Article
Energy & Fuels
Felix C. P. Leach, Martin Davy, Barbara Terry
Summary: The study shows that CeO2 as a fuel-borne catalyst can reduce emissions and improve combustion efficiency. CeO2 significantly reduces soot and THC emissions at low load, but not as much at high load. A minor reduction in NOx emissions is observed at high load, with no significant difference in fuel consumption.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Esenay Arslan, M. Rasit Atelge, Nafiz Kahraman, Sebahattin uenalan
Summary: In this study, the effect of carbon nanotube additives and the addition of hydrogen/natural gas mixture on the performance of a diesel engine was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the combustion of CNT-added diesel fuel with gaseous fuels significantly contributed to the engine performance parameters and effectively reduced CO and HC emissions.
Article
Thermodynamics
Jiangjun Wei, Chengjun He, Chenyang Fan, Suozhu Pan, Mingliang Wei, Chenfang Wang
Summary: The study investigated the use of alumina, ceria, and silica nanoparticles as fuel additives to improve the emissions of diesel engines fueled with methanol. Results showed that the addition of nanoparticles could shorten ignition delay, increase peak in-cylinder pressure, but had minimal impact on CO, HC, and smoke emissions.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
S. Janakiraman, T. Lakshmanan, P. Raghu
Summary: The ternary fuel blends with metal-doped TiO2 nano additives can reduce fuel usage and emissions of diesel engines, with Blend 6 (20% Biodiesel + 10% Bio-ethanol + 70% Diesel fuel+ TiO2(65 ppm)) showing superior performance in terms of minimal BTE, higher BSEC, higher cylinder pressure and lower emissions compared to 100% diesel fuel.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Esenay Arslan, M. Rasit Atelge, Nafiz Kahraman, Sebahattin Unalan, Bilge A. Ceper
Summary: This paper presents the results of using nanoparticle fuel and natural gas in diesel engines, focusing on emissions and performance. The findings indicate that the D75ppmCNT + NG mixture performs the best in terms of brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption at full load conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chandra Bhushan Kumar, D. B. Lata
Summary: The challenges in using compression ignition engines include reducing reliance on petroleum fuels and exhaust emissions. Hydrogen-diesel co-combustion can improve thermal efficiency and harmful emissions, but can also lead to increased NOx emissions. Adding 1% DTBP with 14% hydrogen in dual fuel diesel engines has shown to minimize NOx formation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qiren Zhu, Yichen Zong, Wenbin Yu, Wenming Yang, Markus Kraft
Summary: PODE is a promising additive for reducing particulate matter emissions in traditional diesel engines due to its high oxygen content and absence of C-C bond. High blending ratios of PODE3 can significantly reduce particulate emissions, while low blending ratios may lead to increased emissions. In addition, a summary chart was proposed in this study to predict the particle reduction ability of PODE3 under different blending ratios and engine loads.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Nurul Hanim Razak, Haslenda Hashim, Nor Alafiza Yunus, Jiri Jaromir Klemes
Summary: In this study, a new methodological framework that integrates Linear Programming and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is developed to obtain optimal fuel blends of diesel/biodiesel/alcohol. The framework considers both quantitative and qualitative criteria, resulting in a blend with better performance, lower cost, and cleaner emissions. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to validate the results, indicating the feasibility of achieving the objectives.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ridvan Kucukosman, Ahmet Alper Yontar, Kasim Ocakoglu
Summary: Nanoparticle additive fuels (NAFs) are a new generation of fuels containing nano-sized functional agents that regulate combustion, atomization, and emission behavior. This review examines the potential of NAFs, their combustion mechanism, and their effects on fuel performance and emission values.
