Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rujia Qiao, Yinbo Guo, Hang Zhou, Huihui Xi
Summary: This study aims to establish an analytical model to estimate the influence of concrete spalling on fire-damage depth prediction. Through conducting fire tests, the spalling phenomenon and characteristics of concrete were observed. Based on experimental results, the moisture content of concrete was identified as one of the key factors of spalling. By using the proposed analytical model, the spalling depth related to the temperature rise of tunnel fire could be predicted.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Husen Alhawat, R. Hamid, S. Baharom, M. R. Azmi, A. B. M. A. Kaish
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive experimental research on designing a large-scale fire test setup for different tunnel lining materials, comparing the performance under tunnel fire conditions. The results indicate that the fire-resistant concrete lining segments demonstrate better spalling resistance and higher safety performance in tunnel fires.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Cristian Maluk, Jason Tignard, Andrew Ridout, Todd Clarke, Ralf Winterberg
Summary: The study investigates the behavior of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) in fire conditions, showing that the presence of PP fibers directly influences the time-to-spalling of concrete samples. Spalling occurs earlier for concrete containing PP fibers, but macro PP fibers remain intact after cooling, ensuring the integrity of the concrete.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yin Yue, Guo Zhen, Song Jun, Liu Yi, Wang Xiang-ren, Liu Yi-bo, Li Fu-min
Summary: In this study, scaled tests were conducted to investigate the fire-resisting behavior of shield tunnel lining joints in relation to installation errors. The results showed that initial defects in the lining segment led to a larger peeling depth, while those without initial defects exhibited a larger spalling area and shallow depth. Additionally, the lining joints with initial defects had a higher damage rate and larger residual deformation after cooling. The bending and shear resistance of the lining joints also decreased sharply, as indicated by an increase in the joint opening angles. The stiffness of the lining joints with initial defects decayed faster, resulting in a greater stiffness loss compared to those without initial defects.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hongbin Chen, Teng Liu, Xinhua You, Dajun Yuan, Yang Ping, Qinglin Zhang
Summary: Fire poses a significant hazard to tunnel safety. This research conducted a prototype test on a staggered segmental lining for shield tunnels under stratum loads and fire. The research findings provide valuable insights for post-disaster assessment of tunnel fires.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xiang-Hong Bu, Dong-Mei Zhang, Wen-Ding Zhou, Yan Jiang, Kai Jia, Guang-Hua Yang
Summary: Shield method is commonly used for water conveyance tunnels. A reinforced concrete lining is constructed inside the segmental linings to form a composite lining structure. However, cracks typically occur in the reinforced concrete inner linings. This study conducted a prototype test to investigate the failure process of the composite lining.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hongzhi Cui, Yuanhong Li, Xiaohua Bao, Waiching Tang, Shanyong Wang, Xiangsheng Chen
Summary: This study proposes an effective method for improving the energy performance of subway tunnels by using steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments. Three-dimensional time-dependent thermohydraulic finite element analyses were conducted to evaluate the heat transfer performance of the tunnel lining. The results confirm that the SFRC segment has better heat exchange performance compared to ordinary concrete segments. The study recommends an inlet fluid velocity of around 0.6 m/s and a heat exchange tube spacing between 0.5 m and 0.7 m for optimal heat exchange.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Panwei Du, Yaowen Yang, Kang Hai Tan
Summary: This paper presents an experimental study on the performance of HPC columns under fire conditions. The effects of load eccentricity and slenderness ratio on spalling and structural behavior are investigated. The results show that the hybrid fiber reinforcement can effectively prevent spalling in HPC columns, and increasing load eccentricity leads to increased deflection and contraction of the columns. A simplified fire design model based on the 500 degrees C isotherm depth is proposed, which accurately predicts the performance of HPC columns.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jianqing Lin, Yuli Dong, Jintao Duan, Dashan Zhang, Wei Zheng
Summary: The study on single-tunnel fires in concrete immersed tunnels revealed that fires can impact unexposed tunnels, causing deformation and cracking. Cracks in the immersed tunnel consisted mainly of circumferential and longitudinal cracks, with the former connected in places without stirrups. Analysis of basic AE parameters and 3D scanner results showed that concrete spalling was caused by different mechanisms, with a maximum depth of 110 mm.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gaole Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Xinxin Zhang, Dandan Shangguan, Tonghua Ling, Linxing Guan
Summary: This paper developed a FEM model to evaluate the fire resistance of composite segmental lining. By simulating the thermo-mechanical behavior, it analyzed the bearing capacity, temperature distribution, and deformation modes. Concrete damage and protection methods were discussed. The results showed that the composite segment had good fire resistance.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Donatella de Silva, M. Andreini, A. Bilotta, G. De Rosa, S. La Mendola, E. Nigro, O. Rios
Summary: This paper presents a performance-based approach for the design and verification of fire damage levels in RC tunnel linings. The main parameters controlling each damage state are determined through back analyses of real fires. The proposed approach is applied to a real concrete tunnel, and the potential fire damage level is evaluated by analyzing the temperatures and stresses of the structural lining.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nan Hua, Anthony Tessari, Negar Elhami Khorasani
Summary: This paper presents a framework for designing the concrete lining in a tunnel in the event of loss of functionality following a fire, considering factors such as fire temperature distribution and spalling model. The method also focuses on checking the structural stability to ensure that the structure does not collapse even in the event of a severe fire.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dong-Ya Duan, Wen-Ge Qiu, Yun-Jian Cheng, Yu-Chao Zheng, Feng Lu
Summary: This paper proposes a technique for automatically identifying segments and creating parametric as-built building information models (BIMs) of shield tunnel lining using terrestrial laser scanning data. The developed algorithm includes two parts: (i) a robust method for the classification of the point cloud of shield tunnel segments, and (ii) a new cylinder fitting method for the high-density incomplete cylindrical point cloud data. The proposed algorithm is utilized to analyze two shield tunnels; the results confirm that the developed algorithm is practical, and the root-mean-square error of the point-to-model distance is only 1 mm.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bruno Fernandes, Helene Carre, Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, Celine Perlot, Christian La Borderie
Summary: Concrete made with recycled aggregates (RCA) has specific properties and a higher risk of spalling under fire conditions compared to concrete made with natural aggregates (NA). Increasing the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregates in concrete leads to a higher spalling degree up to a certain point, beyond which further increase in replacement rate does not result in higher spalling. The use of RCA also alters the physical properties of concrete, particularly water content, which can trigger spalling.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
V. K. R. Kodur, S. Banerji
Summary: This paper compares the fire resistance of reinforced concrete beams made of concretes with different strengths by conducting fire resistance tests. The results show that ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) beams undergo severe fire-induced spalling and exhibit lower fire resistance compared to high strength concrete (HSC) and normal strength concrete (NSC) beams. Furthermore, the inclusion of polypropylene (PP) fibers in UHPC beams helps reduce spalling and increase fire resistance.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Peinan Li, Jun Liu, Lai Shi, Xiaojun Li, Hehua Zhu, Dezhong Huang, Xiaoyong Kou
Summary: This study considers various factors in the consolidation process of grouting after synchronous grouting around shield tunnels and establishes a two-phase analytical seepage model. The results show that the temporal variation in viscosity and the infiltration effect have a significant influence on the pressure value and volume loss rate of grout after consolidation.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Cagri Gokdemir, Yandong Li, Yoram Rubin, Xiaojun Li
Summary: Tunnel designers often face challenges when dealing with the impact of tunnel drainage on groundwater. This paper introduces a stochastic modeling method for predicting groundwater drawdown, which takes into account the spatial characteristics of complex topography and hydrogeological parameters, leading to more accurate estimations of the impact of tunnel drainage on groundwater.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Long Zhou, Hehua Zhu, Yi Shen, Linxing Guan, Zhiguo Yan, Wei Sun, Yaoliang Li
Summary: A full-scale experiment was conducted to study the mechanical properties and failure process of a deep-buried drainage shield tunnel in Shanghai. The experiment focused on the segmental lining connected through segmental joints containing ductile-iron joint panels. The test results revealed that the damage characteristics of the shield lining include waterproof failure of the joint panels and concrete cracking in the lining.
ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yue Xi, Xiaojun Li, Hehua Zhu, Wanbin Zhang, Sicheng Zhao, Wenyun Xu
Summary: Urban underground space resource (UUSR) assessment is an important tool for planning underground space development and utilization. This study proposes a method for streamlining the 3D high-precision assessment process in mountainous cities, and successfully applies it to a case study in Chongqing City, providing decision-making support for underground space development and transit line layout.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Tong Zhang, Mingzhong Zhang, Yi Shen, Hehua Zhu, Zhiguo Yan
Summary: This study develops synergistic flame-retardant polymer (SFRP) fibers to enhance the thermal performance and compressive behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Experimental results show that the addition of these fibers effectively prevents explosive spalling and reduces strength loss at high temperatures. The SFRP fibers also improve fire resistance and mitigate thermal damage, making them highly promising for applications in UHPC.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Panpan Cheng, Hehua Zhu, Zhiguo Yan, Yi Shen, Jacob Fish
Summary: This study introduces a superposition-based phase field fracture model for investigating fire-induced spalling behavior in tunnel lining with global-local properties and multiscale characteristics. The s-version model is developed and spalling behavior is observed at both macroscopic and mesoscopic scales, which further contributes to the development of single-scale and multiscale stratum-structure models.
COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS
(2022)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Jiaxin Ling, Xiaojun Li, Haijiang Li, Yi Shen, Yi Rui, Hehua Zhu
Summary: Support design is crucial for the safety of rock tunnel construction. IoT and other information technologies have been used to collect monitoring data in real time. This review identifies three research gaps and proposes key indicators for tunnel support design. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide the most appropriate and efficient methods for just-in-time tunnel support design.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yi Shen, Jiaxin Ling, Xiaojun Li, Haijiang Li, Shouzhong Feng, Hehua Zhu
Summary: This paper proposes a digital-twin-based integral method to improve the design of the luminaires and decorations in tunnel interiors. Virtual reality experiments and numerical simulations are used to determine lighting parameters, which are then validated through tunnel mock-up experiments and field experiments. The results suggest that a double-side luminance scheme promotes driving safety, and the use of anti-collision lower-side luminaires enhances the luminance level of the road surface.
BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dawei Huang, Hehua Zhu, Yi Shen, Zhiguo Yan, Jiann-Wen Woody Ju
Summary: This study proposes an innovative method for predicting the performance of tunnels under multi-defects by analyzing the long-term aging deterioration and short-term events. The initial life performance model is established based on the failure mode and effects analysis method, and the performance variation of specific defects under short-term events is evaluated. The dynamic prediction model is employed to update the maintenance schedule and modify the performance curve of the tunnel system.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yi Shen, Jiaxin Ling, Wenzhong Wang, Hehua Zhu, Zhiguo Yan
Summary: Fires in tunnels can cause significant economic and social losses, so accurately predicting the displacements and internal forces of tunnel linings under fire and loading conditions is crucial. A 3D numerical model was established to investigate the deformation and failure mechanism of shield tunnel segmental rings under the coupled effects of fire and structural loading. The study provides valuable guidance for fire resistance design in tunnels.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Long Zhou, Hehua Zhu, Zhiguo Yan, Yi Shen, Linxing Guan, Zhuyin Wen, Yaoliang Li
Summary: This study investigates the mechanical properties of high-stiffness segmental joints (HSSJs) in deep-buried drainage shield tunnels under high inner water pressure through full-scale bending experiments. The results show that the joint opening increases and the rotational stiffness decreases with the increasing inner water pressure, mainly due to the decrease in axial force at the joint position. Additionally, local failure occurs in the concrete around hand holes of HSSJs. Moving the anchorage sections of the anchor bars behind the hand holes effectively solves the local failure problem and improves the anti-crack capacity of the concrete.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bangke Ren, Yi Shen, Tengteng Zhao, Xiaojun Li
