CT and MR Imaging Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Part II. Extracellular Agents, Hepatobiliary Agents, and Ancillary Imaging Features

EASL–EORTC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma

(2015) et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

Usefulness of Conventional MRI Sequences and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Differentiating Malignant From Benign Portal Vein Thrombus in Cirrhotic Patients

(2013) Kumaresan Sandrasegaran et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Diagnostic and Prognostic Molecular Markers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2013) Beatriz Mínguez et al.   DISEASE MARKERS

Non-hypervascular hypointense nodules detected by Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI are a risk factor for recurrence of HCC after hepatectomy

(2013) Hidenori Toyoda et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

Liver lesion detection and characterization: Role of diffusion-weighted imaging

(2013) Nicola Galea et al.   JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Role of Gadolinium-Ethoxybenzyl-Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Consensus at the Symposium of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan

(2013) Masatoshi Kudo et al.   ONCOLOGY

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Imaging Patterns on Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MR Images and Their Value as an Imaging Biomarker

(2013) Jin Woo Choi et al.   RADIOLOGY

Hypovascular Nodules in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: Risk Factors for Development of Hypervascular Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2013) Tomoko Hyodo et al.   RADIOLOGY

Small intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: target sign on diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma

(2012) Hyun Jeong Park et al.   ABDOMINAL IMAGING

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of 102 nodules in cirrhosis: correlation with histological findings on explanted livers

(2012) Carlo Bartolozzi et al.   ABDOMINAL IMAGING

Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI with respect to the severity of liver cirrhosis

(2012) Ah Yeong Kim et al.   ACTA RADIOLOGICA

MRI Detection of Intratumoral Fat in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potential Biomarker for a More Favorable Prognosis

(2012) Surachate Siripongsakun et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Quantitatively Defining Washout in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2012) Yueyi I. Liu et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: is there a correlation with MRI?

(2012) N Griffin et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Differentiating mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from atypical hepatocellular carcinoma using gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI

(2012) Y.S. Chong et al.   CLINICAL RADIOLOGY

Hypovascular hepatic nodule showing hypointensity in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in patients with chronic liver disease: Prediction of malignant transformation

(2012) Yukihisa Takayama et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Relationship between signal intensity on hepatobiliary phase of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MR imaging and prognosis of borderline lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma

(2012) Satoshi Kobayashi et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Hyperintense HCC on hepatobiliary phase images of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: Correlation with clinical and pathological features

(2012) Ja Young Kim et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Prediction of the histopathological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma using qualitative diffusion-weighted, dynamic, and hepatobiliary phase MRI

(2012) Chansik An et al.   EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY

Visualization of blood drainage area from hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma on ultrasonographic images during hepatic arteriogram: Comparison with depiction of drainage area on contrast-enhanced ultrasound

(2012) Ryuichi Kita et al.   HEPATOLOGY RESEARCH

Risk of hypervascularization in small hypovascular hepatic nodules showing hypointense in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in patients with chronic liver disease

(2012) Megumi Takechi et al.   JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma ⩽2cm in cirrhosis. Diagnostic accuracy assessing fat, capsule and signal intensity at dynamic MRI

(2012) Jordi Rimola et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

Detectability of hepatocellular carcinoma by gadoxetate disodium-enhanced hepatic MRI: Tumor-by-tumor analysis in explant livers

(2012) Yuko Nakamura et al.   JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Which is the best MRI marker of malignancy for atypical cirrhotic nodules: Hypointensity in hepatobiliary phase alone or combined with other features? Classification after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration

(2012) Rita Golfieri et al.   JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Applicability of BCLC stage for prognostic stratification in comparison with other staging systems: single centre experience from long-term clinical outcomes of 1717 treatment-naïve patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

(2012) Beom Kyung Kim et al.   LIVER INTERNATIONAL

Preoperative prediction of the microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma with diffusion-weighted imaging

(2012) Young Joo Suh et al.   LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts the histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma only in patients with child-pugh class a cirrhosis

(2012) Hee Yeon Kim et al.   LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

Potential clinical factors affecting hepatobiliary enhancement at Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging

(2012) Atsushi Higaki et al.   MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI compared with CT during angiography in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

(2012) Yoshihiko Ooka et al.   MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Improved Sensitivity by Combining Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced and Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging Patterns

(2012) Min Jung Park et al.   RADIOLOGY

Hypervascular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation between Biologic Features and Signal Intensity on Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MR Images

(2012) Azusa Kitao et al.   RADIOLOGY

Intrahepatic Mass-forming Cholangiocarcinoma: Enhancement Patterns on Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MR Images

(2012) Yusuhn Kang et al.   RADIOLOGY

Hypovascular Hypointense Nodules on Hepatobiliary Phase Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MR Images in Patients with Cirrhosis: Potential of DW Imaging in Predicting Progression to Hypervascular HCC

(2012) Young Kon Kim et al.   RADIOLOGY

Comparison of Acute Transient Dyspnea after Intravenous Administration of Gadoxetate Disodium and Gadobenate Dimeglumine: Effect on Arterial Phase Image Quality

(2012) Matthew S. Davenport et al.   RADIOLOGY

Hepatocellular nodules in liver cirrhosis: MR evaluation

(2011) Jeong Min Lee et al.   ABDOMINAL IMAGING

Hepatocelluar nodules in liver cirrhosis: hemodynamic evaluation (angiography-assisted CT) with special reference to multi-step hepatocarcinogenesis

(2011) Osamu Matsui et al.   ABDOMINAL IMAGING

Gadoxetate Disodium–Enhanced Hepatobiliary Phase MRI of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation With Histological Characteristics

(2011) Jin-Young Choi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Is It Predictable With Pretransplant MRI?

