The Impact of African Ancestry on Prostate Cancer Disparities in the Era of Precision Medicine

Use of empiric methods to inform prostate cancer health disparities: Comparison of neighborhood‐wide association study “hits” in black and white men

(2020) Shannon M. Lynch et al.   CANCER

Survival of African American and non‐Hispanic white men with prostate cancer in an equal‐access health care system

(2020) Paul Riviere et al.   CANCER

Integrative comparison of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape between prostate cancer patients of predominantly African or European genetic ancestry

(2020) Jiao Yuan et al.   PLoS Genetics

TMPRSS2‐ERG fusions linked to prostate cancer racial health disparities: A focus on Africa

(2019) James Blackburn et al.   PROSTATE

The Relative Importance of Race Compared to Healthcare and Social Factors in Predicting Prostate Cancer Mortality: A Random Forest Approach

(2019) Heidi A. Hanson et al.   JOURNAL OF UROLOGY

Racial differences in distribution of fatty acids in prostate cancer and benign prostatic tissues

(2019) Xinchun Zhou et al.   Lipids in Health and Disease

Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African-American/black scientists

(2019) Travis A. Hoppe et al.   Science Advances

Disparities Research, Disparities Researchers, and Health Equity

(2019) Mercedes R. Carnethon et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Cancer statistics, 2018

(2018) Rebecca L. Siegel et al.   CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS

A Review of Prostate Cancer Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

(2018) Sarah Benafif et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Fatty acid profile in peri-prostatic adipose tissue and prostate cancer aggressiveness in African–Caribbean and Caucasian patients

(2018) Sandy Figiel et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER

Racial Disparity in Delivering Definitive Therapy for Intermediate/High-risk Localized Prostate Cancer: The Impact of Facility Features and Socioeconomic Characteristics

(2018) David F. Friedlander et al.   EUROPEAN UROLOGY

Abi Race: A prospective, multicenter study of black (B) and white (W) patients (pts) with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with abiraterone acetate and prednisone (AAP).

(2018) Daniel J. George et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Survival: The Contribution of Tumor, Sociodemographic, Institutional, and Neighborhood Characteristics

(2018) Libby Ellis et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Genetic risk of prostate cancer in Ugandan men

(2018) Zhaohui Du et al.   PROSTATE

Rare germline mutations in African American men diagnosed with early-onset prostate cancer

(2018) Jennifer L. Beebe-Dimmer et al.   PROSTATE

Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

(2018) Francesca L Crowe et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION

Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

(2018) Freddie Bray et al.   CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS

Attitudes Toward Genomic Testing and Prostate Cancer Research Among Black Men

(2018) Charles R. Rogers et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Germline Mutations in ATM and BRCA1/2 Are Associated with Grade Reclassification in Men on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer

(2018) H. Ballentine Carter et al.   EUROPEAN UROLOGY

Prostate Cancer–Specific Mortality Across Gleason Scores in Black vs Nonblack Men

(2018) Brandon A. Mahal et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Quality of Care in the Treatment of Localized Intermediate and High Risk Prostate Cancer at Minority Serving Hospitals

(2018) Marieke J. Krimphove et al.   JOURNAL OF UROLOGY

Increased frequency of germline BRCA2 mutations associates with prostate cancer metastasis in a racially diverse patient population

(2018) Gyorgy Petrovics et al.   PROSTATE CANCER AND PROSTATIC DISEASES

Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of PTEN Loss in African-American and European-American Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy

(2017) Jeffrey J. Tosoian et al.   EUROPEAN UROLOGY

Germline Mutations in ATM and BRCA1/2 Distinguish Risk for Lethal and Indolent Prostate Cancer and are Associated with Early Age at Death

(2017) Rong Na et al.   EUROPEAN UROLOGY

Two Novel Susceptibility Loci for Prostate Cancer in Men of African Ancestry

(2017) David V Conti et al.   JNCI-Journal of the National Cancer Institute

PD09-05 PARTICIPATION OF BLACK MEN WITH PROSTATE CANCER: A LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF 25 YEARS (1991-2015) OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

(2017) Laurel Nightingale et al.   JOURNAL OF UROLOGY

Inequality and the health-care system in the USA

(2017) Samuel L Dickman et al.   LANCET

Twenty-First Century Precision Medicine in Oncology: Genomic Profiling in Patients With Cancer

(2017) Mitesh J. Borad et al.   MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS

Prostate Cancer Genetics: Variation by Race, Ethnicity, and Geography

(2017) Timothy R. Rebbeck   SEMINARS IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY

Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Treatment for Prostate Cancer: Does Cancer Severity Matter?

(2017) Kelvin A. Moses et al.   UROLOGY

Exome Sequencing of African-American Prostate Cancer Reveals Loss-of-Function ERF Mutations

(2017) Franklin W. Huang et al.   Cancer Discovery

Two Novel Susceptibility Loci for Prostate Cancer in Men of African Ancestry

(2017) David V Conti et al.   JNCI-Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Prostate Cancer and Socioeconomic Status in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer

(2016) Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage

(2016) Thomas C. Buchmueller et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

On the generalizability of prostate cancer studies: why race matters

(2016) O. Oren et al.   ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY

HOXB13 and other high penetrant genes for prostate cancer

(2016) KathleenA Cooney et al.   ASIAN JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY

Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2016: Progress and opportunities in reducing racial disparities

(2016) Carol E. DeSantis et al.   CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS

Meat, Fish, Poultry, and Egg Intake at Diagnosis and Risk of Prostate Cancer Progression

(2016) K. M. Wilson et al.   Cancer Prevention Research

Mutational Landscape of Aggressive Prostate Tumors in African American Men

(2016) Karla J. Lindquist et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

African American Participation in Oncology Clinical Trials—Focus on Prostate Cancer: Implications, Barriers, and Potential Solutions

(2016) Chiledum Ahaghotu et al.   Clinical Genitourinary Cancer

Racial Variations in Prostate Cancer Molecular Subtypes and Androgen Receptor Signaling Reflect Anatomic Tumor Location

(2016) Farzana A. Faisal et al.   EUROPEAN UROLOGY

Understanding associations among race, socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects.

(2016) David R. Williams et al.   HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

Prostate Cancer Susceptibility in Men of African Ancestry at 8q24

(2016) Ying Han et al.   JNCI-Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Genomics is failing on diversity

(2016) Alice B. Popejoy et al.   NATURE

Taking race out of human genetics

(2016) M. Yudell et al.   SCIENCE

Association between RNASEL, MSR1, and ELAC2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene expression in prostate cancer risk

(2016) Maria Jesus Alvarez-Cubero et al.   UROLOGIC ONCOLOGY-SEMINARS AND ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS

Disparities in Treatment of Patients With High-risk Prostate Cancer: Results From a Population-based Cohort

(2016) Elyn H. Wang et al.   UROLOGY

Prostate Cancer Susceptibility in Men of African Ancestry at 8q24

(2016) Ying Han et al.   JNCI-Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Genomic Sequencing

(2016) Daniel E. Spratt et al.   JAMA Oncology

Gender- and Ethnic-Specific Associations with Obesity: Individual and Neighborhood-Level Factors

(2016) Charnita Zeigler-Johnson et al.   JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Are strict vegetarians protected against prostate cancer?

(2015) Yessenia Tantamango-Bartley et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION

The HOXB13 G84E Mutation Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Prostate Cancer and Other Malignancies

(2015) J. L. Beebe-Dimmer et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort

(2015) Yambazi Banda et al.   GENETICS

Disparities in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Trials

(2015) Daniel E. Spratt et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Novel Biomarker Signature That May Predict Aggressive Disease in African American Men With Prostate Cancer

(2015) Kosj Yamoah et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Prostate cancer in men of African origin

(2015) Kathleen F. McGinley et al.   Nature Reviews Urology

A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer

(2015) Lauren C. Bylsma et al.   Nutrition Journal

Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry in Unrelated Transplant Matching for the National Marrow Donor Program: A Comparison of Multiple Forms of Self-Identification with Genetics

(2015) Jill A. Hollenbach et al.   PLoS One

Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort

(2015) Yambazi Banda et al.   GENETICS

Difference in Association of Obesity With Prostate Cancer Risk Between US African American and Non-Hispanic White Men in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)

(2015) Wendy E. Barrington et al.   JAMA Oncology

A novel genomic alteration of LSAMP associates with aggressive prostate cancer in African American men

(2015) Gyorgy Petrovics et al.   EBioMedicine

SPOP Mutations in Prostate Cancer across Demographically Diverse Patient Cohorts

(2015) Mirjam Blattner et al.   NEOPLASIA

Under-representation of racial minorities in prostate cancer studies submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration to support potential marketing approval, 1993-2013

(2014) Michel D. Wissing et al.   CANCER

The Heritability of Prostate Cancer in the Nordic Twin Study of Cancer

(2014) J. B. Hjelmborg et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Reducing Prostate Cancer Racial Disparity: Evidence for Aggressive Early Prostate Cancer PSA Testing of African American Men

(2014) I. J. Powell et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Evidence for Molecular Differences in Prostate Cancer between African American and Caucasian Men

(2014) F. Khani et al.   CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Targeted Prostate Cancer Screening in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Results from the Initial Screening Round of the IMPACT Study

(2014) Elizabeth K. Bancroft et al.   EUROPEAN UROLOGY

Generalizability of established prostate cancer risk variants in men of African ancestry

(2014) Ying Han et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of a DNA Hypermethylated Gene Signature in Prostate Cancer

(2014) Liang Kee Goh et al.   PLoS One

High animal fat intake enhances prostate cancer progression and reduces glutathione peroxidase 3 expression in early stages of TRAMP mice

(2014) Seo-Na Chang et al.   PROSTATE

8q24 risk alleles and prostate cancer in African-Barbadian men

(2014) Cheryl D. Cropp et al.   PROSTATE

Prostate cancer risk prediction based on complete prostate cancer family history

(2014) Frederick Albright et al.   PROSTATE

Building Trust for Engagement of Minorities in Human Subjects Research: Is the Glass Half Full, Half Empty, or the Wrong Size?

(2013) Sandra C. Quinn et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators to Minority Research Participation Among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders

(2013) Sheba George et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

A genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in West African men

(2013) Michael Blaise Cook et al.   HUMAN GENETICS

Genetic and Molecular Differences in Prostate Carcinogenesis between African American and Caucasian American Men

(2013) James Farrell et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

GermlineBRCAMutations Are Associated With Higher Risk of Nodal Involvement, Distant Metastasis, and Poor Survival Outcomes in Prostate Cancer

(2013) Elena Castro et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY

Identification of 23 new prostate cancer susceptibility loci using the iCOGS custom genotyping array

(2013) Rosalind A Eeles et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Race in Biological and Biomedical Research

(2013) R. S. Cooper   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Coaching Intervention As a Strategy for Minority Recruitment to Cancer Clinical Trials

(2013) Paula M. Fracasso et al.   Journal of Oncology Practice

Dietary Fatty Acid Intake and Prostate Cancer Survival in Orebro County, Sweden

(2012) M. M. Epstein et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Under the Radar: How Unexamined Biases in Decision-Making Processes in Clinical Interactions Can Contribute to Health Care Disparities

(2012) John F. Dovidio et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Recruitment of ethnic minorities into cancer clinical trials: experience from the front lines

(2012) R P Symonds et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER

HOXB13 is a susceptibility gene for prostate cancer: results from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG)

(2012) Jianfeng Xu et al.   HUMAN GENETICS

Germline Mutations inHOXB13and Prostate-Cancer Risk

(2012) Charles M. Ewing et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Radical Prostatectomy versus Observation for Localized Prostate Cancer

(2012) Timothy J. Wilt et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Genetic Ancestry, Self-Reported Race and Ethnicity in African Americans and European Americans in the PCaP Cohort

(2012) Lara E. Sucheston et al.   PLoS One

8q24 risk alleles in West African and Caribbean men

(2012) Adam B. Murphy et al.   PROSTATE

Polymorphisms inCYP17andCYP3A4and prostate cancer in men of African descent

(2012) Emanuela Taioli et al.   PROSTATE

Relationship between Dietary Factors and Prostate-Specific Antigen in Healthy Men

(2012) Kazuhiro Ohwaki et al.   UROLOGIA INTERNATIONALIS

The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age

(2011) Paula Braveman et al.   Annual Review of Public Health

Enhancements to the ADMIXTURE algorithm for individual ancestry estimation

(2011) David H Alexander et al.   BMC BIOINFORMATICS

Validation of Genome-Wide Prostate Cancer Associations in Men of African Descent

(2011) B.-L. Chang et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Obesity and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness among African and Caucasian Americans in a Population-Based Study

(2011) L. J. Su et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Interactions among genes, tumor biology and the environment in cancer health disparities: examining the evidence on a national and global scale

(2011) T. A. Wallace et al.   CARCINOGENESIS

Genome-wide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility in Finland: Evidence for a novel locus on 2q37.3 and confirmation of signal on 17q21-q22

(2011) Cheryl D. Cropp et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Comparing genetic ancestry and self-reported race/ethnicity in a multiethnic population in New York City

(2011) Yin Leng Lee et al.   JOURNAL OF GENETICS

Historical determinants of contemporary attributes of African descendants in the Americas: The androgen receptor holds the key

(2011) W.D. Aiken   MEDICAL HYPOTHESES

Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry identifies a susceptibility locus at 17q21

(2011) Christopher A Haiman et al.   NATURE GENETICS

An Epidemiological Reappraisal of the Familial Aggregation of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

(2011) Michał Kiciński et al.   PLoS One

CYP17 gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis based on 38 independent studies

(2011) Fang Wang et al.   PROSTATE

Suggestive evidence of linkage identified at chromosomes 12q24 and 2p16 in African American prostate cancer families from louisiana

(2011) Elisa M. Ledet et al.   PROSTATE

Predictive value in the analysis of RNASEL genotypes in relation to prostate cancer

(2011) M J Alvarez-Cubero et al.   PROSTATE CANCER AND PROSTATIC DISEASES

Race, Ethnicity, and NIH Research Awards

(2011) D. K. Ginther et al.   SCIENCE

Characterizing Genetic Risk at Known Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Loci in African Americans

(2011) Christopher A. Haiman et al.   PLoS Genetics

Racial differences in PSA screening interval and stage at diagnosis

(2010) William R. Carpenter et al.   CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL

CYP17 gene polymorphism and prostate cancer susceptibility in a Tunisian population

(2010) Yousra Souiden et al.   Cancer Epidemiology

Identification of Differentially Methylated Genes in Normal Prostate Tissues from African American and Caucasian Men

(2010) B. Kwabi-Addo et al.   CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008

(2010) Jacques Ferlay et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER

Androgen Receptor CAG Repeat Length and Association With Prostate Cancer Risk: Results From the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

(2010) Douglas K. Price et al.   JOURNAL OF UROLOGY

Evidence Supports a Faster Growth Rate and/or Earlier Transformation to Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in Black Than in White American Men, and Influences Racial Progression and Mortality Disparity

(2010) Isaac J. Powell et al.   JOURNAL OF UROLOGY

Chromosome 8 markers of metastatic prostate cancer in African American men: Gain of the MIR151 gene and loss of the NKX3-1 gene

(2010) Nandita Barnabas et al.   PROSTATE

Disparities at presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and survival in African American men, affected by prostate cancer

(2010) Ganna Chornokur et al.   PROSTATE

Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature

(2010) Renee E. Walker et al.   HEALTH & PLACE

Obesity and Cancer Risk: Recent Review and Evidence

(2010) Karen Basen-Engquist et al.   Current Oncology Reports

Putting the “Community” into Community-Based Participatory Research

(2009) Roseanne Bilodeau et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Effective Recruitment of Minority Populations Through Community-Led Strategies

(2009) Carol R. Horowitz et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

An ancestry informative marker set for determining continental origin: validation and extension using human genome diversity panels

(2009) Rami Nassir et al.   BMC GENETICS

Obesity as a predictor of adverse outcome across black and white race

(2009) Jayakrishnan Jayachandran et al.   CANCER

Socioeconomic status and prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates among the diverse population of California

(2009) Iona Cheng et al.   CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL

Generalizability of Associations from Prostate Cancer Genome-Wide Association Studies in Multiple Populations

(2009) K. M. Waters et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Prostate Cancer Risk Associated Loci in African Americans

(2009) J. Xu et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

Germ-Line Mutations in Mismatch Repair Genes Associated with Prostate Cancer

(2009) E. M. Grindedal et al.   CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION

ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer

(2009) Jeremy P. Clark et al.   Nature Reviews Urology

Strategies for Recruiting African American Men Into Prostate Cancer Screening Studies

(2009) Randy A. Jones et al.   NURSING RESEARCH

Replication of prostate cancer risk loci on 8q24, 11q13, 17q12, 19q33, and Xp11 in African Americans

(2009) Stanley Hooker et al.   PROSTATE

Racial Differences in Risk of Prostate Cancer Associated With Metabolic Syndrome

(2009) Jennifer L. Beebe-Dimmer et al.   UROLOGY

Interplay of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Treatment on Survival of Patients With Prostate Cancer

(2009) Kendra Schwartz et al.   UROLOGY

Race and ancestry in biomedical research: exploring the challenges

(2009) Timothy Caulfield et al.   Genome Medicine

Prostate cancer disparities in Black men of African descent: a comparative literature review of prostate cancer burden among Black men in the United States, Caribbean, United Kingdom, and West Africa

(2009) Folakemi T Odedina et al.   Infectious Agents and Cancer

Prostate cancer in male BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers has a more aggressive phenotype

(2008) A Mitra et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER

Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in a nested case–control study: the Multiethnic Cohort

(2008) Song-Yi Park et al.   CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL

Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis: selected findings from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results: National Longitudinal Mortality Study

(2008) Limin X. Clegg et al.   CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL

The androgen receptor CAG and GGN repeat polymorphisms and prostate cancer susceptibility in African-American men: results from the Flint Men’s Health Study

(2008) Ethan M. Lange et al.   JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Common sequence variants on 2p15 and Xp11.22 confer susceptibility to prostate cancer

(2008) Julius Gudmundsson et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Multiple newly identified loci associated with prostate cancer susceptibility

(2008) Rosalind A Eeles et al.   NATURE GENETICS

The Second World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Expert Report. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective

(2008) Martin Wiseman   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY

Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Prostate Cancer Outcomes in Black Patients Treated with Surgery

(2008) Atreya Dash et al.   UROLOGY

Does Race Affect Postoperative Outcomes in Patients With Low-Risk Prostate Cancer Who Undergo Radical Prostatectomy?

(2008) M.J. Resnick et al.   UROLOGY

Genetic polymorphisms inCYP17,CYP3A4,CYP19A1,SRD5A2,IGF-1, andIGFBP-3 and prostate cancer risk in African-American men: The Flint Men's Health Study

(2007) Aruna V. Sarma et al.   PROSTATE