Summary: This paper introduces the process, methods, and precautions of fiber optic monitoring for the lateral displacement of deep foundations, and analyzes the deformation of the deep foundation excavation by comparing the monitoring data with manual monitoring data. The research combines fiber optic monitoring with an information platform, enabling remote monitoring.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Long Zhou, Yi Shen, Linxing Guan, Zhiguo Yan, Wei Sun, Yaoliang Li
Summary: Full-scale loading tests were conducted on shield segmental linings subjected to high earth pressure and high inner water pressure to investigate the effects of inner water load and assembly manner on the mechanical properties of the linings. The results show that deep-buried segmental linings without inner pressure have a high safety reserve, but the deformation of the linings increases and safety reserve decreases under high inner water pressure. Stagger-jointed assembly reduces convergence deformation, openings of segmental joints, and bolt strains, but compromises the water-proofing safety of circumferential joints.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Long Zhou, Zhiguo Yan, Yi Shen, Linxing Guan
Summary: In circular shield tunnels with high inner pressure or rectangular shield tunnels, high-stiffness segmental joints are needed to improve bearing capacity and control deformation. The stiffness of the joint panel is crucial, as it affects the mechanical properties of the segmental joints. The failure mode of the high-stiffness segmental joint is similar to that of a large eccentric compression section. The stiffness of the joint panel should be sufficient to avoid the large deformation and decrease the bearing capacity.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Panpan Cheng, Hehua Zhu, Wei Sun, Yi Shen, Jacob Fish
Summary: In this study, a concurrent multiscale approach for phase field modeling of fracture is developed to investigate the fracture mechanisms of heterogeneous materials. The problem domain is divided into macroscopic and mesoscale subdomains where the cracks are expected to propagate. A phase field fracture model is employed in the mesoscale subdomain to describe the crack initiation and propagation process. The finite element method is utilized to discretize the two subdomains independently, with a coarse mesh in the macrodomain and a fine mesh in the mesoscale domain.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tarek Beji, Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi
Summary: The paper presents experimental measurements of transient profiles of burning rates and liquid temperatures in methanol and heptane pool fires. The results suggest significant enhancement in heat transfer due to convective motion within the liquid. Additionally, a two-zone approach for the thermal structure within the liquid has been proposed and will be implemented in a numerical code.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Walter Klein-Hessling
Summary: Fire simulations and analytical validation approaches are becoming increasingly important in the fire safety assessment of nuclear power plants. The COCOSYS code has been improved to better simulate cable fires and has been validated through experiments. It provides a set of input parameters for different ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bing Wu, Yu Meng, Yongzheng Yao, Baiwei Lei, Jingxin Wang, Junjie Zhai
Summary: Underground laneway fires have a throttling effect on ventilation systems and the amount of CO produced by combustion is significantly influenced by ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ahmad Hassan, Gilbert Accary, Duncan Sutherland, Khalid Moinuddin
Summary: Numerical simulations were conducted to study laboratory-scale junction fires with a shrub fuel bed under different unidirectional wind conditions on various terrain slopes and junction angles. The results showed that the decrease in junction angle enhanced fire spread, and the impact of wind speed on fire behavior depended on the intermediate values of the junction angle. The driving heat transfer mode in junction fires varied based on the presence of wind and slope conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Samuel Vaux, Emeline Georges, Hugues Pretrel
Summary: This study investigates an elevated pool fire scenario in a confined and forced ventilated compartment through both experimental and numerical methods. The objective is to enhance the understanding of the phenomena and evaluate the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) capabilities in this configuration. The comparison between large-scale fire tests and numerical simulations reveals differences in fuel mass loss rate and thermal stratifications between elevated and ground fires. The study also highlights the limitations of the predictive approach commonly used for ground fires when applied to elevated fires.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mira von der Linde, Meinald T. Thielsch
Summary: This study investigates the motivation, emotions, and value of laypeople in fire incidents and finds that their active involvement provides support. The findings are helpful for emergency managers.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hong-Zeng Yu, Xiangyang Zhou
Summary: This study conducted fire tests to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating nitrogen to enhance the fire extinguishing capability of water mist in an obstructed, naturally-ventilated enclosure. The results showed that adding nitrogen did improve the water mist's fire extinguishing capability, although the extent of improvement varied depending on the fire size, obstruction, and ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Rosaria Ono, Marcos Vargas Valentim, Fulvio Vittorino
Summary: This study presents the analysis of unimpeded walking speed of primary school children in descending movement in stairs, including the differences on walking speeds on the flights and landings and the impact of anthropo-metrical data on their walking speed. The research aimed to provide data for evacuation modelling that is not influenced by factors like crowds or adults controlling the flow. The findings show that anthropometrical characteristics or age do not significantly affect the children's movement in free walking condition, and the reduction factor on flights for children is higher than commonly adopted in simulation models.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nicolas Correa, Juan Cuevas, Andres Fuentes, Jose Luis Torero, Pedro Reszka
Summary: The use of mass timber framing in high-rise buildings requires accurate structural fire performance calculations. A thermal model incorporating char oxidation is proposed in this study, and its effectiveness is validated by replicating experimental results. However, the model fails to accurately simulate the behavior during the later stages of surface combustion.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi, Pascal Boulet, Elmehdi Koutaiba, Tarek Beji
Summary: This paper presents a series of 48 enclosure fire experiments conducted in a 1.40 m cubic compartment. A new oscillatory combustion regime is discovered, characterized by alternations between well-ventilated and under-ventilated conditions. This finding calls for a better understanding and further analysis of the underlying physics.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shenggang Fan, Xingyang Zheng, Jiacheng Zheng, Meijing Liu, Daoyang Dong
Summary: Based on experimental data and constitutive models, a simplified constitutive model of AISI304 stainless steel at high temperatures was proposed and analyzed in this study. Finite element analysis results showed that the simplified constitutive model produced acceptable results compared to the constitutive model fitted based on experimental data, indicating its feasibility and accuracy in calculating the fire resistance of specimens.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Julian E. Mendez, Martyn S. McLaggan, David Lange
Summary: The study characterised the fire spread dynamics in a simplified ventilated facade by conducting parametric experiments. The results showed a strong relationship between flame height and heat release rate. It was also found that the time for encapsulation failure and subsequent cladding material core ignition decreased as the cavity width was reduced. The study highlights the importance of considering the interaction of the products used in the facade and its geometry for the design of facade assemblies when accounting for the fire performance of the system.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
A. Galgano, C. Di Blasi
Summary: A sensitivity analysis was conducted on a one-dimensional solid-gas model for the ignition of thick poly (methyl methacrylate). The study found that the kinetics of polymer decomposition and monomer combustion play a crucial role in ignition time, and the properties of the polymer and the decomposition atmosphere should be properly considered.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Thomas Gernay
Summary: This paper provides an overview of the application of the Performance-Based Design approach in structural fire design. The value of the approach is demonstrated through case studies, and the process and role of the structural fire engineer are described. Recent research conducted at Johns Hopkins University, including issues such as the coupling between fire and thermal-structural models, characterization of material behavior at elevated temperature, numerical modeling of structures in fire, probabilistic risk assessment, and cost-benefit analyses, is discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges and future perspectives for performance-based structural fire design.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Salman Ahmad, Hafiz Usman Ahmed, Asad Ali, Xinyi Yang, Ying Huang, Mingwei Guo, Yihao Ren, Pan Lu
Summary: This study investigates the driving behavior patterns of individuals during historical wildfire events and reveals the influence of driving conditions and wildfires on driving behavior, as well as the differences in driving behavior patterns between rural and urban areas.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