(2011) Hersh Chandarana et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Evolution of Hypointense Hepatocellular Nodules Observed Only in the Hepatobiliary Phase of Gadoxetate Disodium–Enhanced MRI

(2011) Takashi Kumada et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Differentiation of Hepatic Hyperintense Lesions Seen on Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced Hepatobiliary Phase MRI

(2011) Young Joo Suh et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Heterogeneous Type 4 Enhancement of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Dynamic CT Is Associated With Tumor Recurrence After Radiofrequency Ablation

(2011) Yusuke Kawamura et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced Hepatobiliary Phase MRI and High-b-Value Diffusion-Weighted Imaging to Distinguish Well-Differentiated Hepatocellular Carcinomas From Benign Nodules in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease

(2011) Mi Hee Lee et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Relationship Between Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histological Tumor Grading of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2011) Mitsuru Nakanishi et al.   ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography as a prognostic predictor in locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

(2011) Beom Kyung Kim et al.   CANCER

Detection of liver malignancy with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: Is addition of diffusion-weighted MRI beneficial?

(2011) Young Kon Kim et al.   CLINICAL RADIOLOGY

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Screening and Staging

(2011) Morris Sherman   Clinics in Liver Disease

Enhancement pattern analysis of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma on dynamic MR imaging with histopathological correlation: Validity of portal phase imaging for predicting tumor grade

(2011) Daisuke Okamoto et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Imaging features of small hepatocellular carcinomas with microvascular invasion on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging

(2011) Myeong-Jin Kim et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Contribution of the hepatobiliary phase of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI to Dynamic MRI in the detection of hypovascular small (≤2 cm) HCC in cirrhosis

(2011) Rita Golfieri et al.   EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY

The uptake transporter OATP8 expression decreases during multistep hepatocarcinogenesis: correlation with gadoxetic acid enhanced MR imaging

(2011) Azusa Kitao et al.   EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY

Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update

(2011) Jordi Bruix et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas using conventional magnetic resonance imaging correlated with histological differentiation and a serum marker of poor prognosis

(2011) Shotaro Enomoto et al.   Hepatology International

The steatohepatitic variant of hepatocellular carcinoma and its association with underlying steatohepatitis

(2011) Marcela Salomao et al.   HUMAN PATHOLOGY

Clinical Significance of the Transitional Phase at Gadoxetate Disodium–Enhanced Hepatic MRI for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2011) Yuko Nakamura et al.   JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY

Prognostic Factors and 10-Year Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Curative Hepatectomy

(2011) Sung Hoon Kim et al.   JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY

A non-smooth tumor margin in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts microscopic portal vein invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, and early recurrence after hepatectomy in patients with h

(2011) Shun-ichi Ariizumi et al.   Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences

Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: Usefulness of peritumoral hypointensity seen on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced hepatobiliary phase images

(2011) Kyung Ah Kim et al.   JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Additional value of gadoxetic acid-DTPA-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in the diagnosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison with dynamic triple-phase multidetector CT imaging

(2011) Hiroki Haradome et al.   JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Detection of small intrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinomas using diffusion-weighted imaging: comparison with conventional dynamic MRI

(2011) Jeong-Sik Yu et al.   MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Recent Advances in Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology of Adult Hepatocellular Tumors: Implications for Imaging and Management

(2011) Alampady K. Shanbhogue et al.   RADIOLOGY

Imaging Study of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Usefulness of Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MR Imaging

(2011) Katsuhiro Sano et al.   RADIOLOGY

Analysis of Gadobenate Dimeglumine–enhanced MR Findings for Characterizing Small (1–2-cm) Hepatic Nodules in Patients at High Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2011) Tae Kyoung Kim et al.   RADIOLOGY

OATP 1B1/1B3 expression in hepatocellular carcinomas treated with orthotopic liver transplantation

(2011) Francesco Vasuri et al.   VIRCHOWS ARCHIV

Gadoxetate Disodium–Enhanced MRI of the Liver: Part 2, Protocol Optimization and Lesion Appearance in the Cirrhotic Liver

(2010) Irene Cruite et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Diagnostic efficacy of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas: comparison with gadopentetate dimeglumine

(2010) G Park et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Diagnostic performance of apparent diffusion coefficient for predicting histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma

(2010) Akihiro Nishie et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance images of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with histological grading and portal blood flow

(2010) Sachiyo Kogita et al.   EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY

Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma

(2010) Masao Omata et al.   Hepatology International

Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Differentiating Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas (≤2 cm in Diameter) From Arterial Enhancing Pseudolesions

(2010) Hye Young Sun et al.   INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY

Contribution of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinomas and Dysplastic Nodules in Cirrhotic Liver

(2010) Peng-Ju Xu et al.   JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY

Validation of an extension of the international non-invasive criteria for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma to the characterization of macroscopic portal vein thrombosis

(2010) Paolo Sorrentino et al.   JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY

Utility of diffusion-weighted MRI in distinguishing benign and malignant hepatic lesions

(2010) Frank H. Miller et al.   JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Value of delayed hypointensity and delayed enhancing rim in magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver

(2010) Asra S. Khan et al.   JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Gadoxetic Acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-Enhanced MRI versus Gadobenate Dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA)-Enhanced MRI for Preoperatively Detecting Hepatocellular Carcinoma: an Initial Experience

(2010) Yulri Park et al.   KOREAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Value of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation with the Histologic Differentiation and the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

(2010) Suk Hee Heo et al.   KOREAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

MR Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2010) Gaurav Khatri et al.   Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

Real Practice of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan: Conclusions of the Japan Society of Hepatology 2009 Kobe Congress

(2010) Masatoshi Kudo   ONCOLOGY

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Signal Intensity at Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MR Imaging—Correlation with Molecular Transporters and Histopathologic Features

(2010) Azusa Kitao et al.   RADIOLOGY

Added Value of Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced Hepatobiliary Phase MR Imaging in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2010) Sung Soo Ahn et al.   RADIOLOGY

Multiphasic MDCT Enhancement Pattern of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Smaller Than 3 cm in Diameter: Tumor Size and Cellular Differentiation

(2009) Soon Ho Yoon et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Surgically Resected Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Imaging Characteristics and Relationship Among Signal Intensity, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, and Histopathologic Grade

(2009) Katsuhiro Nasu et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced MRI Versus Triple-Phase MDCT for the Preoperative Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2009) Seong Hyun Kim et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: State of the Art

(2009) Christoph J. Zech et al.   DIGESTIVE DISEASES

Diffusion-weighted MRI provides additional value to conventional dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma

(2009) Vincent Vandecaveye et al.   EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY

Can microvessel invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma be predicted by pre-operative MRI?

(2009) Honsoul Kim et al.   EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY

The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis

(2009) A. Sangiovanni et al.   GUT

Cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhosis: Absence of contrast washout in delayed phases by magnetic resonance imaging avoids misdiagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

(2009) Jordi Rimola et al.   HEPATOLOGY

Additional Value of SPIO-Enhanced MR Imaging for the Noninvasive Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Liver

(2009) Hye Jin Yoo et al.   INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY

Multistep human hepatocarcinogenesis: correlation of imaging with pathology

(2009) Masatoshi Kudo   JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

Expression of OATP1B3 determines uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA in hepatocellular carcinoma

(2009) Masato Narita et al.   JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY

SPIO-Enhanced MRI Findings of Well-Differentiated Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Correlation with MDCT Findings

(2009) Seong Hyun Kim et al.   KOREAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY

Report of a national conference on liver allocation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States

(2009) Elizabeth A. Pomfret et al.   LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Cirrhosis: Qualitative Comparison of Gadobenate Dimeglumine–enhanced MR Imaging and Multiphasic 64-Section CT

(2009) Daniele Marin et al.   RADIOLOGY

Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging of the Liver

(2009) Bachir Taouli et al.   RADIOLOGY

Differentiation of Malignant Thrombus from Bland Thrombus of the Portal Vein in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Application of Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging

(2009) Onofrio A. Catalano et al.   RADIOLOGY

Percutaneous Imaging-Guided Solid Organ Core Needle Biopsy: Coaxial Versus Noncoaxial Method

(2008) Malcolm K. Hatfield et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY

Extracapsular Penetration is a New Prognostic Factor in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2008) Tomohiro Iguchi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY

EpCAM and  -Fetoprotein Expression Defines Novel Prognostic Subtypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2008) T. Yamashita et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Small Hypervascular Enhancing Lesions on Arterial Phase Images of Multiphase Dynamic Computed Tomography in Cirrhotic Liver

(2008) Sung Ho Hwang et al.   JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

(2008) Riccardo Lencioni et al.   JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2008) Masayuki Kanematsu et al.   ONCOLOGY

MR Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Cirrhotic Liver: Challenges and Controversies

(2008) Jonathon M. Willatt et al.   RADIOLOGY

Hepatocellular Carcinoma with a Pseudocapsule on Gadolinium-enhanced MR Images: Correlation with Histopathologic Findings

(2008) Kousei Ishigami et al.   RADIOLOGY

Radiologic Detectability of Minute Portal Venous Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(2007) Akihiro Nishie et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY