Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ji Xiao, Ping Liu, Yiliang Wang, Yexuan Zhu, Qiongzhen Zeng, Xiao Hu, Zhe Ren, Yifei Wang
Summary: DNA methylation plays a significant role in innate immune responses and antiviral ability, and decitabine, as an efficient DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, has shown promising results. Understanding the regulation of decitabine could lead to the development of therapeutic methods for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with pathogen infections, particularly virus infections.
Review
Virology
Jie Min, Wenjun Liu, Jing Li
Summary: This review summarizes the complex regulatory role of IFN-induced ncRNAs in antiviral innate immunity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhongshun Liu, Congwei Jiang, Zhangmengxue Lei, Sihan Dong, Linlin Kuang, Chenxu Huang, Ying Gao, Mu Liu, Hui Xiao, Patrick Legembre, Jae U. Jung, Huaping Liang, Xiaozhen Liang
Summary: Type I interferons (IFNs) are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This study identified a previously unknown protein, PINLYP, that interacts with TBK1 to induce the production of type I IFN. Loss of PINLYP impaired the activation of IRF3 and the production of IFN induced by various viruses and Toll-like receptor ligands. Mice lacking PINLYP were more susceptible to lethal virus infection, highlighting the importance of PINLYP in the host defense against viral infections.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Virology
Liying Jin, Mengna Chen, Meiqin Xiang, Zhongxin Guo
Summary: The article reviews the mechanism of RNAi-based antiviral innate immunity in plants and the counteractions of various viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). The authors also propose some critical challenges in the field and suggest that further elucidating conserved antiviral innate immunity may provide a broad spectrum of antiviral strategies in the future.
Article
Fisheries
Sylvie M. A. Quiniou, Jonathan Crider, Kristianna L. Felch, Eva Bengten, Pierre Boudinot
Summary: In this study, we identified the complete repertoire of IFNs and IFN receptor genes in channel catfish. We found 16 type I IFN genes representing six previously defined subgroups, as well as two type II IFN genes and their respective receptors. Our findings provide a comprehensive resource for future research on the innate antiviral immunity of channel catfish.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Chloe E. Jones, Wenfang S. Tan, Finn Grey, David J. Hughes
Summary: Viral infections activate the interferon response, inducing the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes to limit virus replication and spread. However, this response is characterized by redundancy, often requiring a combination of ISGs to limit infection.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jie Wang, Zhenyu Lin, Qiuju Liu, Feiyu Fu, Zhaofei Wang, Jingjiao Ma, Hengan Wang, Yaxian Yan, Yuqiang Cheng, Jianhe Sun
Summary: Bats, important hosts for various zoonotic viral diseases, rarely show signs of disease infection with such viruses. This study cloned the batMDA5 gene, a major sensor for anti-RNA viral infection, and identified its biological functions in antiviral innate immunity. The study revealed that bats employ a conserved MDA5 gene to trigger the immune response against RNA viruses.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Jie Tong, Wuchao Zhang, Yuran Chen, Qiaoling Yuan, Ning-Ning Qin, Guosheng Qu
Summary: This review summarizes the impacts of RNA epigenetic marks, including N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A), 5-methylcytidine (m(5)C), on viral RNAs and their roles in antiviral innate immunity and relevant signaling pathways. It highlights the significance of antiviral innate immune responses during virus infection.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Xing Liu, Lin Lv, Chenlong Jiang, Juan Bai, Yanni Gao, Zicheng Ma, Ping Jiang
Summary: Pseudorabies virus is an important pathogen that causes death in infected pigs and economic losses in the swine industry. New PRV mutant strains in China have reduced the effectiveness of commercial vaccines. A natural product called (S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin has been found to inhibit PRV replication by targeting DNA topoisomerase 1.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ioannis Kienes, Tanja Weidl, Nora Mirza, Mathias Chamaillard, Thomas A. Kufer
Summary: Type I interferon signaling is crucial for immune responses to viruses, fungi, or bacteria, but the amplitude and timing of the response are also key to preventing inadequate outcomes or tissue damage. NLRs, a family of proteins capable of sensing microbial products and signals related to tissue injury, regulate the quality of interferon signaling. Current understanding of the function of NLRs in type I interferon responses is incomplete, but they play important roles in influencing the immune response to viral infections and the development of autoimmunity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yanwei Zhang, Xiaojuan Chi, Jingyun Hu, Shulin Wang, Senhong Zhao, Yanan Mao, Benqun Peng, Jilong Chen, Song Wang
