Regulation of the Tumor-Suppressor BECLIN 1 by Distinct Ubiquitination Cascades

Targeting HECT-type E3 ligases - insights from catalysis, regulation and inhibitors

(2017) Valentina Fajner et al.   FEBS LETTERS

Phosphoinositides, Major Actors in Membrane Trafficking and Lipid Signaling Pathways

(2017) Johan-Owen De Craene et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Meddling with Fate: The Proteasomal Deubiquitinating Enzymes

(2017) Stefanie A.H. de Poot et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

RING-Between-RING E3 Ligases: Emerging Themes amid the Variations

(2017) Katja K. Dove et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Organelle biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum

(2017) Amit S. Joshi et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Structural basis of the specificity of USP18 toward ISG15

(2017) Anja Basters et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Insights into links between autophagy and the ubiquitin system from the structure of LC3B bound to the LIR motif from the E3 ligase NEDD4

(2017) Yu Qiu et al.   PROTEIN SCIENCE

Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin attenuates the cytotoxicity of sunitinib in cardiomyocytes via inhibition of the autophagy pathway

(2017) Takayuki Kimura et al.   TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY

Emerging Mechanisms in Initiating and Terminating Autophagy

(2017) Manuela Antonioli et al.   TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES

ISG15: In Sickness and in Health

(2017) Mark Hermann et al.   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Structural basis of the specificity of USP18 toward ISG15

(2017) Anja Basters et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UBE2L6/UBCH8 and ISG15 attenuate autophagy in esophageal cancer cells

(2017) Chloe M. Falvey et al.   Oncotarget

E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4 Promotes Japanese Encephalitis Virus Replication by Suppressing Autophagy in Human Neuroblastoma Cells

(2017) Qingqiang Xu et al.   Scientific Reports

KLHL20 links the ubiquitin-proteasome system to autophagy termination

(2016) Chin-Chih Liu et al.   Autophagy

The BECN1-USP19 axis plays a role in the crosstalk between autophagy and antiviral immune responses

(2016) Jun Cui et al.   Autophagy

Downregulation of autophagy through CUL3-KLHL20-mediated turnover of the ULK1 and PIK3C3/VPS34 complexes

(2016) Yuchen Feng et al.   Autophagy

The intricate regulation and complex functions of the Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase Vps34

(2016) J. M. Backer   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

USP19 modulates autophagy and antiviral immune responses by deubiquitinating Beclin‐1

(2016) Shouheng Jin et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

USP14 regulates autophagy by suppressing K63 ubiquitination of Beclin 1

(2016) Daichao Xu et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

ISG15 inhibits cancer cell growth and promotes apoptosis

(2016) Mei-Juan Zhou et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Fine-tuning of ULK1 mRNA and protein levels is required for autophagy oscillation

(2016) Francesca Nazio et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Expression of cFLIPLDetermines the Basal Interaction of Bcl-2 With Beclin-1 and Regulates p53 Dependent Ubiquitination of Beclin-1 During Autophagic Stress

(2016) Kishu Ranjan et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Cul3-KLHL20 Ubiquitin Ligase Governs the Turnover of ULK1 and VPS34 Complexes to Control Autophagy Termination

(2016) Chin-Chih Liu et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Conformational flexibility of BECN1: Essential to its key role in autophagy and beyond

(2016) Yang Mei et al.   PROTEIN SCIENCE

Cul3-KLHL20 ubiquitin ligase: physiological functions, stress responses, and disease implications

(2016) Hsin-Yi Chen et al.   Cell Division

RNF216 contributes to proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer via suppressing BECN1-dependent autophagy

(2016) Hui Wang et al.   Oncotarget

USP14 is a predictor of recurrence in endometrial cancer and a molecular target for endometrial cancer treatment

(2016) Rachel Isaksson Vogel et al.   Oncotarget

Escape, or Vanish: Control the Fate of p53 through MDM2-Mediated Ubiquitination

(2015) Jinlian Wei et al.   Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

A novel autophagy-independent, oncosuppressive function of BECN1: Degradation of MCL1

(2015) Mohamed Elgendy et al.   Autophagy

Modification of BECN1 by ISG15 plays a crucial role in autophagy regulation by type I IFN/interferon

(2015) Daichao Xu et al.   Autophagy

La FAM fatale: USP9X in development and disease

(2015) Mariyam Murtaza et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES

Contribution of autophagy to antiviral immunity

(2015) Emma Rey-Jurado et al.   FEBS LETTERS

Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 regulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling at the neuromuscular junction

(2015) Jada H Vaden et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

Hsp90 regulates autophagy and plays a role in cancer therapy

(2015) Benli Wang et al.   TUMOR BIOLOGY

Acetylation of Beclin 1 inhibits autophagosome maturation and promotes tumour growth

(2015) Ting Sun et al.   Nature Communications

Phosphorylation and activation of ubiquitin-specific protease-14 by Akt regulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system

(2015) Daichao Xu et al.   eLife

Autophagy-Related Deubiquitinating Enzymes Involved in Health and Disease

(2015) Fouzi Magraoui et al.   Cells

Deubiquitinase USP9x Confers Radioresistance through Stabilization of Mcl-1

(2015) Donatella Trivigno et al.   NEOPLASIA

An insight into the mechanistic role of Beclin 1 and its inhibition by prosurvival Bcl-2 family proteins

(2014) Bonsu Ku et al.   Autophagy

Regulation of autophagy by E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF216 through BECN1 ubiquitination

(2014) Congfeng Xu et al.   Autophagy

p53 Modulates Hsp90 ATPase Activity and Regulates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling

(2014) A. Kochhar et al.   Cancer Prevention Research

Combination of AKT inhibition with autophagy blockade effectively reduces ascites-derived ovarian cancer cell viability

(2014) Rohann J.M. Correa et al.   CARCINOGENESIS

Autosis and autophagic cell death: the dark side of autophagy

(2014) Y Liu et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Autophagy regulation: RNF2 targets AMBRA1

(2014) Etienne Morel et al.   CELL RESEARCH

RNF2 is recruited by WASH to ubiquitinate AMBRA1 leading to downregulation of autophagy

(2014) Pengyan Xia et al.   CELL RESEARCH

The Molecular Mechanisms Between Autophagy and Apoptosis: Potential Role in Central Nervous System Disorders

(2014) Hai-Jian Wu et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Cullins Keep Autophagy under Control

(2014) David G. McEwan et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

AMBRA1 Interplay with Cullin E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Regulates Autophagy Dynamics

(2014) Manuela Antonioli et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

TRIM Proteins Regulate Autophagy and Can Target Autophagic Substrates by Direct Recognition

(2014) Michael A. Mandell et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

Molecular characterization of ubiquitin-specific protease 18 reveals substrate specificity for interferon-stimulated gene 15

(2014) Anja Basters et al.   FEBS Journal

Spautin-1, a novel autophagy inhibitor, enhances imatinib-induced apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia

(2014) SHAN SHAO et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

p53 Protein Regulates Hsp90 ATPase Activity and Thereby Wnt Signaling by Modulating Aha1 Expression

(2014) Sachiyo Okayama et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases at a glance

(2014) S. Jean et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE

Beclin-1-p53 interaction is crucial for cell fate determination in embryonal carcinoma cells

(2014) Rakshamani Tripathi et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

EGFR phosphorylation of DCBLD2 recruits TRAF6 and stimulates AKT-promoted tumorigenesis

(2014) Haizhong Feng et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Gene of the month:BECN1

(2014) Sumit Sahni et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Self-consumption: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis

(2014) Guillermo Mariño et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Regulation of Mdm2 protein stability and the p53 response by NEDD4-1 E3 ligase

(2014) C Xu et al.   ONCOGENE

E3 ubiquitin ligase Cullin-5 modulates multiple molecular and cellular responses to heat shock protein 90 inhibition in human cancer cells

(2014) R. S. Samant et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Beclin 1 restrains tumorigenesis through Mcl-1 destabilization in an autophagy-independent reciprocal manner

(2014) Mohamed Elgendy et al.   Nature Communications

Tumor Suppression and Promotion by Autophagy

(2014) Yenniffer Ávalos et al.   Biomed Research International

Regulation of the Tumor-Suppressor Function of the Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Complex by Ubiquitin and SUMO

(2014) Christina Reidick et al.   Cancers

Mcl-1 Ubiquitination: Unique Regulation of an Essential Survival Protein

(2014) Barbara Mojsa et al.   Cells

Atg9 Interacts with dTRAF2/TRAF6 to Regulate Oxidative Stress-Induced JNK Activation and Autophagy Induction

(2013) Hong-Wen Tang et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

WASH inhibits autophagy through suppression of Beclin 1 ubiquitination

(2013) Pengyan Xia et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Discovery and development of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors as anticancer agents: a review of patented potent geldanamycin derivatives

(2013) TaeHun Kim et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC PATENTS

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases as accelerators and brakes of autophagy

(2013) Fergal O′Farrell et al.   FEBS Journal

Misregulation of autophagy and protein degradation systems in myopathies and muscular dystrophies

(2013) M. Sandri et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE

Inhibition of HSP90 molecular chaperones: moving into the clinic

(2013) Rocio Garcia-Carbonero et al.   LANCET ONCOLOGY

Role of Membrane Association and Atg14-Dependent Phosphorylation in Beclin-1-Mediated Autophagy

(2013) A. I. Fogel et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Autophagosomes form at ER–mitochondria contact sites

(2013) Maho Hamasaki et al.   NATURE

ULK1 targets Beclin-1 in autophagy

(2013) Volodymyr Y. Nazarko et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

mTOR inhibits autophagy by controlling ULK1 ubiquitylation, self-association and function through AMBRA1 and TRAF6

(2013) Francesca Nazio et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

ULK1 induces autophagy by phosphorylating Beclin-1 and activating VPS34 lipid kinase

(2013) Ryan C. Russell et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Acetylated hsp70 and KAP1-mediated Vps34 SUMOylation is required for autophagosome creation in autophagy

(2013) Y. Yang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Emerging roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in autophagy

(2013) Ersheng Kuang et al.   TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES

Skeletal muscle autophagy: a new metabolic regulator

(2013) Brian A. Neel et al.   TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Bif-1 suppresses breast cancer cell migration by promoting EGFR endocytic degradation

(2012) Kristin B. Runkle et al.   CANCER BIOLOGY & THERAPY

Autophagy in regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling

(2012) Takeshi Into et al.   CELLULAR SIGNALLING

Ubiquitination and phosphorylation of Beclin 1 and its binding partners: Tuning class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and tumor suppression

(2012) Hilde Abrahamsen et al.   FEBS LETTERS

Ubiquitination in signaling to and activation of IKK

(2012) Zhijian J. Chen   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Beclin-1-interacting autophagy protein Atg14L targets the SNARE-associated protein Snapin to coordinate endocytic trafficking

(2012) H. J. Kim et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE

Targeting the B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 2 Family in Cancer

(2012) Matthew S. Davids et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Anti-apoptotic MCL-1 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and couples mitochondrial fusion to respiration

(2012) Rhonda M. Perciavalle et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Ambra1 at the crossroad between autophagy and cell death

(2012) G M Fimia et al.   ONCOGENE

Autophagy and cancer cell metabolism

(2012) Fred Lozy et al.   SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Imperfect interface of Beclin1 coiled-coil domain regulates homodimer and heterodimer formation with Atg14L and UVRAG

(2012) Xiaohua Li et al.   Nature Communications

Lipopolysaccaride induces autophagic signaling in macrophages via a TLR4, heme oxygenase-1 dependent pathway

(2011) Paul Waltz et al.   Autophagy

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase Vps34p is required for pexophagy inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

(2011) Silke Grunau et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

Nedd4-dependent lysine-11-linked polyubiquitination of the tumour suppressor Beclin 1

(2011) Harald W. Platta et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

The Molecular Basis of CRL4DDB2/CSA Ubiquitin Ligase Architecture, Targeting, and Activation

(2011) Eric S. Fischer et al.   CELL

Beclin1 Controls the Levels of p53 by Regulating the Deubiquitination Activity of USP10 and USP13

(2011) Junli Liu et al.   CELL

The Beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis

(2011) R Kang et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Endocytosis and signaling

(2011) Harald W Platta et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN CELL BIOLOGY

Functional interaction of heat shock protein 90 and Beclin 1 modulates Toll-like receptor-mediated autophagy

(2011) Congfeng Xu et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

The USP19 Deubiquitinase Regulates the Stability of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2

(2011) Yide Mei et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Manipulation or capitulation: virus interactions with autophagy

(2011) Tristan X. Jordan et al.   MICROBES AND INFECTION

Oncogenic Ras-Induced Expression of Noxa and Beclin-1 Promotes Autophagic Cell Death and Limits Clonogenic Survival

(2011) Mohamed Elgendy et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Hsp90-Cdc37 Chaperone Complex Regulates Ulk1- and Atg13-Mediated Mitophagy

(2011) Joung Hyuck Joo et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Autophagosome targeting and membrane curvature sensing by Barkor/Atg14(L)

(2011) W. Fan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Traf6 and A20 differentially regulate TLR4-Induced autophagy by affecting the ubiquitination of Beclin 1

(2010) Chong-Shan Shi et al.   Autophagy

Elevated Mcl-1 perturbs lymphopoiesis, promotes transformation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and enhances drug resistance

(2010) K. J. Campbell et al.   BLOOD

Beclin 1 over- and underexpression in colorectal cancer: distinct patterns relate to prognosis and tumour hypoxia

(2010) M I Koukourakis et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER

Unveiling the Secrets of the Ancestral PI3 Kinase Vps34

(2010) Paul Workman et al.   CANCER CELL

USP10 Regulates p53 Localization and Stability by Deubiquitinating p53

(2010) Jian Yuan et al.   CELL

Negative regulation of autophagy

(2010) C Liang   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

The Beclin 1 interactome

(2010) Congcong He et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN CELL BIOLOGY

The Cullin 3 substrate adaptor KLHL20 mediates DAPK ubiquitination to control interferon responses

(2010) Yu-Ru Lee et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III sub-complex containing VPS15, VPS34, Beclin 1, UVRAG and BIF-1 regulates cytokinesis and degradative endocytic traffic

(2010) Sigrid B. Thoresen et al.   EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH

The RUN Domain of Rubicon Is Important for hVps34 Binding, Lipid Kinase Inhibition, and Autophagy Suppression

(2010) Qiming Sun et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

The dynamic interaction of AMBRA1 with the dynein motor complex regulates mammalian autophagy

(2010) Sabrina Di Bartolomeo et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Autophagy requires endoplasmic reticulum targeting of the PI3-kinase complex via Atg14L

(2010) Kohichi Matsunaga et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Beclin 1 self-association is independent of autophagy induction by amino acid deprivation and rapamycin treatment

(2010) Shelly Adi-Harel et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

Network organization of the human autophagy system

(2010) Christian Behrends et al.   NATURE

PtdIns(3)P controls cytokinesis through KIF13A-mediated recruitment of FYVE-CENT to the midbody

(2010) Antonia P. Sagona et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

The emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific PI3K signalling

(2010) Bart Vanhaesebroeck et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

TRAF6 and A20 Regulate Lysine 63-Linked Ubiquitination of Beclin-1 to Control TLR4-Induced Autophagy

(2010) C. S. Shi et al.   Science Signaling

Divide and ProsPer: The emerging role of PtdIns3P in cytokinesis

(2010) Ioannis P. Nezis et al.   TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY

The Beclin 1–VPS34 complex – at the crossroads of autophagy and beyond

(2010) Sarah F. Funderburk et al.   TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY

RING Domain E3 Ubiquitin Ligases

(2009) Raymond J. Deshaies et al.   Annual Review of Biochemistry

Defining the Human Deubiquitinating Enzyme Interaction Landscape

(2009) Mathew E. Sowa et al.   CELL

Bif-1/Endophilin B1: a candidate for crescent driving force in autophagy

(2009) Y Takahashi et al.   CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Sorting Out Endosomes in the WASH

(2009) James E. Bear   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

The ER-resident ubiquitin-specific protease 19 participates in the UPR and rescues ERAD substrates

(2009) Gerco C Hassink et al.   EMBO REPORTS

DAP-kinase-mediated phosphorylation on the BH3 domain of beclin 1 promotes dissociation of beclin 1 from Bcl-XL and induction of autophagy

(2009) Einat Zalckvar et al.   EMBO REPORTS

Coordination of membrane events during autophagy by multiple class III PI3-kinase complexes

(2009) Anne Simonsen et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Autophagy in tumour suppression and promotion

(2009) Andreas Brech et al.   Molecular Oncology

A subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum forms a cradle for autophagosome formation

(2009) Mitsuko Hayashi-Nishino et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Distinct regulation of autophagic activity by Atg14L and Rubicon associated with Beclin 1–phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex

(2009) Yun Zhong et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages

(2009) Kohichi Matsunaga et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Beclin-1 Expression is a Predictor of Clinical Outcome in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Correlated to Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α Expression

(2009) Yongshun Chen et al.   PATHOLOGY & ONCOLOGY RESEARCH

Regulation of Hsp90 client proteins by a Cullin5-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase

(2009) E. S. Ehrlich et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CRL4s: the CUL4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases

(2009) Sarah Jackson et al.   TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES

The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Triad3A Negatively Regulates the RIG-I/MAVS Signaling Pathway by Targeting TRAF3 for Degradation

(2009) Peyman Nakhaei et al.   PLoS Pathogens

The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34

(2008) Jonathan M. Backer   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

Bcl-xLand UVRAG Cause a Monomer-Dimer Switch in Beclin1

(2008) Christian G. Noble et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Endophilin B1/Bif-1 Stimulates BAX Activation Independently from Its Capacity to Produce Large Scale Membrane Morphological Rearrangements

(2008) Aitor Etxebarria et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

MyD88 and Trif Target Beclin 1 to Trigger Autophagy in Macrophages

(2008) Chong-Shan Shi et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Autophagosome formation from membrane compartments enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum

(2008) Elizabeth L. Axe et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY

Endophilin B1 as a Novel Regulator of Nerve Growth Factor/ TrkA Trafficking and Neurite Outgrowth

(2008) J. Wan et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Beclin 1 Forms Two Distinct Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Complexes with Mammalian Atg14 and UVRAG

(2008) Eisuke Itakura et al.   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL

JNK1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 Regulates Starvation-Induced Autophagy

(2008) Yongjie Wei et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Beclin1-binding UVRAG targets the class C Vps complex to coordinate autophagosome maturation and endocytic trafficking

(2008) Chengyu Liang et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

Membrane recognition by phospholipid-binding domains

(2008) Mark A. Lemmon   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Identification of Barkor as a mammalian autophagy-specific factor for Beclin 1 and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

(2008) Q. Sun et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA