Experimental investigative analysis of ternary (diesel plus biodiesel plus bio-ethanol) fuel blended with metal-doped titanium oxide nanoadditives tested on a diesel engine

Biodiesel was used in the diesel engine as an alternate fuel owing to its chemical structures, higher oxygen supply and biological components. The state-of-the-art approach of ternary fuel with varied (35 ppm-65 ppm) of metal-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano additives were used for this experimental research to deduce the fossil fuel usage and emissions with diesel. So, the varied concentration of TiO2 nanoadditives was blended with ternary fuel blends (70%diesel+20%biodiesel+ 10%bio-ethanol), then the various test fuel blends were tested on a diesel engine. Results indicate that compared with entire fuel blends, Blend 6 (20% Biodiesel + 10% Bio-ethanol + 70% Diesel fuel+ TiO2(65 ppm)) had superior and best fuel blends due to (1.23%) minimal BTE and (2.1%) higher BSEC range related to 100% diesel fuel. The Blend 6 fuel (0.26%) possess higher cylinder pressure and (4.01%) lowered rate of HRR compared with 100% diesel fuel. Also, Blend 6 had a drastic decline in UBHC (34.02%), CO (106.8%) and smoke (34.01%) and (29.79%) higher NOx related to diesel fuel. For this potent reason, Blend 6 fuel was proposed as a better alternative fuel for the enhanced performance and minimized emissions of the diesel engines the future energy demand. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The ternary fuel blends with metal-doped TiO2 nano additives can reduce fuel usage and emissions of diesel engines, with Blend 6 (20% Biodiesel + 10% Bio-ethanol + 70% Diesel fuel+ TiO2(65 ppm)) showing superior performance in terms of minimal BTE, higher BSEC, higher cylinder pressure and lower emissions compared to 100% diesel fuel.