Article
Construction & Building Technology
John Healy, Kamelia Atefi-Monfared
Summary: The thermo-mechanical response of underground tunnels to fire loads is influenced by the interaction between the tunnel structure and the surrounding geological formation. Current tunnel-fire studies neglect the complexity of the geological formation and assume uniform temperature loads, thus ignoring temperature gradients that can cause additional damage. This paper presents a comprehensive numerical framework that considers the support system, in-situ conditions, thermal gradients, and thermo-mechanical interactions to accurately predict fire-induced damages in underground tunnels.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yi Shen, Hehua Zhu, Zhiguo Yan, Long Zhou, Tong Zhang, Yanqing Men, Yong Lu
Summary: This study aims to provide a comprehensive model for assessing the structural safety of a shield tunnel segmental ring exposed to fire. A thermo-mechanical model is developed to analyze the temperature, stress, and deformation distributions in the tunnel structure. Validation against experimental data shows good agreement. Parametric studies indicate that damage and failure of the tunnel lining structure under high temperature are mainly due to the combined action of internal thermal expansion force and thermal stress. Spalling leads to the loss of a key insulation layer, while the constraint of strata helps offset the adverse effect of load through elastic resistance.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hongbin Chen, Teng Liu, Xinhua You, Dajun Yuan, Yang Ping, Qinglin Zhang
Summary: Fire poses a significant hazard to tunnel safety. This research conducted a prototype test on a staggered segmental lining for shield tunnels under stratum loads and fire. The research findings provide valuable insights for post-disaster assessment of tunnel fires.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yin Yue, Guo Zhen, Song Jun, Liu Yi, Wang Xiang-ren, Liu Yi-bo, Li Fu-min
Summary: In this study, scaled tests were conducted to investigate the fire-resisting behavior of shield tunnel lining joints in relation to installation errors. The results showed that initial defects in the lining segment led to a larger peeling depth, while those without initial defects exhibited a larger spalling area and shallow depth. Additionally, the lining joints with initial defects had a higher damage rate and larger residual deformation after cooling. The bending and shear resistance of the lining joints also decreased sharply, as indicated by an increase in the joint opening angles. The stiffness of the lining joints with initial defects decayed faster, resulting in a greater stiffness loss compared to those without initial defects.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yi Shen, He-hua Zhu, Zhi-guo Yan, Long Zhou, Yong Lu
Summary: An improved semi-analytical thermo-mechanical model is proposed to analyze the mechanical response of concrete segmental joints under elevated temperatures, with experimental validation of its effectiveness. The model takes into account temperature variations induced by thermal effects and the influence of axial forces on joint bending moments.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Juan Enrique Martinez-Martinez, Felipe Pedro Alvarez-Rabanal, Mar Alonso-Martinez, Juan Jose del Coz-Diaz
Summary: This study investigates the thermo-structural performance of lightweight concrete composite slabs with trapezoidal steel decking under fire conditions. Experimental tests and numerical models were used to compare the performance of the slabs. The results show that lighter slabs have lower load-bearing capacity but better thermal performance under fire conditions.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Wenjun Zhang, Chi Zhang, Gaole Zhang
Summary: This paper studies the heat transfer of the composite segment steel plate and concrete contact interface under high temperature of fire using model tests, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. The results show that within 5 minutes of the fire, the heat is mainly absorbed by the steel plate, while the temperature of the concrete remains unchanged and the transition heat transfer coefficient decreases rapidly. As the fire continues to develop, the concrete temperature increases rapidly and the transition heat transfer coefficient increases.
KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Donatella de Silva, M. Andreini, A. Bilotta, G. De Rosa, S. La Mendola, E. Nigro, O. Rios
Summary: This paper presents a performance-based approach for the design and verification of fire damage levels in RC tunnel linings. The main parameters controlling each damage state are determined through back analyses of real fires. The proposed approach is applied to a real concrete tunnel, and the potential fire damage level is evaluated by analyzing the temperatures and stresses of the structural lining.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Haolan Feng, Fei Ye, Yin Jiang, Jian Wang, Xiaobao Wen, Qing Fang
Summary: This study classified and analyzed the segment cracking and damage during the construction of curved shield tunnel, and found that the rolling angle is a critical factor affecting the segment disease. The total stiffness of the segment significantly decreases after torsion, with bolt stress approaching yield stress at a certain torque level.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Longgang Tian, Xiao Wang, Ziling Cheng
Summary: The study analyzed shield tunnel lining structures with initial cracks using numerical models and found that loading eccentricity has a significant influence on the bearing capacity of cracked segments. The deformation and damage of the lining segments show distinct phases of crack initiation, propagation, and eventual failure.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ming Xu, Dengkai Chen, Guang Zhong, Chuanxiang Liu, Huayun Li, Zhiqiang Zhang
Summary: This study establishes a numerical model to analyze the mechanical characteristics and damage behavior of lining segments under different construction conditions. The findings suggest the importance of controlling the thrust and eccentricity of the brace boot plate to prevent cracks and damage to the segment concrete during construction.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nan Hua, Anthony Tessari, Negar Elhami Khorasani
Summary: This paper presents a framework for designing the concrete lining in a tunnel in the event of loss of functionality following a fire, considering factors such as fire temperature distribution and spalling model. The method also focuses on checking the structural stability to ensure that the structure does not collapse even in the event of a severe fire.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Zobaer Saleheen, Renga Rao Krishnamoorthy, Ali Nadjai
Summary: This paper highlights the importance of a comprehensive understanding of tunnel fire characteristics and the behavior of concrete at high temperatures for accurate numerical simulations of fire-exposed tunnel linings. Unlike cellulose fires, tunnel fires rapidly reach higher peak temperatures, leading to spalling in concrete linings due to excessive vapor pressure. The paper emphasizes the necessity of considering multiple physiochemical processes and the latent energy associated with phase changes in concrete for accurate prediction in finite element modeling. The behavior of concrete tunnel linings and the required material parameters for numerical simulations in extreme fire conditions are presented.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Feilong Li, Changshan Jiang, Guoqing Cai, Jianjun Luo, Qian Yu, Heqing Zhang, Lei Wang
Summary: This study used a three-dimensional numerical model to analyze the transient pressure and fluid dynamic forces on a segment structure under pneumatic loading. The results showed that the tunnel cross-sectional area, train speed, and tunnel location significantly affect the peak pressure wave generated on the segment structure. Additionally, the peak values of the aerodynamic load may still be higher than that of the aerodynamic pressure wave caused by trains running in the tunnel even after the trains exit the shield tunnel.
JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jianwen Liu, Chenghua Shi, Chenjie Gong, Mingfeng Lei, Zuxian Wang, Zhu Peng, Chengyong Cao
Summary: This paper proposes a damage-based analysis method for investigating the ultimate bearing capacity of shield tunnels. A bi-scalar elastoplastic damage constitutive model based on energy-based stress decomposition is introduced to describe the damage and deterioration behavior of concrete materials. An elaborate numerical model of shield tunnel is developed based on the 3D discontinuous contact model. The validity of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulations with full-scale experimental results. The results show good agreement, indicating that the proposed model is effective in reflecting the characteristics of structural deformation, internal force transfer, damage evolution process, failure mode, and stress redistribution.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gao-Le Zhang, Wen-Jun Zhang, Hong-Liang Li, Wen-Zhen Cao, Bo-Da Wang, Wei-She Guo, Pan Gao
Summary: This study investigated the waterproofing and mechanical behavior of sealing gaskets for circumferential joints in the Tianjin metro line Z2 tunnel through a full-scale experiment. It found that both joint opening and offset greatly influenced the gasket waterproof behavior, and even a small change in gasket opening area could lead to a significant variation in performance.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jiayan Lei, Zhicheng Zhou, Tao Liu, Zihao Wang, Wenjun Zhang
Summary: This study aims to investigate the dynamic impact of stiff hangers in an arch bridge caused by moving vehicles. An iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the three-dimensional coupling vibration between the vehicle(s) and the large-scale bridge, and the uncertainty of the computed strain-based dynamic amplification factor (DAF) and the relationship between DAF and local stiffness degeneration are investigated. Parametric analyses are conducted to study the influences of several parameters on the strain-based DAF of the hangers.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Wenjun Zhang, Taotao Lai, Yao Li
Summary: The water supply network is vital for a city and requires regular evaluation of its risk level. A new evaluation method was proposed, including establishing an evaluation index system, calculating proportions using ANP, and evaluating the risk level through a model based on ANP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Results show that most pipelines in the Yangtze River Delta are in good condition.
JOURNAL OF PIPELINE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND PRACTICE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Xiaoming Guan, Ning Yang, Wenjun Zhang, Minggeng Li, Zeliang Liu, Xiaohui Wang, Sulei Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the safety issues of temporary support structures in tunnel blasting construction and explores the dynamic response and damage characteristics of a temporary middle wall. Simulation results show that the closest blasting holes have the most significant impact on the wall's damage.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Wenjun Zhang, Chi Zhang, Gaole Zhang
Summary: This paper studies the heat transfer of the composite segment steel plate and concrete contact interface under high temperature of fire using model tests, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. The results show that within 5 minutes of the fire, the heat is mainly absorbed by the steel plate, while the temperature of the concrete remains unchanged and the transition heat transfer coefficient decreases rapidly. As the fire continues to develop, the concrete temperature increases rapidly and the transition heat transfer coefficient increases.
KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lichao He, Yu Jiang, Wenjun Zhang
Summary: This paper proposes a three-dimensional refined finite element method to study the influence of jack thrust angle change on the mechanical characteristics of shield tunnel. The results provide novel insights into the effect of jack thrust on shield tunnel.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Gaole Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Jianbing Qi, Rongjian Niu, Chi Zhang
Summary: This paper proposes an improved approach to investigate the seismic response of the anchor joint in shield-driven tunnel. The approach considers soil-structure-interaction effect and actual geometric features. The study includes establishing numerical models and conducting seismic analysis to obtain the responses of the joint opening and offset. The results show different deformation trends and safety evaluations on the anchor joint under seismic excitations.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Wenjun Zhang, Jianbing Qi, Gaole Zhang, Rongjian Niu, Chi Zhang, Lichao He, Jirui Lyu
Summary: This paper investigates the failure characteristics of the key segment in a super-large cross-section shield tunnel under general loading through a series of full-scale experiments. The safety state of the whole structure is quantitatively evaluated based on the obtained bearing capacity, deformation characteristics, and progressive damage features. The results provide novel insights into the failure characteristics of the key segment in a super-large cross-section tunnel.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Qiguang Di, Pengfei Li, Mingju Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Xinyu Wang
Summary: In this study, a new model based on the three-dimensional hydraulic head distribution model and the upper bound theorem of the limit analysis was established to calculate the limit support pressure in shield tunnel faces. The accuracy of the proposed model was evaluated through numerical simulations and compared with other analytical methods. The results showed that the proposed method outperforms other methods in terms of accuracy, and the influence of water level, internal friction angle, burial depth, and water pressure on tunnel face stability was analyzed.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Wenjun Zhang, Rongjian Niu, Gaole Zhang, Yi Wang
Summary: This study investigates the effect of shear key welding on the mechanical properties of composite segments. The welding heat source model was transformed, and the shear key was analyzed using the finite-element method. A welding experiment was conducted to verify the numerical model. The study found that the temperature of the welding point changes with the movement of the heat source, and the maximum temperature peak can reach 2,236 K. The residual stress is concentrated within 30 mm from the welding point, and it decreases gradually. The mutual influence of adjacent shear keys during welding should be avoided to achieve optimal results.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Gaole Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Jiahao Li, Xinnan Zhou, Wang Liu, Jianbing Qi
Summary: In this study, a refined FEM model was established to investigate the assembly and tensile performance of anchor joints. The results showed that surface roughness and gap sizes have significant effects on the assembly characteristics and tensile behavior of anchor joints. The strength grade also influences the mechanical behavior of anchor joints. There is a positive correlation between the assembly and tensile behavior of anchor joints.
KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ning Yang, Xin Jin, Qingke Nie, Xiaoming Guan, Wenjun Zhang, Huifeng Liu
Summary: This study aims to address the issue of determining and optimizing the driving parameters for shield tunneling in sand-clay composite strata. The study defines the strata composite ratio parameter (xi) and the unit thrust ((F) over bar) and unit torque ((T) over bar) of the shield machine driving parameters. Quantitative correlations of (F) over bar and (T) over bar with varying xi were obtained to assist in setting the driving parameters. Furthermore, a zoning criterion was developed based on the distribution of (F) over bar - (T) over bar data points, classifying abnormal situations into Zones II and III, while defining a normal Zone I. The study also establishes a composite strata identification method and a systematic evaluation method for the driving state of the shield machine. Through field verification, these methods provide guidance for parameter setting and state evaluation.
ASCE-ASME JOURNAL OF RISK AND UNCERTAINTY IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS PART A-CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zhen Huang, Maojiang Qin, Chenlong Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Zhaojian Hu
Summary: This paper investigates the dynamic response of frame tunnels considering the impact and blast effects, and proposes the optimization of design to improve the robustness and safety of frame tunnels.
KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ping Lu, Dongwang Qiao, Chunxiao Wu, Shun Wang, Xiaopei He, Wenjun Zhang, Haizuo Zhou
Summary: This study discusses the impact of defects resulting from insufficient thickness and their locations on the internal forces of a tunnel lining, and proposes a remediation measure involving the installation of a tertiary lining.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhi Ding, Xiao Zhang, Shao-Heng He, Yong-Jie Qi, Cun-Gang Lin
Summary: This study investigates the longitudinal behavior of a shield tunnel by designing and constructing a reduced-size indoor model. The results show that the longitudinal settlement of the tunnel follows a normal distribution, with the maximum settlement occurring at the central ring and increasing linearly with the applied load. Stress concentration typically occurs on the side of the tunnel waist under surcharge, resulting in transverse elliptical deformation of the entire structure.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lucia Lopez-de-Abajo, Marcos G. Alberti, Jaime C. Galvez
Summary: Assessing and predicting concrete damage is crucial for infrastructure management. This study quantifies gas concentrations in urban tunnels to achieve this goal.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chao He, Yinghao Cai, Chenqiang Pu, Shunhua Zhou, Honggui Di, Xiaohui Zhang
Summary: This paper investigates the impact of river channel excavation on adjacent metro tunnels and proposes protective measures based on an engineering project in Fuzhou, China. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed to calculate the displacements and distortion of tunnels under different excavation sequences and soil reinforcement measures. Real-time monitoring confirms that the vertical displacements and diametrical distortion of tunnels are primarily caused by the excavation of the river above the tunnels, while horizontal displacements are induced by the excavation next to the tunnels. The study recommends a combination of cement slurry with a portal form and concrete with a plate form for soil reinforcement and tunnel protection.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yaosheng Liu, Ang Li, Feng Dai, Ruochen Jiang, Yi Liu, Rui Chen
Summary: In this study, a hybrid model based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) and meta-heuristic algorithms was developed to improve blast performance during tunnel excavation. Precise prediction of post-blasting indicators was important for optimization, and a comparison of meta-heuristic algorithms was conducted to find the most suitable model. The results showed that the developed model effectively reduces overbreak areas and quantitatively analyzes the influence of geological conditions.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xiang Shen, Yifan Chen, Liqiang Cao, Xiangsheng Chen, Yanbin Fu, Chengyu Hong
Summary: In this paper, a machine learning-based method for predicting the slurry pressure in shield tunnel construction is proposed. By considering the influence of fault fracture zones and setting the formation influence coefficient, the accuracy of the prediction is significantly improved.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shuying Wang, Zihao Zhou, Xiangcou Zheng, Jiazheng Zhong, Tengyue Zheng, Changhao Qi
Summary: A real-time assessment and monitoring approach based on laser scanning technology and point cloud data analysis was proposed to address the hysteresis in assessing the workability of conditioned soils and the inefficiency in estimating the soil volume flow rate in tunnelling practice. The approach was successfully applied in identifying the workability of conditioned soil and its discharge rate in the EPB shield tunnelling project.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Peng Jiang, Benchao Liu, Yuting Tang, Zhengyu Liu, Yonghao Pang
Summary: This study introduces a novel deep learning-based electrical method that jointly inverses resistivity and chargeability to estimate water-bearing structures and water volume. Compared with traditional linear inversion methods, the proposed method demonstrates superiority in locating and delineating anomalous bodies, reducing solution multiplicity.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Haoyu Mao, Nuwen Xu, Zhong Zhou, Chun Sha, Peiwei Xiao, Biao Li
Summary: The study focuses on the delineation of rock mass damage zones and stability analysis of underground powerhouse in Lianghekou hydropower station. ESG monitoring system is used to monitor the inner micro-fracture activity of surrounding rock mass in real-time. Engineering analogy method is adopted to forecast the deformation period of surrounding rock mass and analyze the variation characteristics of seismic source parameters. The research results provide references for similar deep underground excavation engineering in terms of design and construction.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Junling Qiu, Dedi Liu, Kai Zhao, Jinxing Lai, Xiuling Wang, Zhichao Wang, Tong Liu
Summary: This study focuses on the construction surface cracks of large cross-section tunnels in loess strata of China. The mechanism of surface crack formation is analyzed, and factors such as settlement deformation, construction scheme, and surrounding soil environment are identified as the main contributors. Numerical simulations were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of factors on surface cracks in loess tunnel construction. Specific measures for prevention and treatment of construction surface cracks are proposed to provide new ideas for surface crack control in loess tunnels.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ting Shang, Jiaxin Lu, Ying Luo, Song Wang, Zhengyu He, Aobo Wang
Summary: The study reveals significant variations in car-following behavior across different types of tunnels and consecutive sections of the same tunnel. As tunnel length increases, the driving stability of following vehicles decreases, but the level of driving safety risk is not positively correlated with tunnel length. Significant vehicle trajectory oscillation is observed within the inner sections of long and extra-long tunnels, and a significant relationship between the acceleration of following vehicles and the location within the tunnel section is found.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Rusi Zeng, Zhongwei Shen, Jun Luo
Summary: The urban underground complexes (UUCs) in China have been effective in solving urban problems, but users have expressed dissatisfaction with the internal physical environment. Personal characteristics and environmental factors play significant roles in determining users' satisfaction.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gabriel Lehmann, Heiko Kaeling, Sebastian Hoch, Kurosch Thuro
Summary: Analysing and predicting the advance rate of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) in hard rock is important for tunnelling projects. This study focuses on small-diameter TBMs and their unique characteristics, such as insufficient geotechnical information and special machine designs. A database of 37 projects with 70 geotechnically homogeneous areas is compiled to investigate the performance of small-diameter TBMs. The analysis shows that segment lining TBMs have higher penetration rates, and new approaches for the penetration prediction of pipe jacking machines in hard rock are proposed.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ting Ren, Ming Qiao, Jon Roberts, Jennifer Hines, Yang-Wai Chow, Wei Zong, Adrian Sugden, Mark Shepherd, Matthew Farrelly, Gareth Kennedy, Faisal Hai, Willy Susilo
Summary: Long-term exposure to coal and silica dust during underground tunnelling operations is a growing concern. To bridge the gap between knowledge in dust exposure monitoring and frontline workers, a virtual reality educational tool was developed to visualize ventilation and dust flow characteristics. This tool allows workers to better understand decision-making and best practices for dust controls.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dong Lin, Zhipeng Zhou, Miaocheng Weng, Wout Broere, Jianqiang Cui
Summary: Metro systems play a vital role in the transportation, economic, environmental and social aspects of cities. The uncertainties in construction, passenger comfort and safety, as well as efficiency and reliability of the metro system, have been widely studied. Metro systems influence urban development and have a positive impact on housing prices, public health, and environmental quality. Further research is needed to fill the research gaps and make recommendations for future studies.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Wei Yu, Bo Wang, Xin Zi, Jie Dong
Summary: In this study, a whole-process analytical theory for the coupled deformation of deep circular tunnel surrounding rock and prestressed yielding anchor bolt (cable) system is derived and validated through numerical simulations. The results show that anchor bolts (cables) can significantly reduce the convergence of surrounding rock, and factors such as support timing and anchor cable length have important effects on the support effectiveness.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)