Summary: Studies have shown that the long noncoding RNA LINC02574 is induced by influenza A virus (IAV) infection and plays a crucial role in inhibiting IAV replication. The expression of LINC02574 is stimulated by viral genomic RNA, poly (I:C), or interferons (IFNs) through the RIG-I-dependent interferon signaling pathway. Knockdown of LINC02574 impairs the expression of type I and type III IFNs, multiple ISGs, and the activation of STAT1 triggered by IAV infection, indicating that LINC02574 positively regulates the innate immune response.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Shenghai Shen, Li-Sheng Zhang
Summary: Post-transcriptional RNA modifications play a crucial role in the dynamic regulation of gene expression in various biological processes. This review summarizes the functional roles of non-m(6)A RNA modifications in antiviral innate immunity, provides a systematic introduction to their biogenesis and functions in viral and host RNA, and discusses the recent progress in developing antiviral drugs targeting these modifications.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Fisheries
Juliette Schneider, Jean-Luc Imler
Summary: The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model for studying innate immune mechanisms, especially in the context of viral infections. Research has uncovered the importance of RNA interference and inducible transcriptional responses in antiviral immunity in fruitflies. Recent discoveries of signaling pathways in fruitflies, such as the STING-IKK beta-Relish cassette, highlight the role of NF-kappa B transcription factors in controlling viral infections, in addition to bacterial and fungal infections.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Laura Villamayor, Vanessa Rivero, Dario Lopez-Garcia, David J. Topham, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Aitor Nogales, Marta L. DeDiego
Summary: Interferons, IFN-stimulated genes, and inflammatory cytokines are involved in innate immune responses. Knocking-down or knocking-out the expression of IFN alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6) enhances the expression of IFNs, ISGs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines after viral infections or poly(I:C) transfection. Overexpression of IFI6 has the opposite effect. IFI6 interacts with RIG-I, affecting RIG-I activation and negatively regulating innate immunity. Targeting IFI6 may be beneficial in treating diseases with excessive innate immune responses and combating viral infections.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kezhen Wang, Chenxiao Huang, Tao Jiang, Zhiqiang Chen, Minfei Xue, Qi Zhang, Jinyu Zhang, Jianfeng Dai
Summary: RBM47 is an interferon-inducible RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in enhancing host IFN downstream signaling. It increases IFNAR1 mRNA stability, leading to enhanced expression of ISGs and activation of the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE).
Article
Immunology
Abby Sung, Adam L. Bailey, Henry B. Stewart, David McDonald, Meghan A. Wallace, Kate Peacock, Candace Miller, Kimberly A. Reske, Caroline A. O'Neil, Victoria J. Fraser, Michael S. Diamond, Carey-Ann D. Burnham, Hilary M. Babcock, Jennie H. Kwon
Summary: This study aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 virus can be recovered in viral cell culture from immunocompromised adults with persistently positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests. Two patients with hematologic malignancies treated with chemotherapy and B cell depleting therapy showed positive viral cell cultures. Further research is needed to identify risk factors for persistent viral shedding and methods to prevent transmission from immunocompromised hosts.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pavlo Gilchuk, Isaac Thomsen, Sandra Yoder, Eric Brady, James D. Chappell, Laura J. Stevens, Mark R. Denison, Rachel E. Sutton, Rita E. Chen, Laura A. VanBlargan, Naveenchandra Suryadevara, Seth J. Zost, Jonathan Schmitz, Jill M. Pulley, Michael S. Diamond, Jillian P. Rhoads, Gordon R. Bernard, Wesley H. Self, Todd W. Rice, Allison P. Wheeler, James E. Crowe, Robert H. Carnahan
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for rapid evaluation of neutralizing antibody responses and the development of antibody-based treatments. The currently approved serological tests do not measure antibody-mediated viral neutralization, and there is a need for standardized quantitative neutralization assays. This study presents a high-throughput two-step profiling approach for identifying neutralizing convalescent plasma. Additionally, the researchers introduce a neutralizing antibody standard reagent to calibrate antibody neutralizing activity in convalescent plasma.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Baoling Ying, Suzanne M. Scheaffer, Bradley Whitener, Chieh-Yu Liang, Oleksandr Dmytrenko, Samantha Mackin, Kai Wu, Diana Lee, Laura E. Avena, Zhenlu Chong, James Brett Case, LingZhi Ma, Thu T. M. Kim, Caralyn E. Sein, Angela Woods, Daniela Montes Berrueta, Gwo-Yu Chang, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Isabella Renzi, Yen-Ting Lai, Agata Malinowski, Andrea Carfi, Sayda M. Elbashir, Darin K. Edwards, Larissa B. Thackray, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: The study showed that current vaccination can enhance protection against Omicron infections, but different vaccines have varying efficacy, which requires further investigation.
Review
Immunology
Jeffrey A. Tomalka, Mehul S. Suthar, Michael S. Diamond, Rafick P. Sekaly
Summary: Innate immunity is an essential defense mechanism in cells, originating from bacteria and playing key roles in pathogen defense and immune response activation. Recent studies have shown that individual exposure histories, such as prior infections, vaccinations, and microbial metabolites, can modulate innate immunity and affect its effectiveness. Understanding how environmental factors regulate innate immune responses is crucial for pandemic preparedness.
TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Alexandra Schafer, Sarah R. Leist, Lisa E. Gralinski, David R. Martinez, Emma S. Winkler, Kenichi Okuda, Padraig E. Hawkins, Kendra L. Gully, Rachel L. Graham, D. Trevor Scobey, Timothy A. Bell, Pablo Hock, Ginger D. Shaw, Jennifer F. Loome, Emily A. Madden, Elizabeth Anderson, Victoria K. Baxter, Sharon A. Taft-Benz, Mark R. Zweigart, Samantha R. May, Stephanie Dong, Matthew Clark, Darla R. Miller, Rachel M. Lynch, Mark T. Heise, Roland Tisch, Richard C. Boucher, Fernando Pardo Manuel de Villena, Stephanie A. Montgomery, Michael S. Diamond, Martin T. Ferris, Ralph S. Baric
Summary: Host genetic variation plays an important role in predicting disease outcomes following coronavirus infection. Using a mouse model, researchers identified several genetic loci that control different disease outcomes in the context of SARS-CoV infection. They also found a conserved locus on mouse chromosome 9 that shares homology with a human GWAS locus for severe SARS-CoV-2 disease. Two candidate genes, CCR9 and CXCR6, were identified as key regulators of disease severity in multiple coronavirus infections across species.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
James Brett Case, Samantha Mackin, John M. Errico, Zhenlu Chong, Emily A. Madden, Bradley Whitener, Barbara Guarino, Michael A. Schmid, Kim Rosenthal, Kuishu Ren, Ha Dang, Gyorgy Snell, Ana Jung, Lindsay Droit, Scott A. Handley, Peter J. Halfmann, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, James E. Crowe, Daved H. Fremont, Herbert W. Virgin, Yueh-Ming Loo, Mark T. Esser, Lisa A. Purcell, Davide Corti, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant strains are less susceptible to therapeutic neutralizing antibodies. However, therapeutic antibodies S309 and AZD7442 can still reduce lung infection in a mouse model. Different antibodies have different mechanisms of protection against Omicron variants.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Suzanne M. Scheaffer, Diana Lee, Bradley Whitener, Baoling Ying, Kai Wu, Chieh-Yu Liang, Hardik Jani, Philippa Martin, Nicholas J. Amato, Laura E. Avena, Daniela Montes Berrueta, Stephen D. Schmidt, Sijy O'Dell, Arshan Nasir, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Richard A. Koup, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Andrea Carfi, Sayda M. Elbashir, Larissa B. Thackray, Darin K. Edwards, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: Bivalent vaccines induce broad immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, offering a customizable approach to protect against COVID-19 as new strains emerge.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vikas Chonira, Young D. Kwon, Jason Gorman, James Brett Case, Zhiqiang Ke, Rudo Simeon, Ryan G. Cosner, Darcy R. Harris, Adam S. Olia, Tyler Stephens, Lawrence Shapiro, Michael F. Bender, Hannah Boyd, I-Ting Teng, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Florian Krammer, Ningyan Zhang, Michael S. Diamond, Peter D. Kwong, Zhiqiang An, Zhilei Chen
Summary: We report the engineering and selection of two synthetic proteins, FSR16m and FSR22, for the potential treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These proteins exhibit broad-spectrum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 strains and show promising results in mice, reducing viral burden and weight loss.
