Review
Plant Sciences
Aolin Jia, Shijia Huang, Shoucai Ma, Xiaoyu Chang, Zhifu Han, Jijie Chai
Summary: The Toll and TIR domains are conserved immune modules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signaling regulated by TIR-only proteins or TIR domain-containing intracellular immune receptors is critical for plant immunity. Recent studies have shown that TIR domains function as enzymes encoding a range of activities, which play different roles in the regulation of plant immunity. These enzymatic activities catalyze the metabolism of NAD+, ATP, and other nucleic acids, generating structurally diverse nucleotide metabolites. Some of these TIR enzymatic products have been identified as signaling molecules that act as second messengers to induce plant immunity. This article summarizes the current knowledge on the catalytic production of these nucleotide metabolites and their roles in plant immune signaling, and also highlights the outstanding questions that will likely be the focus of future investigations.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Plant Sciences
Yihan Gong, Lei Tian, Ilias Kontos, Josh Li, Xin Li
Summary: Plant NLRs are important immune receptors for pathogen recognition and signal transduction. Helper NLRs are required by both membrane-localized PRRs and sNLRs for immune signaling. Recent studies have revealed the structural and biochemical mechanisms of helper NLRs in immune signaling, such as the formation of oligomeric resistosomes and membrane calcium channels. The research on plant helper NLRs provides valuable insights into the immune response mechanisms in plants.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Plant Sciences
Khong-Sam Chia, Philip Carella
Summary: Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are intracellular immune receptors in plants that activate immune responses against pathogens. They have a conserved tripartite structure, consisting of a regulatory nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats, and variable N-terminal domains. Recent studies have provided insights into their functions, focusing on the biochemistry and evolutionary diversity of these domains.
Review
Microbiology
Sulin Li, Mohammad K. Manik, Yun Shi, Bostjan Kobe, Thomas Ve
Summary: The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is found in various immune systems and has been studied extensively. Initially believed to be a protein-protein interaction module, recent research has shown that TIR domains can function as enzymes producing diverse nucleotide products. This knowledge has led to important advances in understanding the roles of TIR domain enzymes in bacterial and plant immune systems.
CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yongming Chen, Guitao Zhong, Huiren Cai, Renjie Chen, Na Liu, Wei Wang, Dingzhong Tang
Summary: A large TN gene cluster on Arabidopsis chromosome 1, including nine TN genes and two TIR-NBS-LRR genes, was identified. The study found that TNL40 and TNL60 TIR domains specifically associate with TN10 and induce cell death. Subcellular localization showed that TNL40 localized in the cytoplasm, while TNL60 and TN10 were found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, indicating potential cooperation in plant disease resistance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Junzhu Wang, Meng Han, Yule Liu
Summary: This review outlines the current understanding of NLR CC domains in terms of diversity, classification, structure, their roles in cell death induction, disease resistance, and interaction with other proteins. Possible directions for future work are also provided.
JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alexander Foerderer, Jiorgos Kourelis
Summary: This review discusses the crucial role of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) in recognizing and responding to pathogen invasion in plants, and provides a detailed analysis of the different NLR domains, including the N-terminal executioner domains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) module, and the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Understanding the structure-function relationship of these domains is essential for developing effective strategies to improve plant disease resistance and agricultural productivity.
BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gal Ofir, Ehud Herbst, Maya Baroz, Daniel Cohen, Adi Millman, Shany Doron, Nitzan Tal, Daniel B. A. Malheiro, Sergey Malitsky, Gil Amitai, Rotem Sorek
Summary: The TIR domain plays a crucial role in animal and plant immune systems, triggering cell death and participating in the bacterial antiviral defence system Thoeris. Research findings suggest that TIR-domain proteins in bacteria recognize infection and produce signalling molecules to execute cell death, similar to the roles of these proteins in plants.
Review
Plant Sciences
Xiaoxiao Liu, Li Wan
Summary: Plant NLR proteins play a crucial role in providing immunity and inducing cell death. Sensor NLRs directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effector proteins to initiate immune signaling, while helper NLRs function downstream of sensor NLRs in transmitting immune signals. Recent breakthrough studies on the structures and functions of plant NLR proteins have significantly advanced our understanding of NLR biology.
MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Maud Bernoux, Jian Chen, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Kim Newell, Jian Hu, Laurent Deslandes, Peter Dodds
Summary: Recent research has uncovered the activation mechanism of plant intracellular immune receptors, known as NLRs, in triggering immune responses upon pathogen effector recognition. The activation of TNLs induces receptor oligomerization and close proximity of the TIR domain, leading to TIR enzymatic activity. Signaling molecules produced by the TIR domain bind to EDS1 family proteins, which in turn activate downstream NLRs, resulting in immune responses and cell death. Understanding the subcellular localization requirements of TNLs and signaling partners is crucial for comprehending early NLR signaling.
Review
Immunology
Xing Zhang, Xinnian Dong
Summary: Upon pathogen challenge, plant cells defend themselves by triggering programmed cell death and secreting immune signals. Recent research has found that the oligomerization of immune receptors induced by pathogens acts as a switch for inhibitory proteins, resulting in the formation of a resistosome that triggers cell death. Synergy between different signaling pathways is necessary for sustained immune induction.
CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Lingyun Zhang, Chun-Jung Ko, Yanchuan Li, Zuliang Jie, Lele Zhu, Xiaofei Zhou, Xiaoping Xie, Tianxiao Gao, Ting Liu, Xuhong Cheng, Shao-Cong Sun
Summary: Inflammasomes are important for innate immunity against infections but can also contribute to inflammatory diseases when deregulated. Peli1, as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a critical role in regulating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting ASC ubiquitination and facilitating inflammasome assembly. Deficiency in Peli1 impairs NLRP3-induced caspase-1 activation and IL-1 beta maturation, highlighting its significance as an inflammasome regulator.
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Li Wan
Summary: The evolutionarily conserved Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domains across kingdoms of prokaryotes, plants, and animals play critical roles in innate immunity. Recent studies have revealed the enzymatic functions of TIRs, the structural bases of TIRs as holoenzymes, and the identity of TIR-generated small signaling molecules and their receptors, which significantly advanced our understanding on TIR-mediated immune signaling pathways.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mohammad K. Manik, Yun Shi, Sulin Li, Mark A. Zaydman, Neha Damaraju, Samuel Eastman, Thomas G. Smith, Weixi Gu, Veronika Masic, Tamim Mosaiab, James S. Weagley, Steven J. Hancock, Eduardo Vasquez, Lauren Hartley-Tassell, Nestoras Kargios, Natsumi Maruta, Bryan Y. J. Lim, Hayden Burdett, Michael J. Landsberg, Mark A. Schembri, Ivan Prokes, Lijiang Song, Murray Grant, Aaron DiAntonio, Jeffrey D. Nanson, Ming Guo, Jeffrey Milbrandt, Thomas Ve, Bostjan Kobe
Summary: This study reveals the production process of cADPR isomers and identifies 3'cADPR as an antiviral agent in bacteria and an immune-suppressing signaling molecule in plants.
Article
Plant Sciences
Aloysius Wong, Wei Chi, Jia Yu, Chuyun Bi, Xuechen Tian, Yixin Yang, Chris Gehring
Summary: This article provides a historical overview and recent advances in adenylate cyclases (ACs) and cAMP signaling in plants, including the exploration of the active AC functions within multifunctional protein complexes.
Review
Plant Sciences
Wen Song, Alexander Forderer, Dongli Yu, Jijie Chai
Summary: Plants use both membrane-bound and intracellular immune receptors to distinguish self from invaders, initiating pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity respectively. Pathogens can overcome pattern-triggered immunity by secreting effectors, which are specifically recognized by intracellular NLRs receptors.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shoucai Ma, Dmitry Lapin, Li Liu, Yue Sun, Wen Song, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Elke Logemann, Dongli Yu, Jia Wang, Jan Jirschitzka, Zhifu Han, Paul Schulze-Lefert, Jane E. Parker, Jijie Chai
Article
Microbiology
Saskia Bauer, Dongli Yu, Aaron W. Lawson, Isabel M. L. Saur, Lamprinos Frantzeskakis, Barbara Kracher, Elke Logemann, Jijie Chai, Takaki Maekawa, Paul Schulze-Lefert
Summary: Barley powdery mildew caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis forma specialis hordei (Bgh) can lead to annual yield losses of 15% in this cereal crop. Host plants have evolved a variety of disease resistance genes in response to diverse effector molecules secreted by Bgh to modify the immune status and physiology of the host. Among these genes, the Mla resistance gene has undergone diversification in the host population and plays a key role in providing isolate-specific immunity against Bgh.
Article
Microbiology
Kathrin Wippel, Ke Tao, Yulong Niu, Rafal Zgadzaj, Niklas Kiel, Rui Guan, Eik Dahms, Pengfan Zhang, Dorthe B. Jensen, Elke Logemann, Simona Radutoiu, Paul Schulze-Lefert, Ruben Garrido-Oter
Summary: The study reveals that commensal bacteria in root microbiota exhibit host preferences, which are associated with their invasiveness into established root-associated communities, as shown in systematic analyses of synthetic bacterial communities in a gnotobiotic system.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Aolin Jia, Shijia Huang, Wen Song, Junli Wang, Yonggang Meng, Yue Sun, Lina Xu, Henriette Laessle, Jan Jirschitzka, Jiao Hou, Tiantian Zhang, Wenquan Yu, Giuliana Hessler, Ertong Li, Shoucai Ma, Dongli Yu, Jan Gebauer, Ulrich Baumann, Xiaohui Liu, Zhifu Han, Junbiao Chang, Jane E. Parker, Jijie Chai
Summary: In this study, the researchers discovered the enzymatic activity of TIR proteins, which can catalyze the ribosylation of ADP to ATP and ADPR. This enzymatic activity plays a role in activating the immune branch in plants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shijia Huang, Aolin Jia, Wen Song, Giuliana Hessler, Yonggang Meng, Yue Sun, Lina Xu, Henriette Laessle, Jan Jirschitzka, Shoucai Ma, Yu Xiao, Dongli Yu, Jiao Hou, Ruiqi Liu, Huanhuan Sun, Xiaohui Liu, Zhifu Han, Junbiao Chang, Jane E. Parker, Jijie Chai
Summary: This article investigates the role of TIR domain in plant receptors in catalyzing the production of pRib-AMP and pRib-ADP, and finds that these molecules play a crucial role in plant immune signaling, involving the participation of other proteins.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tatsuya Nobori, Yu Cao, Frederickson Entila, Eik Dahms, Yayoi Tsuda, Ruben Garrido-Oter, Kenichi Tsuda
Summary: Interactions between plants and neighboring microbial species play a crucial role in shaping the structure and function of plant microbiota. This study explores the molecular basis of these interactions by colonizing Arabidopsis leaves with nine plant-associated bacteria and analyzing their cotranscriptomes. The findings reveal common and distinct cotranscriptome signatures among plant-commensal pairs and identify genes enriched in the genomes of plant-associated bacteria that may contribute to their adaptation in the host environment.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alexander Foerderer, Ertong Li, Aaron W. Lawson, Ya-nan Deng, Yue Sun, Elke Logemann, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Jie Wen, Zhifu Han, Junbiao Chang, Yuhang Chen, Paul Schulze-Lefert, Jijie Chai
Summary: The study reveals the structure of the wheat CNL Sr35 in complex with the effector AvrSr35, showing the formation of the Sr35 resistosome with non-selective cation channel activity. This suggests the evolutionary conservation of CNL resistosomes in plants and provides a proof of principle for structure-based engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yu Cao, Florian Kuemmel, Elke Logemann, Jan M. Gebauer, Aaron W. Lawson, Dongli Yu, Matthias Uthoff, Beat Keller, Jan Jirschitzka, Ulrich Baumann, Kenichi Tsuda, Jijie Chai, Paul Schulze-Lefert
Summary: In plants, the coevolution between host and pathogen is reflected in adaptive genetic changes in host immune receptors and pathogen effectors. This study focuses on the RNase-like effector family RALPH in grass powdery mildew fungi and reveals variations in the structures and activities of the RALPH effectors. The findings provide insights into the escape of powdery mildew fungi from host recognition and the acquisition of diverse virulence functions.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
He Gao, Wen Song, Edouard Severing, Alice Vayssieres, Bruno Huettel, Rainer Franzen, Rene Richter, Jijie Chai, George Coupland
Summary: The cooperative action of PIF4 and CDF2 promotes hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis by enhancing the binding of CDF2 to common target genes, including the auxin biosynthesis gene YUCCA8.
Article
Plant Sciences
Pingping Qian, Wen Song, Miki Zaizen-Iida, Sawa Kume, Guodong Wang, Ye Zhang, Kaori Kinoshita-Tsujimura, Jijie Chai, Tatsuo Kakimoto
Summary: This study reveals the role of Dof transcription factors in phloem development. It shows that Dof proteins induce phloem formation while also inhibiting excessive phloem cell formation through the secretion of CLE peptides. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of positive feedback regulation in maintaining the balance of phloem differentiation.
