Broad review of “White Etching Crack” failure in wind turbine gearbox bearings: Main factors and experimental investigations

Electrical bearing failures in electric vehicles

(2020) Feng He et al.   Friction

Material composition and heat treatment related influences in resisting rolling contact fatigue under WEC damage conditions

(2020) Mohanchand Paladugu et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

The effect of over-based calcium sulfonate detergent additives on white etching crack (WEC) formation in rolling contact fatigue tested 100Cr6 steel

(2019) A.D. Richardson et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Influence of raceway surface finish on white etching crack generation in WEC critical oil under rolling-sliding conditions

(2019) Mohanchand Paladugu et al.   WEAR

Effect of Retained Austenite on White Etching Crack Behavior of Carburized AISI 8620 Steel Under Boundary Lubrication

(2019) Sougata Roy et al.   TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

The influence of steel microstructure and inclusion characteristics on the formation of premature bearing failures with microstructural alterations

(2019) Benjamin Gould et al.   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING

Hydrogen assisted rolling contact fatigue due to lubricant degradation and formation of white etching areas

(2019) Dominik Kürten et al.   ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS

3D X-ray computerized tomography of White Etching Cracks (WEC)

(2019) H.K. Danielsen et al.   MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION

Figure the impact of steel microstructure and heat treatment on the formation of white etching cracks

(2019) Benjamin Gould et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Finite element simulation of subsurface initiated damage from non-metallic inclusions in wind turbine gearbox bearings

(2019) Hamza A. Al-Tameemi et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Comprehensive analysis of effects of dynamic load frequency and hydrogenation to instigate White Etching Areas (WEAs) formation under severe sliding condition of bearing steel

(2019) K. Sreeraj et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

A unified theory for microstructural alterations in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue

(2018) Hanwei Fu et al.   ACTA MATERIALIA

Replication of white etching area evolution using novel modified dynamic load pin-on-disc tribometer on bearing steel

(2018) K. Sreeraj et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Lubricant Effects on White Etching Cracking Failures in Thrust Bearing Rig Tests

(2018) Tabassumul Haque et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

The Cause of Premature Wind Turbine Bearing Failures: Overloading or Underloading?

(2018) Nikolay T. Garabedian et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

Initiation of sub-surface micro-cracks and white etching areas from debonding at non-metallic inclusions in wind turbine gearbox bearing

(2018) H.A. Al-Tameemi et al.   WEAR

Effect of lubricants on bearing damage in rolling-sliding conditions: Evolution of white etching cracks

(2018) Mohanchand Paladugu et al.   WEAR

Formation of white etching areas in SAE 52100 bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue – Influence of diffusible hydrogen

(2018) M. Oezel et al.   WEAR

Black oxide coating and its effectiveness on prevention of hydrogen uptake

(2018) S. W. Ooi et al.   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The origins of white etching cracks and their significance to rolling bearing failures

(2018) Francesco Manieri et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

The predominant role of strain-induced vacancies in hydrogen embrittlement of steels: Overview

(2018) Michihiko Nagumo et al.   ACTA MATERIALIA

Deformation-induced amorphization and austenitization in white etching area of a martensite bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue

(2017) Yun-Shuai Su et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Electron microscopy investigations of microstructural alterations due to classical Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) in martensitic AISI 52100 bearing steel

(2017) Viktorija Šmeļova et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Energy dissipation at rubbing crack faces in rolling contact fatigue as the mechanism of white etching area formation

(2017) Yuri Kadin et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Microstructural changes in White Etching Cracks (WECs) and their relationship with those in Dark Etching Region (DER) and White Etching Bands (WEBs) due to Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)

(2017) Viktorija Šmeļova et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Atomic scale characterization of white etching area and its adjacent matrix in a martensitic 100Cr6 bearing steel

(2017) Y.J. Li et al.   MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION

Evolution of white-etching cracks and associated microstructural alterations during bearing tests

(2017) S. W. Ooi et al.   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

White etching matter promoted by intergranular embrittlement

(2017) Mohanchand Paladugu et al.   SCRIPTA MATERIALIA

Using advanced tomography techniques to investigate the development of White Etching Cracks in a prematurely failed field bearing

(2017) Benjamin Gould et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Development of a novel in-situ technique for hydrogen uptake evaluation from a lubricated tribocontact

(2017) Erfan Abedi Esfahani et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Investigation of Microstructural Alterations in Low- and High-Speed Intermediate-Stage Wind Turbine Gearbox Bearings

(2017) Harpal Singh et al.   TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

The Effect of Lubricant Additives on Hydrogen Permeation Under Rolling Contact

(2017) Hiroyoshi Tanaka et al.   TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

Thermal Desorption Analysis of Hydrogen in Non-hydrogen-Charged Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel

(2017) A. D. Richardson et al.   TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

White Etching Cracking—Simulation in Bearing Rig and Bench Tests

(2017) Joerg Franke et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

Microstructure deformation and white etching matter formation along cracks

(2017) Mohanchand Paladugu et al.   WEAR

Microstructural evolution in bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue

(2017) Shu-Xin Li et al.   WEAR

Multiscale characterization of White Etching Cracks (WEC) in a 100Cr6 bearing from a thrust bearing test rig

(2017) H.K. Danielsen et al.   WEAR

An analysis of premature cracking associated with microstructural alterations in an AISI 52100 failed wind turbine bearing using X-ray tomography

(2017) Benjamin Gould et al.   MATERIALS & DESIGN

Soft novel form of white-etching matter and ductile failure of carbide-free bainitic steels under rolling contact stresses

(2016) W. Solano-Alvarez et al.   ACTA MATERIALIA

Effects of Electrostatic Discharges on Bearing Grease Dielectric Strength and Composition