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Arthur S. Kim, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: This Review provides an overview of the global epidemics caused by arthropod-transmitted RNA viruses known as alphaviruses. It highlights the host factors required for alphavirus entry, the mechanisms by which protective antibodies inhibit alphavirus infection, and the progress of clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines focusing on humoral immunity.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Glennys Reynoso, David N. Gordon, Anurag Kalia, Cynthia C. Aguilar, Courtney S. Malo, Maya Aleshnick, Kimberly A. Dowd, Christian R. Cherry, John P. Shannon, Sophia M. Vrba, Autumn C. Holmes, Yael Alippe, Sonia Maciejewski, Kenichi Asano, Michael S. Diamond, Theodore C. Pierson, Heather D. Hickman
Summary: To understand the initial steps in Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission, researchers investigated the virus's movement from the skin to the lymph nodes. Contrary to previous beliefs, migratory immune cells were not necessary for the virus to reach the lymph nodes or the bloodstream. Instead, a specific subset of macrophages in the lymph nodes, called CD169+ macrophages, were found to be rapidly infected by ZIKV and release the virus to infect other lymph nodes. These findings improve our understanding of ZIKV dissemination and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
Article
Microbiology
Samantha R. Mackin, Pritesh Desai, Bradley M. Whitener, Courtney E. Karl, Meizi Liu, Ralph S. Baric, Darin K. Edwards, Taras M. Chicz, Ryan P. McNamara, Galit Alter, Michael S. Diamond
Summary: Fc-Fc gamma receptor interactions and alveolar macrophages play a crucial role in controlling infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice vaccinated with ancestral vaccines. While the spike protein antigenic changes in SARS-CoV-2 variants reduce the neutralizing efficiency of legacy vaccine-induced antibodies, vaccines like mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 still protect against severe disease and death, indicating the involvement of other aspects of immunity in controlling lung infection. Antibodies elicited by vaccines can bind Fc gamma receptors and exert effector functions against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and this property is associated with improved clinical outcomes. However, the causal relationship between Fc effector functions and vaccine-induced protection against infection needs further investigation.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Michael S. Diamond, John D. Lambris, Jenny P. Ting, John S. Tsang
Summary: In early 2022, a workshop focusing on the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 was organized by staff from the NIAID at the NIH. This Viewpoint article features the thoughts of organizers and invited speakers on the key outcomes of the meeting. While the media has mainly focused on adaptive immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic, immunologists have been trying to understand how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects our innate immune system.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Naveenchandra Suryadevara, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Laura A. VanBlargan, Elad Binshtein, Rita E. Chen, James Brett Case, Kevin J. Kramer, Erica C. Armstrong, Luke Myers, Andrew Trivette, Christopher Gainza, Rachel S. Nargi, Christopher N. Selverian, Edgar Davidson, Benjamin J. Doranz, Summer M. Diaz, Laura S. Handal, Robert H. Carnahan, Michael S. Diamond, Ivelin S. Georgiev, James E. Crowe
Summary: This study identifies a rare human antibody, COV23434, that disrupts the integrity of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and possesses a distinct class of functional activity. The findings suggest that the trimer interface region of the S protein may be a vulnerable site for the virus.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
George Georgiev, Ryan J. Malonis, Ariel S. Wirchnianski, Alex W. Wessel, Helen S. Jung, Sean M. Cahill, Elisabeth K. Nyakatura, Olivia Vergnolle, Kimberly A. Dowd, David Cowburn, Theodore C. Pierson, Michael S. Diamond, Jonathan R. Lai
Summary: Researchers have developed a recombinant ZIKV immunogen using protein engineering techniques, which can elicit a protective immune response with reduced potential for producing enhancing antibodies.
CELL CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Meeting Abstract
Allergy
Alexa Doss, Rita Chen, Jennifer Monroy, H. James Wedner, Anthony Kulczycki, Tiffany Dy, Zhen Ren, Andrew Kau, Tarisa Mantia, Caitlin O'Shaughnessy, Brandi Nickles, Peggy Kendall, Michael Diamond, Ofer Zimmerman
JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)