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Sanjeev Kumar, Amit Pal
Summary: This study examines the effect of the cetane improver 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) on the performance and emission characteristics of an engine fueled by an algal biodiesel-diesel blend. The multi-objective response surface technique (MORSM) and Box-Behnken design are used to decrease the number of trials and optimize the engine operating settings for the optimum efficiency-least emission combination.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Xin Kuang, Bifeng Yin, Bo Xu, Hekun Jia, Xianggui Kong, Xijun Hua
Summary: The study found that adding modified CeO2 to diesel fuel can improve its dispersion stability, reduce the friction coefficient of fuel blends at high temperatures, and decrease the width and depth of wear scars, showing good anti-wear performance.
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chandra Bhushan Kumar, D. B. Lata, Dhaneshwar Mahto
Summary: The addition of di-tert butyl peroxide in diesel engines working on dual fuel mode with hydrogen as secondary fuel shows significant improvements in brake thermal efficiency, reduction in NOx emissions, and decrease in CO emissions compared to dual fuel operation without additives.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zafar Said, Duc Trong Nguyen Le, Prabhakar Sharma, Viet Ha Dang, Huu Son Le, Dinh Tuyen Nguyen, Thi Anh Em Bui, Van Giao Nguyen
Summary: This study investigates the effects of engine load, injection time, and oxyhydrogen fuel flow rate on the combustion and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine. The addition of oxyhydrogen significantly improves fuel efficiency and reduces carbon-based emissions, except for nitrogen oxide emissions. The optimal engine operating parameters are determined through experimental testing, and the results are within 7% of the model-predicted output.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mohammad Nouri, Amir Homayoon Meghdadi Isfahani, Alireza Shirneshan
Summary: The research found that adding Fe2O3 and Al2O3 nanoparticles to diesel fuel can improve combustion efficiency, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Fe2O3 fuel blends showed better performance in increasing power, thermal efficiency, and reducing CO emissions. On the other hand, Al2O3 nanoparticle additives performed better in reducing BSFC, NOx, and SO2 emissions.
CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Miaojiang Wu, Dong Yun, Fang Wang, Guang Gao, Gangli Zhu, Peng Sun, Fuwei Li
Summary: This study developed a one-step and atom-economic alkoxycarbonylation route to produce pentanoic esters from readily available 1-butene. Through the screening of various ligands, it was found that a Pd/diphosphine ligand system showed high yield and outstanding recycling potential. Furthermore, blending the resulting esters with diesel could improve low-temperature fluidity, reduce exhaust pollutants, and maintain diesel engine performance.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yingze Tian, Xiaoning Wang, Peng Zhao, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison
Summary: A Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model was used to analyze the sources of PM2.5 in Chengdu, China. The study compared the sensitivity of the model with different organic source profiles and the use of organic and inorganic markers. The results showed that PM2.5 concentrations from various sources had good agreement between the two methods, but the contributions of sulfate and nitrate sources were more sensitive to the choice of model due to the absence of inorganic ions in the organic marker model.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Maria Elisa Quinteros, Estela Blanco, Janeet Sanabria, Felipe Rosas-Diaz, Carola A. Blazquez, Salvador Ayala, Juan Pablo Cardenas-R, Elizabeth A. Stone, Keely Sybesma, Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit, Roy M. Harrison, Pablo Ruiz-Rudolph
Summary: This study investigates the air pollution problem caused by residential wood heating in Temuco, a city in Southern Chile. The concentrations of PM2.5, levoglucosan, and K-sol were found to be particularly high in winter. The ratios of levoglucosan and K-sol to PM2.5 were lower in summer. Spatial clustering analysis revealed that some neighborhoods with higher ratios were associated with lower socioeconomic status and possibly lower quality stoves.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pedro Trechera, Meritxell Garcia-Marles, Xiansheng Liu, Cristina Reche, Noemi Perez, Marjan Savadkoohi, David Beddows, Imre Salma, Mate Vorosmarty, Andrea Casans, Juan Andres Casquero-Vera, Christoph Hueglin, Nicolas Marchand, Benjamin Chazeau, Gregory Gille, Panayiotis Kalkavouras, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Jakub Ondracek, Nadia Zikova, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, David C. Green, Anja H. Tremper, Michael Norman, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Francisco J. Gomez-Moreno, Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco, Holger Gerwig, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Susanne Bastian, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Nicolas Ferlay, Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Hilkka Timonen, Janne Lampilahti, Christof Asbach, Carmen Wolf, Heinz Kaminski, Hicran Altug, Barbara Hoffmann, David Q. Rich, Marco Pandolfi, Roy M. Harrison, Philip K. Hopke, Tuukka Petaja, Andres Alastuey, Xavier Querol
Summary: This study evaluated the hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) from 26 sites in Europe and 1 in the US, focusing on urban background (UB) and traffic (TR) sites. The objective was to describe the characteristics of urban ultrafine particles (UFP) in Europe. The results showed variations in PNC and BC across different regions and site types, with traffic emissions being a major contributor. The study emphasized the need for specific monitoring of PNSD and measurements of <10 nm PNC for assessing the health effects of nanoparticles.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Vasileios N. Matthaios, Daniel Rooney, Roy M. Harrison, Petros Koutrakis, William J. Bloss
Summary: This study measures the NO2 exposure inside vehicles under real-world driving conditions and evaluates the effectiveness of different filters in reducing in-vehicle NO2 levels. The results show that replacing the previous filters with new activated carbon cabin filters can significantly reduce NO2 exposure. However, the removal efficiency of the activated carbon filters decreases over time.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Renato Camilleri, Christopher Stark, Alfred J. Vella, Roy M. Harrison, Noel J. Aquilina
Summary: Three microwave-assisted digestion procedures combined with ICP-MS were evaluated for the determination of trace and ultra-trace elements in PM2.5 samples. The addition of HF/H3BO3 aided the dissolution of silicate matrices and refractory compounds. The optimized method using HNO3/HF/H3BO3 digestion showed recovery efficiency greater than 70% for all elements. The validated method was applied to quantify elemental content in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples in Malta.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Roy M. Harrison, Mansour A. Alghamdi
Summary: Control of airborne particulate matter is crucial due to its negative impact on human health. Both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from road traffic contribute to the concentration of both coarse and fine particles. Non-exhaust emissions, particularly from tyre dust, are now recognized as a significant source of particle emissions, surpassing exhaust emissions in many countries. However, analyzing tyre dust in the atmosphere poses challenges, as existing methods rely on chemical tracers that are not fully specific or quantitative. This article reviews these methods and highlights their strengths and weaknesses.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dimitrios Bousiotis, Leah-Nani S. Alconcel, David C. S. Beddows, Roy M. Harrison, Francis D. Pope
Summary: Air quality, both indoor and outdoor, is crucial for public health. This study introduces a new methodology using low-cost sensors and source apportionment techniques to understand the importance of different air pollution sources on indoor air quality. The results demonstrate the highest concentrations of PM in the bedroom, the highest PM spikes in the kitchen during cooking times, and the highest PM1 concentrations in the office due to outdoor infiltration. Source apportionment analysis shows that up to 95% of PM1 comes from outdoor sources in all rooms.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Seny Damayanti, Roy M. Harrison, Francis Pope, David C. S. Beddows
Summary: Diesel engines contribute significantly to the emissions of Black Carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles. Analysis of data from a continuous monitoring site in London reveals that despite the use of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Diesel Particle Filter (DPF), concentrations of ultrafine particles still exceed the WHO threshold for high concentrations. While BC emissions have decreased significantly, ultrafine particle counts have only declined by a small margin. This highlights the need for more effective abatement technologies in locations with heavy diesel traffic.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
James Brean, Alex Rowell, David C. S. Beddows, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison
Summary: New particle formation (NPF) is a significant source of particulate matter during haze events. Reductions in emissions of air pollutants are expected in the move toward carbon neutrality or net-zero, which could significantly impact NPF processes. Changes in SO2 emissions are key in determining future NPF number, with different scenarios showing either a doubling or near-total reduction in sulfuric acid-amine particle formation rates. Particle growth rates are projected to remain relatively stable, except in the strictest emission control scenarios. Uncertainties remain regarding future NPF, particularly in the volatility of oxygenated organic molecules resulting from changes in NOx and amine emissions.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kristen M. Foleya, George A. Pouliota, Alison Eytha, Michael F. Aldridge, Christine Allen, K. Wyat Appel, Jesse O. Basha, Megan Beardsleya, James Beidlerb, David Choia, Caroline Farkas, Robert C. Gilliam, Janice Godfrey, Barron H. Henderson, Christian Hogrefe, Shannon N. Koplitza, Rich Masona, Rohit Mathura, Chris Misenisa, Norm Possiela, Havala O. T. Pye, Lara Reynolds, Matthew Roark, Sarah Roberts, Donna B. Schwedea, Karl M. Seltzera, Darrell Sonntaga, Kevin Talgob, Claudia Toro, Jeff Vukovicha, Jia Xingc, Elizabeth Adamsd
Summary: The US EPA has developed annual North American emissions data for air pollutants across 18 source categories from 2002 to 2017. These data are intended to support regional air quality modeling for a variety of applications. This dataset is part of the EPA's Air Quality Time Series Project.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jian Zhong, Roy M. Harrison, William James Bloss, Antoon Visschedijk, Hugo Denier van der Gon
Summary: This study simulated the dispersion of particle number concentrations in the West Midlands region of the UK using the ADMS-Urban model, and generated PNC maps at different spatial and temporal scales. These maps can be used for potential epidemiological studies.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Brian Stacey, Roy M. Harrison, Francis D. Pope
Summary: This study found high concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFP) at Heathrow Airport in London, exceeding the exposure limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Departing aircraft, particularly larger ones, were found to have the highest UFP emission rates. The number of passengers carried also influenced emission rates per passenger. Calculated emission rates were higher than literature values due to the inclusion of condensable particles in the measurements. The study suggests that UFP concentrations beyond the airport boundary may also be of concern, and assessing population exposure near airports will become increasingly important in the future.
NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Havala O. T. Pye, Bryan K. Place, Benjamin N. Murphy, Karl M. Seltzer, Emma L. D'Ambro, Christine Allen, Ivan R. Piletic, Sara Farrell, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew M. Coggon, Emily Saunders, Lu Xu, Golam Sarwar, William T. Hutzell, Kristen M. Foley, George Pouliot, Jesse Bash, William R. Stockwell
Summary: Chemical mechanisms are used to describe how organic and inorganic species in the atmosphere transform and how they contribute to the formation of secondary species such as ozone, fine particles, and hazardous air pollutants. This study introduces the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMM) version 1.0, which includes several new species and reactions to better represent atmospheric chemistry processes. The CRACMMv1.0 model provides a comprehensive understanding of the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol, and hazardous air pollutants.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Forwood Wiser, Bryan K. Place, Siddhartha Sen, Havala O. T. Pye, Benjamin Yang, Daniel M. Westervelt, Daven K. Henze, Arlene M. Fiore, V. Faye McNeill
Summary: Previous studies on the mechanism of isoprene oxidation have included numerous species and reactions, making it computationally expensive for large-scale atmospheric models. This study developed a reduced isoprene oxidation mechanism using an automated model reduction approach. The reduced mechanism accurately predicted the changes in oxidation products in a smaller-scale model. When applied to a larger atmospheric model, the reduced mechanism significantly improved the agreement with observed data.
GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Maria Elisa Quinteros, Carola Blazquez, Salvador Ayala, Dylan Kilby, Juan Pablo Cardenas-R, Ximena Ossa, Felipe Rosas-Diaz, Elizabeth A. Stone, Estela Blanco, Juana-Maria Delgado-Saborit, Roy M. Harrison, Pablo Ruiz-Rudolph
Summary: Air pollution caused by biomass burning is a significant public health issue. This study developed spatial-temporal land use regression models to predict the concentrations of fine particulate matter and wood-burning tracers. The models were used to estimate exposure for an epidemiological study.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)