(2016) Aleksei Romanenko et al.   IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS

Predictive Gibbs-energy approach to crystalline/amorphous relative stability of nanoparticles: Size-effect calculations and experimental test

(2016) J.L. Pelegrina et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS

Bearing performance as a function of structure and heat treatment

(2016) T. Blass et al.   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

An updated review: white etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks in wind turbine gearbox bearings

(2016) M.-H. Evans   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Electrical pitting of tilting-pad thrust bearings: Modelling and experimental evidence

(2016) Steven Chatterton et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Fatigue resistant carbon coatings for rolling/sliding contacts

(2016) Harpal Singh et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Investigating the Process of White Etching Crack Initiation in Bearing Steel

(2016) Benjamin Gould et al.   TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

Influence of Currents from Electrostatic Charges on WEC Formation in Rolling Bearings

(2016) Joerg Loos et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

WEC Formation in Rolling Bearings under Mixed Friction: Influences and “Friction Energy Accumulation” as Indicator

(2016) Wolfram Kruhöffer et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

Investigation on the mechanisms of white etching crack (WEC) formation in rolling contact fatigue and identification of a root cause for bearing premature failure

(2016) Junbiao Lai et al.   WEAR

Formation of white etching cracks at manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions in bearing steel due to hammering impact loading

(2016) T. Bruce et al.   WIND ENERGY

Observations of the effect of varying Hoop stress on fatigue failure and the formation of white etching areas in hydrogen infused 100Cr6 steel rings

(2015) Shravan Janakiraman et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Critical Assessment 13: Elimination of white etching matter in bearing steels

(2015) H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia et al.   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Influence of Sliding and Contact Severity on the Generation of White Etching Cracks

(2015) Benjamin Gould et al.   TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

The Numerical Model of Electrothermal Deformations of Carbides in Bearing Steel as the Possible Cause of White Etching Cracks Initiation

(2015) Mihails Ščepanskis et al.   TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

Comparison of Black Oxide and Tungsten Carbide–Reinforced Diamond-Like Carbon (WC/a-C:H) Surface Treatments for Rolling Element Bearings

(2015) Ryan D. Evans et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

Friction and wear properties of black oxide surfaces in rolling/sliding contacts

(2015) Carl H. Hager et al.   WEAR

Characterisation of white etching crack damage in wind turbine gearbox bearings

(2015) T. Bruce et al.   WEAR

White-Etching Matter in Bearing Steel. Part I: Controlled Cracking of 52100 Steel

(2014) W. Solano-Alvarez et al.   METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE

White-Etching Matter in Bearing Steel. Part II: Distinguishing Cause and Effect in Bearing Steel Failure

(2014) W. Solano-Alvarez et al.   METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE

Understanding white etching cracks in rolling element bearings: Formation mechanisms and influent tribochemical drivers

(2014) Arnaud Ruellan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART J-JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY

Confirming subsurface initiation at non-metallic inclusions as one mechanism for white etching crack (WEC) formation

(2014) M.-H. Evans et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

White Etching Crack Root Cause Investigations

(2014) Walter Holweger et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

A FIB/TEM study of butterfly crack formation and white etching area (WEA) microstructural changes under rolling contact fatigue in 100Cr6 bearing steel

(2013) M.-H. Evans et al.   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING

White etching crack (WEC) investigation by serial sectioning, focused ion beam and 3-D crack modelling

(2013) M.-H. Evans et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

The Antagonism between Succinimide Dispersants and a Secondary Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate

(2013) Jie Zhang et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

Prevention of Smearing Damage in Cylindrical Roller Bearings

(2013) Ryan D. Evans et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

Investigations of Bearing Failures Associated with White Etching Areas (WEAs) in Wind Turbine Gearboxes

(2013) Robert Errichello et al.   TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS

Effect of hydrogen on butterfly and white etching crack (WEC) formation under rolling contact fatigue (RCF)

(2013) M.-H. Evans et al.   WEAR

Material wear and fatigue in wind turbine Systems

(2013) A. Greco et al.   WEAR

Atomic-scale intermixing, amorphization and microstructural development in a multicomponent system subjected to surface severe plastic deformation

(2012) S. Romankov et al.   ACTA MATERIALIA

Surface damage on new AS60 rail caused by wheel slip

(2012) Sarvesh Pal et al.   ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS

White structure flaking (WSF) in wind turbine gearbox bearings: effects of ‘butterflies’ and white etching cracks (WECs)

(2012) M-H Evans   MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Unveiling the nature of hydrogen embrittlement in bearing steels employing a new technique

(2012) B.A. Szost et al.   SCRIPTA MATERIALIA

Effect of as-ground surface and the BALINIT® C and Nb–S coatings on contact fatigue damage in gears

(2012) V. Moorthy et al.   TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Serial sectioning investigation of butterfly and white etching crack (WEC) formation in wind turbine gearbox bearings

(2012) M.-H. Evans et al.   WEAR

Effects of plasticity on subsurface initiated spalling in rolling contact fatigue

(2011) Anurag Warhadpande et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Thermal Desorption Analysis of Hydrogen in High Strength Martensitic Steels

(2011) M. Enomoto et al.   METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE

Steels for bearings

(2011) H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia   PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE

Wear and smearing resistance of black iron mixed oxide coated steels

(2010) A. Mihailidis et al.   International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering

Tribological advancements for reliable wind turbine performance

(2010) M. N. Kotzalas et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES

EBSD investigation of the crack initiation and TEM/FIB analyses of the microstructural changes around the cracks formed under Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)

(2009) A. Grabulov et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE

Effects of hydrogen on fatigue crack growth behavior of austenitic stainless steels

(2008) T KANEZAKI et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY