudorabies virus is an important pathogen that causes death in infected pigs and economic losses in the swine industry. New PRV mutant strains in China have reduced the effectiveness of commercial vaccines. A natural product called (S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin has been found to inhibit PRV replication by targeting DNA topoisomerase 1.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ioannis Kienes, Tanja Weidl, Nora Mirza, Mathias Chamaillard, Thomas A. Kufer
Summary: Type I interferon signaling is crucial for immune responses to viruses, fungi, or bacteria, but the amplitude and timing of the response are also key to preventing inadequate outcomes or tissue damage. NLRs, a family of proteins capable of sensing microbial products and signals related to tissue injury, regulate the quality of interferon signaling. Current understanding of the function of NLRs in type I interferon responses is incomplete, but they play important roles in influencing the immune response to viral infections and the development of autoimmunity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yanwei Zhang, Xiaojuan Chi, Jingyun Hu, Shulin Wang, Senhong Zhao, Yanan Mao, Benqun Peng, Jilong Chen, Song Wang
Summary: Studies have shown that the long noncoding RNA LINC02574 is induced by influenza A virus (IAV) infection and plays a crucial role in inhibiting IAV replication. The expression of LINC02574 is stimulated by viral genomic RNA, poly (I:C), or interferons (IFNs) through the RIG-I-dependent interferon signaling pathway. Knockdown of LINC02574 impairs the expression of type I and type III IFNs, multiple ISGs, and the activation of STAT1 triggered by IAV infection, indicating that LINC02574 positively regulates the innate immune response.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Shenghai Shen, Li-Sheng Zhang
Summary: Post-transcriptional RNA modifications play a crucial role in the dynamic regulation of gene expression in various biological processes. This review summarizes the functional roles of non-m(6)A RNA modifications in antiviral innate immunity, provides a systematic introduction to their biogenesis and functions in viral and host RNA, and discusses the recent progress in developing antiviral drugs targeting these modifications.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Fisheries
Juliette Schneider, Jean-Luc Imler
Summary: The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model for studying innate immune mechanisms, especially in the context of viral infections. Research has uncovered the importance of RNA interference and inducible transcriptional responses in antiviral immunity in fruitflies. Recent discoveries of signaling pathways in fruitflies, such as the STING-IKK beta-Relish cassette, highlight the role of NF-kappa B transcription factors in controlling viral infections, in addition to bacterial and fungal infections.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Laura Villamayor, Vanessa Rivero, Dario Lopez-Garcia, David J. Topham, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Aitor Nogales, Marta L. DeDiego
Summary: Interferons, IFN-stimulated genes, and inflammatory cytokines are involved in innate immune responses. Knocking-down or knocking-out the expression of IFN alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6) enhances the expression of IFNs, ISGs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines after viral infections or poly(I:C) transfection. Overexpression of IFI6 has the opposite effect. IFI6 interacts with RIG-I, affecting RIG-I activation and negatively regulating innate immunity. Targeting IFI6 may be beneficial in treating diseases with excessive innate immune responses and combating viral infections.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kezhen Wang, Chenxiao Huang, Tao Jiang, Zhiqiang Chen, Minfei Xue, Qi Zhang, Jinyu Zhang, Jianfeng Dai
Summary: RBM47 is an interferon-inducible RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in enhancing host IFN downstream signaling. It increases IFNAR1 mRNA stability, leading to enhanced expression of ISGs and activation of the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE).
Editorial Material
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
David M. Alvarado, Juhee Son, Larissa B. Thackray, Gomez Castro Maria Florencia, Sarada Prasad, Xueyang Cui, Naomi M. Sonnek, Michael S. Diamond, Siyuan Ding, Matthew A. Ciorba
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Huixin Gao, Yuxia Lin, Changbai Huang, Xiaobo Li, Michael S. Diamond, Chao Liu, Rong Zhang, Ping Zhang
Summary: We performed a whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen in A549 cells and identified potential regulators involved in cell death triggered by double-stranded RNA. Among the candidate genes, we found that the RNA-binding gene ELAV like protein 1 (HuR) plays a crucial role in apoptosis. We further showed that HuR regulates apoptosis by suppressing the translation of the antiapoptotic gene BCL2.
JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Emma S. Winkler, Rita E. Chen, Fahmida Alam, Soner Yildiz, James Brett Case, Melissa B. Uccellini, Michael J. Holtzman, Adolfo Garcia-Sastre, Michael Schotsaert, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: The study developed a mouse model for SARS-CoV-2 infection by introducing the human ACE2 gene into the mouse genome, providing insights into viral replication and pathology in mice. Additionally, the study identified the impact of the N501Y mutation in mice on viral replication and pathogenesis.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jason Z. Zhang, Hsien-Wei Yeh, Alexandra C. Walls, Basile I. M. Wicky, Kaitlin R. Sprouse, Laura A. VanBlargan, Rebecca Treger, Alfredo Quijano-Rubio, Minh N. Pham, John C. Kraft, Ian C. Haydon, Wei Yang, Michelle DeWitt, John E. Bowen, Cameron M. Chow, Lauren Carter, Rashmi Ravichandran, Mark H. Wener, Lance Stewart, David Veesler, Michael S. Diamond, Alexander L. Greninger, David M. Koelle, David Baker
Summary: We developed a protein biosensor that can rapidly and sensitively detect neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants in serum. The biosensor can accurately differentiate between different samples based on the affinity and abundance of antibody binding, which is superior to traditional competition-based assays.
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Andrew C. Hunt, James Brett Case, Young-Jun Park, Longxing Cao, Kejia Wu, Alexandra C. Walls, Zhuoming Liu, John E. Bowen, Hsien-Wei Yeh, Shally Saini, Louisa Helms, Yan Ting Zhao, Tien-Ying Hsiang, Tyler N. Starr, Inna Goreshnik, Lisa Kozodoy, Lauren Carter, Rashmi Ravichandran, Lydia B. Green, Wadim L. Matochko, Christy A. Thomson, Bastian Vogeli, Antje Kruger, Laura A. VanBlargan, Rita E. Chen, Baoling Ying, Adam L. Bailey, Natasha M. Kafai, Scott E. Boyken, Ajasja Ljubetic, Natasha Edman, George Ueda, Cameron M. Chow, Max Johnson, Amin Addetia, Mary-Jane Navarro, Nuttada Panpradist, Michael Gale, Benjamin S. Freedman, Jesse D. Bloom, Hannele Ruohola-Baker, Sean P. J. Whelan, Lance Stewart, Michael S. Diamond, David Veesler, Michael C. Jewett, David Baker
Summary: Researchers used a cell-free expression workflow to screen and optimize constructs containing computationally designed miniprotein inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. They found that a homotrimeric version of the ACE2 mimic AHB2 (TRI2-2) achieved the broadest efficacy. The TRI2-2 miniprotein neutralized Omicron, Delta, and other variants with greater potency than clinically used monoclonal antibodies. It also provided prophylactic and therapeutic protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice when administered intranasally. The designed miniprotein receptor mimics offer a widely applicable antiviral therapeutic strategy with advantages over antibodies and native receptor traps.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Maritza Puray-Chavez, Nakyung Lee, Kasyap Tenneti, Yiqing Wang, Hung R. Vuong, Yating Liu, Amjad Horani, Tao Huang, Sean P. Gunsten, James B. Case, Wei Yang, Michael S. Diamond, Steven L. Brody, Joseph Dougherty, Sebla B. Kutluay
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 utilizes various strategies to modulate host responses for efficient propagation. Ribosome profiling was used in this study to gain a deeper understanding of translationally regulated events in infected cells. The study found that viral mRNAs are not more efficiently translated than cellular mRNAs, despite their abundance. SARS-CoV-2 employs a highly efficient ribosomal frameshifting strategy and alternative translation initiation sites to increase the coding potential of its RNAs. In permissive cells, the virus represses the translation of several innate immune mediators. However, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on host mRNA translation is more subtle in primary airway cell cultures, with marked upregulation of inflammatory and innate immune responses and downregulation of processes involved in ciliated cell function. These findings provide new insights into SARS-CoV-2's modulation of innate host responses and highlight unique mechanisms for therapeutic intervention.
Editorial Material
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Adam L. Bailey, Michael S. Diamond
JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Suzanne M. Scheaffer, Diana Lee, Bradley Whitener, Baoling Ying, Kai Wu, Chieh-Yu Liang, Hardik Jani, Philippa Martin, Nicholas J. Amato, Laura E. Avena, Daniela Montes Berrueta, Stephen D. Schmidt, Sijy O'Dell, Arshan Nasir, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Richard A. Koup, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Andrea Carfi, Sayda M. Elbashir, Larissa B. Thackray, Darin K. Edwards, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: Bivalent vaccines induce broad immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, offering a customizable approach to protect against COVID-19 as new strains emerge.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vikas Chonira, Young D. Kwon, Jason Gorman, James Brett Case, Zhiqiang Ke, Rudo Simeon, Ryan G. Cosner, Darcy R. Harris, Adam S. Olia, Tyler Stephens, Lawrence Shapiro, Michael F. Bender, Hannah Boyd, I-Ting Teng, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Florian Krammer, Ningyan Zhang, Michael S. Diamond, Peter D. Kwong, Zhiqiang An, Zhilei Chen
Summary: We report the engineering and selection of two synthetic proteins, FSR16m and FSR22, for the potential treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These proteins exhibit broad-spectrum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 strains and show promising results in mice, reducing viral burden and weight loss.
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Arthur S. Kim, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: This Review provides an overview of the global epidemics caused by arthropod-transmitted RNA viruses known as alphaviruses. It highlights the host factors required for alphavirus entry, the mechanisms by which protective antibodies inhibit alphavirus infection, and the progress of clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines focusing on humoral immunity.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Microbiology
Adrianus C. M. Boon, Tamarand L. Darling, Peter J. Halfmann, John Franks, Richard J. Webby, Dan H. Barouch, Julia R. Port, Vincent J. Munster, Michael S. Diamond, Yoshihiro Kawaoka
Article
Immunology
Frank J. Lin, Alexa Michelle Altman Doss, Hannah G. Davis-Adams, Lucas J. Adams, Christopher H. Hanson, Laura A. VanBlargan, Chieh-Yu Liang, Rita E. Chen, Jennifer Marie Monroy, H. James Wedner, Anthony Kulczycki, Tarisa L. Mantia, Caitlin C. O'Shaughnessy, Saravanan Raju, Fang R. Zhao, Elise Rizzi, Christopher J. Rigell, Tiffany Biason Dy, Andrew L. Kau, Zhen Ren, Jackson S. Turner, Jane A. O'Halloran, Rachel M. Presti, Daved H. Fremont, Peggy L. Kendall, Ali H. Ellebedy, Philip A. Mudd, Michael S. Diamond, Ofer Zimmerman, Brian J. Laidlaw
Summary: The study found that most immunocompromised individuals can generate memory B and T cell responses after receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, some individuals with immunodeficiency had deficiencies in certain immune responses after the primary vaccination, which could be restored by booster doses. Booster vaccination also enhanced the SARS-CoV-2-specific B and T cell responses and induced Omicron-specific memory B cells in immunocompromised individuals who had not been previously exposed to COVID-19.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Glennys Reynoso, David N. Gordon, Anurag Kalia, Cynthia C. Aguilar, Courtney S. Malo, Maya Aleshnick, Kimberly A. Dowd, Christian R. Cherry, John P. Shannon, Sophia M. Vrba, Autumn C. Holmes, Yael Alippe, Sonia Maciejewski, Kenichi Asano, Michael S. Diamond, Theodore C. Pierson, Heather D. Hickman
Summary: To understand the initial steps in Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission, researchers investigated the virus's movement from the skin to the lymph nodes. Contrary to previous beliefs, migratory immune cells were not necessary for the virus to reach the lymph nodes or the bloodstream. Instead, a specific subset of macrophages in the lymph nodes, called CD169+ macrophages, were found to be rapidly infected by ZIKV and release the virus to infect other lymph nodes. These findings improve our understanding of ZIKV dissemination and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
Article
Microbiology
Samantha R. Mackin, Pritesh Desai, Bradley M. Whitener, Courtney E. Karl, Meizi Liu, Ralph S. Baric, Darin K. Edwards, Taras M. Chicz, Ryan P. McNamara, Galit Alter, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: Fc-Fc gamma receptor interactions and alveolar macrophages play a crucial role in controlling infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice vaccinated with ancestral vaccines. While the spike protein antigenic changes in SARS-CoV-2 variants reduce the neutralizing efficiency of legacy vaccine-induced antibodies, vaccines like mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 still protect against severe disease and death, indicating the involvement of other aspects of immunity in controlling lung infection. Antibodies elicited by vaccines can bind Fc gamma receptors and exert effector functions against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and this property is associated with improved clinical outcomes. However, the causal relationship between Fc effector functions and vaccine-induced protection against infection needs further investigation.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Meeting Abstract
Immunology
Tiantian Liu, Sunkyung Kim, Pritesh Desai, Do-Hyun Kim, Xiao Huang, Stephen T. Ferris, Renee Wu, Feiya Ou, Takeshi Egawa, Steven J. Van Dyken, Michael S. Diamond, Masato Kubo, Theresa L. Murphy, Kenneth M. Murphy
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)