Review
Polymer Science
Leila Fotooh Abadi, Fouad Damiri, Mehrukh Zehravi, Rohit Joshi, Rohan Pai, Mohammed Berrada, Ehab El Sayed Massoud, Md Habibur Rahman, Satish Rojekar, Simona Cavalu
Summary: This article discusses the challenges in eradicating HIV infection completely, the limitations of current drug delivery systems, and introduces novel drug delivery strategies including nanotechnology-based approaches that have potential to target HIV reservoir sites for better treatment outcomes.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Zhou Liu, Peter Julius, Guobin Kang, John T. West, Charles Wood
Summary: This study investigated the subtype C HIV-1 reservoirs and found variations in quantity and distribution of proviral copies, primarily detected in secondary lymphoid tissues. Unlike subtype B, subtype C provirus and HIV-1 RNA were rarely detectable in the central nervous system. In addition, HIV-1 RNA was detected in peripheral lymphoid tissues, and the appendix was identified as a potential previously unreported treatment-resistant reservoir for subtype C HIV-1.
Review
Immunology
Constance Renault, Nicolas Veyrenche, Franck Mennechet, Anne-Sophie Bedin, Jean-Pierre Routy, Philippe Van de Perre, Jacques Reynes, Edouard Tuaillon
Summary: Th17 cells play a crucial role in defending against pathogens at mucosal barriers, but they are also vulnerable to HIV-1 infection and depletion from gut mucosal sites. The imbalance caused by the loss of Th17 cells impairs cytokine production and leads to damage in the gut mucosal barrier, promoting HIV-1 disease progression. The expression of specific receptors by Th17 cells contributes to their susceptibility to HIV infection. Moreover, Th17 cells serve as long-lived viral reservoirs in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Rebecca T. Veenhuis, Celina M. Abreu, Pedro A. G. Costa, Edna A. Ferreira, Janaysha Ratliff, Lily Pohlenz, Erin N. Shirk, Leah H. Rubin, Joel N. Blankson, Lucio Gama, Janice E. Clements
Summary: The development of persistent cellular reservoirs of latent HIV in myeloid cells is a critical obstacle to viral eradication. This study develops a quantitative viral outgrowth assay and highly sensitive T cell detection assays to assess the frequency of latent HIV in monocytes of virologically suppressed individuals with HIV. The results show that myeloid cells meet the definition of a clinically relevant HIV reservoir and emphasize the importance of including myeloid reservoirs in efforts towards an HIV cure.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Sylvia Xiao Wei Gwee, Ashley L. St John, Gregory C. Gray, Junxiong Pang
Summary: Dengue virus positivity has been detected in various animals, primarily in bats, non-human primates, and pigs. Serological testing suggests possible enzootic transmission, while regular dengue virus spillback cannot be ruled out. Acute infections among animals are limited, indicating the need for further investigation into the potential role of animals in dengue transmission.
Review
Immunology
Michelle K. Ash, Lena Al-Harthi, Jeffrey R. Schneider
Summary: Advances in antiretroviral therapy have prolonged the lives of people living with HIV by reducing viral levels, but challenges remain in eradicating the virus due to significant reservoirs in the central nervous system. Astraycytes and microglia in the CNS have been shown to harbor HIV even with treatment, emphasizing the need for optimization of curative strategies. Measuring the latent HIV reservoir and addressing neuroinflammation in the brain are crucial in developing effective treatment options for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaolan Lin, Jiaxin Ma, Zanhu Zhou, Baoyi Qiao, Yixin Li, Wei Zheng, Yun Tian
Summary: Through simulated experiments using diesel oil as a pollutant, it was found that pathogenic bacteria in the ocean are significantly enriched under oil contamination, with high toxicity and drug resistance. Infection experiments demonstrated the synergistic effect of toxic oil pollutants and pathogens on infected fish. The study also revealed the widespread presence of pathogenic bacteria with oil degradation potential in oil-contaminated marine environments, indicating extensive pathogen reservoir risks in these sites.
Article
Immunology
Min Li, Marietta M. Budai, Min Chen, Jin Wang
Summary: The study presents a strategy called selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent HIV (SECH) that targets HIV-1 reservoirs through inhibition of autophagy and promotion of apoptosis. This strategy has been shown to effectively clear latent HIV-1 reservoirs in different subsets of T cells. The findings provide a potential method for eradicating HIV-1 infection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Silvere D. Zaongo, Yue Wang, Ping Ma, Fang-Zhou Song, Yao-Kai Chen
Summary: Recent research has introduced a promising alternative therapeutic option for HIV/AIDS, known as selective elimination of host cells capable of producing HIV (SECH). This approach requires the simultaneous administration of drugs targeting specific cells to efficiently eliminate HIV replication-competent cellular reservoirs. However, there are still three major challenges that may restrict the application of the SECH strategy in HIV/AIDS patients.
CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kamil Wiecek, Heng-Chang Chen
Summary: The genetic integrity of HIV-1 proviruses is crucial for curing infection, but intact proviruses are not common in HIV-1 reservoirs. A recent concept of a revised HIV-1 deeply latent reservoir suggests that the establishment of HIV-1 reservoirs is influenced by immune-mediated selection, resulting in genetically intact proviruses that are best suited to evade clearance.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Satish Rojekar, Leila Fotooh Abadi, Rohan Pai, Mahendra Kumar Prajapati, Smita Kulkarni, Pradeep R. Vavia
Summary: The present investigation focuses on developing and exploring mannosylated lipid-based carriers for delivering anti-HIV drug and selenium nanoparticles to HIV reservoirs. The results demonstrate that the mannosylated nanostructured lipid carriers have improved therapeutic effectiveness against HIV and significantly increase the therapeutic index. The nano selenium also shows protective effects against oxidative stress in rats.
Article
Plant Sciences
Shi-Fei Li, Xue Liang, Xing-Kang Wu, Xiang Gao, Li-Wei Zhang
Summary: Wikstroelide E is a potential HIV-latency-reversing agent that is 2500-fold more potent than prostratin. It reverses latent HIV infection by regulating multiple signaling pathways, with the Tat protein contributing to its robust activation of latent HIV. This study lays the foundation for the potential development of Wikstroelide E as an effective HIV-latency-reversing agent.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Ana Borrajo, Valentina Svicher, Romina Salpini, Michele Pellegrino, Stefano Aquaro
Summary: Chronic infection of HIV-1 leads to serious CD4+ T cell immunodeficiency and neurocognitive disorders in the central nervous system, contributing to increasing morbidity and mortality globally. Despite advancements in treatment, there is still incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis and role of inflammation in neurodegenerative difficulties.
Article
Immunology
Eliza Gil, Nicola Sweeney, Veronica Barrett, Stephen Morris-Jones, Robert F. Miller, Victoria J. Johnston, Michael Brown
Summary: Nontuberculous mycobacteria can cause disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. Successful treatment of patients co-infected with HIV was achieved with bedaquiline as part of combination therapy.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Mayur Doke, Jay P. McLaughlin, James J. Cai, Gurudutt Pendyala, Fatah Kashanchi, Mansoor A. Khan, Thangavel Samikkannu
Summary: Clinical research has shown that individuals with HIV and cocaine abuse may experience behavioral and neurocognitive disorders. This study aimed to investigate the role of noncoding RNAs in gene expression regulation in astrocytes affected by HIV infection and cocaine abuse. The results revealed altered expression of several lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNA/gene targets, suggesting potential interactions that may contribute to astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration caused by HIV and cocaine coexposure.
MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS
(2022)