Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gabriel Cadilha Marques, Liang Yang, Yan Liu, Vanessa Wollersen, Torsten Scherer, Ben Breitung, Martin Wegener, Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann
Summary: This article introduces a manufacturing concept and optimized material stack for solution processed electronic devices, which addresses the alignment and compatibility issues. Laser printing of metals and polymer reservoirs is used to achieve shorter channel lengths and improved device performance.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chandra Kant, Atul Shukla, Sarah K. M. McGregor, Shih-Chun Lo, Ebinazar B. Namdas, Monica Katiyar
Summary: This work demonstrates the successful inkjet printing of large area TADF OLEDs, showing the potential of TADF materials as the emitting layer. The study develops an ink formulation for TADF materials and achieves intricate pattern printing without lithography. The impact of ink viscosity, density, and surface tension on droplet formation and film quality is also investigated, and the potential for large-area roll-to-roll printing on a flexible substrate is demonstrated.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shuming Duan, Bowen Geng, Xiaotao Zhang, Xiaochen Ren, Wenping Hu
Summary: The major advantages of organic electronics lie in their solution processability and unique optoelectronic performance. Utilizing a solution-based method to fabricate single-crystal organic devices and circuits is crucial for the development of organic electronics, but remains challenging. The progress in organic crystal fabrication, patterning, and high-resolution printed contacts for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is summarized, with suggested future research directions in this field.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kaibin Wu, Jisu Hong, Xue Qi, Heqing Ye, Zhijun Li, Chenhao Cong, Jian Liu, Xi Li, Ka Yeon Ryu, Sang Yong Nam, Xinlin Li, Sooman Lim, Se Hyun Kim
Summary: In this study, the screen printing of Ag nanoparticle inks for the electrodes of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) was systematically investigated. The printing process conditions and substrate surface modification were controlled to optimize the printing process. The resulting Ag nanoparticle electrodes showed high electrical conductivity, pattern-fidelity, and adhesion to the substrate. OTFTs with different device structures were fabricated using the optimized Ag nanoparticle electrodes, and the best device performance was achieved on Si/SiO2 substrates with a bottom-gate, bottom-contact (BGBC) structure.
ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xin Rong, Jiangli Han, Xinyu Tian, Lixian Jiang, Zhewei Li, Rubo Xing, Liping Shen, Lian Duan, Guifang Dong
Summary: Exciting advances have been made in pursuing high mobility organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) in recent years. However, the economic infeasibility of Au source/drain (S/D) electrodes used in OTFTs hinders their further development. In this study, modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are adopted, with improved surface work function through HCl modification. The results show promising potential for the HCl-modified ITO electrodes in the industry.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Md Mehedi Hasan, Eric Moyen, Jewel Kumer Saha, Md Mobaidul Islam, Arqum Ali, Jin Jang
Summary: Phototransistors capable of detecting visible light were fabricated using solution processed zinc oxide channel and zirconium oxide gate insulator thin film transistors, with room temperature synthesized perovskite quantum dots as the active layer. The devices exhibited enhanced photocurrent under visible light illumination, with high responsivity and detectivity, especially under green light. The results are relevant for the development of low cost and low energy consumption phototransistors operating in the visible range.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yichen Pan, Hongli Liu, Shirong Wang, Xinjun Han, Xianggao Li
Summary: The binary solvent ink system and the application of auxiliary hole-transport component successfully alleviated the coffee-ring effect and material aggregation, achieving the goal of obtaining high-performance small-molecule hole-transport layers via non-bank inkjet printing. The resulting green phosphorescent OLEDs demonstrated enhanced current efficiency, quantum efficiency, and lowered turn-on voltage, representing a new milestone in OLED technology development.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoyu Sui, Sonal V. Rangnekar, Jaesung Lee, Stephanie E. E. Liu, Julia R. Downing, Lindsay E. Chaney, Xiaodong Yan, Hyun-June Jang, Haihui Pu, Xiaoao Shi, Shiyu Zhou, Mark C. Hersam, Junhong Chen
Summary: In this study, a reliable and general method of inkjet printing ultrathin MoS2 semiconducting channels was developed. A spaced parallel printing approach was found to overcome the coffee-ring effect and achieve uniform 2D flake percolation networks. By utilizing this printing method, fully printed field-effect transistors with high-performance channels were successfully fabricated.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Qi Li, Dedong Han, Junchen Dong, Dengqin Xu, Yue Li, Yi Wang, Xing Zhang
Summary: This study compares the effects of different source/drain electrodes on the electrical properties of ITO TFTs, finding that ITO TFTs with an Al electrode demonstrate better device performance and lower contact resistance. All devices with the four electrode materials show excellent stability under negative bias illumination stress.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Thi Thu Thuy Can, Woon-Seop Choi
Summary: EHD jet printing is a versatile method to print materials with a wide viscosity range. In this work, solution-based MoS2 and high-viscosity Ag paste were successfully printed using EHD jet printing for electronic applications. MoS2 TFTs with patterned Ag source and drain were fabricated using low-k silica and high-k alumina gate dielectrics. Devices based on Al2O3 exhibited much better electrical properties than those based on SiO2, with an improvement of around one order of magnitude in hysteresis after changing the gate insulator material.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Francesca Scuratti, Jorge Mario Salazar-Rios, Alessandro Luzio, Sebastian Kowalski, Sybille Allard, Stefan Jung, Ullrich Scherf, Maria Antonietta Loi, Mario Caironi
Summary: When a higher proportion of nanotubes with smaller bandgaps are efficiently connected, a sparse network allows for efficient charge percolation for band-like transport, achieving a charge mobility as high as 20.2 cm(2) V-1 s(-1). However, if charges are forced to populate higher bandgap nanotubes and/or the wrapping polymer by a less efficient morphology, thermally activated transport occurs and mobility decreases.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Eero Kuusisto, Joonas J. Heikkinen, Paivi Jarvinen, Tiina Sikanen, Sami Franssila, Ville Jokinen
Summary: Flexible and conductive silver electrodes were successfully fabricated using inkjet printing on thiol-ene polymer substrates, achieving low resistivity by optimizing printing parameters and selecting appropriate compositions. Rough surfaces showed enhanced quality of printed electrodes, while electrodes printed on smooth surfaces were more prone to cracks. The electrodes demonstrated good conductivity even after mechanical stress and bending, indicating potential for flexible sensors.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Irene Brunetti, Lorenzo Pimpolari, Silvia Conti, Robyn Worsley, Subimal Majee, Dmitry K. Polyushkin, Matthias Paur, Elisabetta Dimaggio, Giovanni Pennelli, Giuseppe Iannaccone, Massimo Macucci, Francesco Pieri, Thomas Mueller, Cinzia Casiraghi, Gianluca Fiori
Summary: Research shows that using two-dimensional and one-dimensional materials through inkjet printing can achieve the main building blocks of digital electronics, enabling the fabrication of logic gates and basic sequential networks on flexible substrates with performance comparable to mainstream organic technology.
NPJ 2D MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xiaowei Feng, Surya Abhishek Singaraju, Hongrong Hu, Gabriel Cadilha Marques, Tongtong Fu, Peter Baumgartner, Daniel Secker, Mehdi B. Tahoori, Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann
Summary: This study characterized the low-frequency noise of inkjet-printed electrolyte-gated thin-film transistors and identified the dominating noise generation mechanism. Benchmark analysis on the noise level of various thin-film technologies showed that the electrolyte-gating approach effectively reduces transistor noise levels.
IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Okin Song, Dongjoon Rhee, Jihyun Kim, Youngseo Jeon, Vlastimil Mazanek, Aljoscha Soll, Yonghyun Albert Kwon, Jeong Ho Cho, Yong-Hoon Kim, Joohoon Kang, Zdenek Sofer
Summary: Inkjet printing is a cost-effective and scalable method for assembling colloidal materials into desired patterns. 2D nanosheets are a promising material category for printed electronics, enabling high-performance thin-film transistors.
NPJ 2D MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Emanuel Carlos, Rita Branquinho, Elina Jansson, Jaakko Leppaniemi, Jose Menezes, Rita Pereira, Jonas Deuermeier, Ari Alastalo, Kim Eiroma, Liisa Hakola, Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins
Summary: This study highlights the significance of solution combustion synthesis (SCS) in the production of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin films compared to sol-gel. By combining SCS and infrared annealing, a low annealing temperature of 140 degrees C was achieved, allowing for the production of ZTO thin films on low-cost flexible substrates using high-throughput printing techniques. The resulting ZTO diodes exhibited promising reproducibility and low variability, providing a basis for further optimization and meeting the requirements of flexible electronics applications.
FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Review
Physics, Applied
Liam Gillan, Jussi Hiltunen, Mohammad H. Behfar, Kari Ronka
Summary: Flexible and stretchable electronics offer opportunities for the development of lightweight and flexible devices, but also require solutions for mechanical design, integration strategies, and reliable manufacturing. This report describes recent advances in design, manufacture, and reliability of flexible and stretchable electronics, and highlights the need for further developments in device reliability testing procedures and more eco-friendly device components.
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mallika Bariya, Noelle Davis, Liam Gillan, Elina Jansson, Annukka Kokkonen, Colm McCaffrey, Jussi Hiltunen, Ali Javey
Summary: Wearable microfluidic sensors offer precise and selective measurement of sweat secretion rate across a broad physiological range. This enables continuous tracking of sweat rate using a manually activated pressure pump. This platform overcomes a key obstacle in meaningful and actionable sweat sensing for applications in exercise physiology and medicine.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Liam Gillan, Elina Jansson
Summary: Cortisol imbalance can lead to adverse mental and physical health conditions, and existing monitoring tools for cortisol usually involve time-consuming processes. This study introduces a miniature flexible sensor patch that uses electropolymerization of a polypyrrole/Prussian blue molecularly imprinted polymer to accurately measure cortisol in artificial eccrine perspiration. The sensor patch has good selectivity and operates across a broad concentration range.
FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Condensed Matter
M. Ahlskog, O. Herranen, J. Leppaniemi, D. Mtsuko
Summary: The study demonstrates that arc-discharge synthesized, semiconducting multiwalled carbon nanotubes exhibit strong transport dependence on tube diameter at low temperatures. While some characteristics are similar to single-walled carbon nanotubes, the transport gap shows more complex behavior, with the possibility of conduction via the second layer.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Fei Liu, Liam Gillan, Jaakko Leppaniemi, Ari Alastalo
Summary: Explored the materials and interfaces of source/drain (S/D) electrodes for metal-oxide TFTs fabricated by scalable printing technologies, and proposed systematic and standardized measurements to address the issues caused by the poor contact characteristics of printed S/D electrodes.
ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Manik Dautta, Luis Fernando Ayala-Cardona, Noelle Davis, Ashwin Aggarwal, Jonghwa Park, Shu Wang, Liam Gillan, Elina Jansson, Mikko Hietala, Hyunhyub Ko, Jussi Hiltunen, Ali Javey
Summary: Monitoring sweat secretion rate is crucial for detecting physical conditions such as hyperhidrosis, mental stress, and neural disorders. A tape-free device, consisting of a 3D-printed sweat collector with a concave surface that tightly seals onto the skin, is presented as a solution to integrate sweat rate monitoring with commercial wearables. The optimized materials, structure, and dimensions of the device ensure conformal contact with the skin and efficient capture of sweat. This device, enabled by a fluidic microchannel with embedded electrodes, allows for continuous digital monitoring of sweat rate, providing valuable insights into long-term exercise-induced local sweat rates and their correlation with total body fluid loss.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fei Liu, Asko Sneck, Ari Alastalo, Jaakko Leppaniemi
Summary: There is a growing interest in the fabrication of metal oxide TFTs using scalable, low-cost solution and printing processes for applications such as flexible displays and biosensors. However, using silver nanoparticles for printed source/drain-contacts usually leads to degraded electrical characteristics and stability problems. To overcome this, a patterning method based on high-resolution reverse-offset printing (ROP) has been developed. By using this method, solution-processed indium oxide (In2O3) TFTs with aluminum (Al) source/drain-contacts were successfully fabricated with good uniformity and constant mobility over a wide range of width/length-ratios.
FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ari Alastalo, Kimmo Keranen, Mika Suhonen, Jyrki Ollila, Arttu Huttunen, Raf Appeltans, Wim Sijbers, Gijs van Gestel, Afshin Hadipour, Stijn Lammar, Aranzazu Aguirre, Rafael Michalczuk, Christof Gapp, Martin Scholz, Markus Peters, Frank Etzel, Gunter Huebner, Martin Krebs, Zoryana Turyk, Nicolas Bucher
Summary: This paper presents research on a novel and modular vertically-integrated wearable skin patch for biosignal measurements. The patch consists of a disposable skin-contacting electrode layer and a durable electronics part, with the ability to store and transmit data.
FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Liam Gillan, Fei Liu, Sanna Aikio, Jaakko Leppaniemi
Summary: In this study, a composite photosensitizing material consisting of organic dyes (rhodamine 6G or phloxine B) encapsulated in In2O3 semiconductor was fabricated using inkjet printing. This composite material enhanced the optoelectronic performance of inkjet-printed In2O3 thin film transistors under green light illumination. The approach presented in this work has the potential to be used in the production of large area optoelectronics for various applications such as displays, photo-memory, or dosimetry.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mengjiao Dong, Liyun Liao, Chensheng Li, Yingxiao Mu, Yanping Huo, Zhong-Min Su, Fushun Liang
Summary: This study investigates the influence of the polarity of polymer matrices on persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (pRTP). It is discovered that intense phosphorescence emission can be achieved in highly polar matrices such as polyacrylic acid (PAA). The dipole-dipole interaction between the polar fluorophore and polar matrix is proposed to stabilize the excited state and facilitate the generation of efficient room-temperature phosphorescence emissions.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Han-Jiang Yang, Weijia Xiang, Xiangzhou Zhang, Jin-Yun Wang, Liang-Jin Xu, Zhong-Ning Chen
Summary: This article reports a 2D copper(I)-based cluster material for X-ray imaging, which exhibits ultra-high spatial resolution, high photoluminescence efficiency, and low detection limit. The material shows excellent linear response to X-ray dose rates and light output, and has the best spatial resolution among reported lead-free metal halide hybrids.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Taek Joon Kim, Sang-hun Lee, Dayeong Kwon, Jinsoo Joo
Summary: Donor-acceptor heterostructures using organic-inorganic halide perovskites, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, pi-conjugated organic small/macro molecules, and quantum dots are promising platforms for exciton-based photonics and optoelectronics. Hetero-interlayer excitons and hetero-intermolecular excitons formed through optical and/or electrical charge transfer in various heterostructures are important quasi-particles for light emission, detection, and harvesting systems.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Liemao Cao, Xiaohui Deng, Zhen-kun Tang, Rui Tan, Yee Sin Ang
Summary: We investigate the interface properties between WSi2N4 and Mo2B, O-modified Mo2B, and OH-modified Mo2B nanosheets. We find that WSi2N4 and Mo2B form n-type Schottky contacts, while functionalizing Mo2B with O and OH leads to the formation of both n-type and p-type ohmic contacts with WSi2N4. Additionally, we demonstrate the emergence of quasi-ohmic contact with ultralow lateral Schottky barrier and zero vertical interfacial tunneling barriers in Mo2B(OH)2-contacted WSi2N4.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ga Eun Kim, Hae-Jin Kim, Heesuk Jung, Minwoo Park
Summary: This study presents a solution to the commercialization challenges of flexible LEDs based on MAPbBr(3) by incorporating polyurethane and an In-Ga-Zn-Sn liquid alloy. The designed devices showed high flexibility, efficiency, and durability, with improved electron injection and reduced defects, making them promising for next-generation displays.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tao Shen, Zeng Wu, Zhen Jiang, Dongsheng Yan, Yan Zhao, Yang Wang, Yunqi Liu
Summary: Sidechain engineering is an important molecular design strategy for tuning the solid-state packing and structural ordering of conjugated polymers. The effects of sidechain direction on the optoelectronic properties of polymers and device performance were systematically investigated in this study. The results demonstrate that tuning the sidechain substitution direction can effectively improve the molecular structure and light absorption properties of polymers, providing new insights for the rational design of functional polymers.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lotte Clinckemalie, Bapi Pradhan, Roel Vanden Brande, Heng Zhang, Jonathan Vandenwijngaerden, Rafikul Ali Saha, Giacomo Romolini, Li Sun, Dirk Vandenbroucke, Mischa Bonn, Hai I. Wang, Elke Debroye
Summary: In this study, a facile strategy using a non-conductive polymer was proposed to fabricate stable, pinhole-free thick films. The effect of introducing a second phase into CsPbBr3 perovskite crystals on their photophysical properties and charge transport was investigated. The dual phase devices exhibited improved stability and more effective operation at higher voltages in X-ray detection.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jingye Zou, Shenglan Hao, Pascale Gemeiner, Nicolas Guiblin, Omar Ibder, Brahim Dkhil, Charles Paillard
Summary: When rare-earth ions are embedded in a ferroelectric material, their photoluminescence can serve as an all-optical probe for temperature, electric field, and mechanical stimulus. However, the impact of ferroelectric phase transitions on photoluminescence is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate changes in the photoluminescence of green emission bands during critical ferroelectric transitions in an Er-doped BaTiO3 material. We also find that the intensity ratio and wavelength position difference of sub-peaks provide information on the phase transitions.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jiangchao Han, Daming Zhou, Wei Yang, Chen Lv, Xinhe Wang, Guodong Wei, Weisheng Zhao, Xiaoyang Lin, Shengbo Sang
Summary: Rare type-II spin-gapless semiconductors (SGSs) have attracted increasing attention due to their unique spin properties. In this study, the interface contacts and spin transport properties of different devices composed of VSi2P4 ferromagnetic layers were investigated. The results show that VSi2P4 is a promising material for designing vertical van der Waals heterostructures with a giant tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) in spintronic applications.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tianqi Zhao, Renagul Abdurahman, Qianting Yang, Ruxiangul Aiwaili, Xue-Bo Yin
Summary: In this study, we designed and prepared Cr and Ba-doped gamma-Ga2O3 nanoparticles to achieve near-infrared emission and enhance the emission intensity. The emission mechanism was proposed based on the trap depth, band gap, and energy levels of Cr ions. The ratiometric temperature sensing and encryption information transfer demonstrated the potential applications of this technology.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shuvankar Gupta, Jyotirmoy Sau, Manoranjan Kumar, Chandan Mazumdar
Summary: In this study, a new spin-gapless semiconductor material CoFeMnSn is reported, and its stable structure and spin-polarized band structure are determined through experimental realization and theoretical calculations. The compound exhibits a high ferromagnetic transition temperature, making it excellent for room temperature applications. The nearly temperature-independent resistivity, conductivity, and carrier concentration of the compound, adherence to the Slater-Pauling rule, and the high intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity achieved through hole doping further confirm its spin-gapless semiconductor nature. Additionally, the compound's SGS and topological properties make it suitable for spintronics and magneto-electronics devices.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ikumi Aratani, Yoji Horii, Yoshinori Kotani, Hitoshi Osawa, Hajime Tanida, Toshiaki Ina, Takeshi Watanabe, Yohko F. Yano, Akane Mizoguchi, Daisuke Takajo, Takashi Kajiwara
Summary: In this study, two-dimensional arrays of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were systematically modified through Langmuir-Blodgett methods and chemical modifications. The introduction of bulky alkoxide groups induced structural changes and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. This research provides a promising strategy for the construction of high-density magnetic memory devices using molecular spintronics.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zonghao Lei, Houhe Dong, Lijie Sun, Bing Teng, Yanfei Zou, Degao Zhong
Summary: Researchers have successfully developed four different up-conversion phosphors based on the Eulytite-type host Ba3Yb(PO4)(3). The optical temperature sensing properties of these phosphors were thoroughly investigated, and it was found that Ba3Yb(PO4)(3):Tm/Er/Ho showed potential for optical temperature measurement applications.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
C. Roncero-Barrero, M. A. Carvajal, J. Ribas-Arino, I. de P. R. Moreira, M. Deumal
Summary: This study computationally investigates the conductivity of four isostructural compounds with different Se contents, and reveals the parameters that define their conductivity in stable organic radical materials. The results provide insights into the influence of Se content on the conductivity and highlight the importance of considering multiple parameters in understanding the trends in conductivity.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Remi Arras, Kedar Sharma, Lionel Calmels
Summary: In this study, we investigated the interplay between structural defects in NiFe2O4, showing that the complex formed by a Ni-Oh/Fe-Td-cation swap and a neutral oxygen vacancy is more stable than these two isolated defects, and significantly reduces the width of the minority-spin band gap.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2024)