Review
Cell Biology
Qinwen Wang, Qianyue Yang, Xingyin Liu
Summary: The gut microbiota interacts with the brain through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, regulating physiological processes and impacting neurodevelopmental disorders. Researchers have identified three pathways through which the gut microbiota regulates neurodevelopment: the immune pathway, the neuronal pathway, and the endocrine/systemic pathway. This review provides an overview of research advancements in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodevelopmental disorders and discusses the current state and future perspectives in this field.
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Himanshi Yadav, Jaldhi, Rati Bhardwaj, Anamika, Amrita Bakshi, Suchi Gupta, Shashank Kumar Maurya
Summary: Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating brain functions and maintaining brain homeostasis. Disturbed gut microbiota has been associated with various neurological diseases, while gut microbiome-derived exosomes have shown potential as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological interventions, including antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics, can influence the management of neurological diseases mediated by the gut microbiome. However, further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the gut-brain connection and its implications for neurological diseases.
Review
Neurosciences
Amy S. Graham, Benneth Ben-Azu, Marie-Eve Tremblay, Peter Torre, Marjanne Senekal, Barbara Laughton, Andre van der Kouwe, Marcin Jankiewicz, Mamadou Kaba, Martha J. Holmes
Summary: Hearing loss has a significant impact on healthcare resources worldwide and affects the quality of life for those affected. The connection between gut microbes and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis, has been established in various diseases, but its role in other parts of the body is not well explored. This review aims to explore the potential mechanisms that connect the auditory system to the gut-brain axis. The review identifies several potential key players and suggests that further research may lead to effective interventions for treating hearing loss.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Jasmine Carter, Jeffery Bettag, Sylvia Morfin, Chandrashekhara Manithody, Aakash Nagarapu, Aditya Jain, Hala Nazzal, Sai Prem, Meghan Unes, Matthew McHale, Chien-Jung Lin, Chelsea Hutchinson, Grace Trello, Arti Jain, Edward Portz, Arun Verma, Marzena Swiderska-Syn, Daniel Goldenberg, Kento Kurashima
Summary: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a condition caused by a reduction in the length or functional capacity of the intestine. The gut microbiome plays a significant role in modulating disease progression in SBS patients. The composition and shifts of gut bacteria in SBS and the resulting systemic effects have been extensively studied, revealing the variability and dependence on multiple factors. The bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, regulated by the microbiome, known as the gut-brain axis (GBA), also has implications in SBS.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Ewelina Mlynarska, Joanna Gadzinowska, Julita Tokarek, Joanna Forycka, Aleksandra Szuman, Beata Franczyk, Jacek Rysz
Summary: This review investigates the impact of gut microbiota on the development of depression and the underlying molecular mechanisms. There are two possible pathways in which this interaction might occur, one suggesting that depressive disorder could lead to dysbiosis and the other considering if changes in gut microbiota might cause depressive disorder. The mechanisms responsible for this interaction include the secretion of neurotransmitters, gut peptides, and the activation of the immune system. However, more research is needed to explore the direct mechanisms of the interaction between gut microbiota and mental health.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Carina Carbia, Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen, Luigi Francesco Iannone, Ruben Garcia-Cabrerizo, Serena Boscaini, Kirsten Berding, Conall R. Strain, Gerard Clarke, Catherine Stanton, Timothy G. Dinan, John F. Cryan
Summary: This study investigated the effects of alcohol consumption on the gut microbiome and its association with social cognition, impulsivity, and craving. The results showed that binge drinking was associated with changes in the microbiome and difficulties in emotional recognition. Craving was strongly linked to alterations in the microbiome over time. These findings highlight the role of the gut microbiome as a regulator of social cognition and its relevance for addressing early alcohol-related issues during adolescence.
Review
Immunology
Ziyi Zhang, Zhihui Liu, Ao Lv, Chenhui Fan
Summary: Recently, researchers have discovered a possible link between Parkinson's disease and the gut microbiome, establishing the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) have been identified as key players in maintaining gut homeostasis. Dysregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 is observed in Parkinson's disease patients, suggesting their involvement in early gut dysfunction. This study reviews clinical, animal, and in vitro studies to investigate the role of TLR2 and TLR4 dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, and proposes a conceptual model where microbial dysbiosis disrupts the gut barrier and TLR2/TLR4 signaling, leading to chronic gut dysfunction and α-synuclein aggregation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Heather Hulme, Lynsey M. Meikle, Nicole Strittmatter, John Swales, Gregory Hamm, Sheila L. Brown, Simon Milling, Andrew S. MacDonald, Richard J. A. Goodwin, Richard Burchmore, Daniel M. Wall
Summary: Microbes have significant effects on the levels of neurotransmitters and their precursors in the brain. Antibiotic treatment does not cause significant changes in these metabolites in the brain.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY
(2022)
Review
Neurosciences
Charlotte R. Denman, Sang Myun Park, Junghyun Jo
Summary: Gut dysbiosis and psychiatric symptoms are common early manifestations of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have found that these pathological proteins are linked with gut dysbiosis and psychiatric disorders. The gut-brain axis acts as a bidirectional communication pathway between the enteric and central nervous systems, influencing brain function and behavior. This review summarizes the roles of gut dysbiosis and psychiatric disorders in pathological protein-related neurodegenerative diseases and explores the interrelationships and overlaps between them.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Elisa Menozzi, Jane Macnaughtan, Anthony H. V. Schapira
Summary: Gastrointestinal disorders are a significant issue for patients with Parkinson's disease, potentially caused by intestinal inflammation and changes in gut microbiota, but the mechanisms remain unclear. PD patients often experience a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, impacting their quality of life. Despite research attention, understanding and management of gastrointestinal disorders in PD patients continue to be inadequate.
ANNALS OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
N. N. Gancz, J. A. Levinson, B. L. Callaghan
Summary: A large body of research from animal models has shown bidirectional relationships between the brain-gut-microbiome axis and sex. However, these findings have not translated well to human models. The oversimplified approach to sex and the lack of consideration for gender may be contributing factors. Research practices that consider the complexity of sex and gender will enhance our understanding of the system and improve the development of treatments for related health outcomes.
BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Longsha Liu, Jun R. Huh, Khalid Shah
Summary: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the development of neurological diseases, and this article explores the complex interactions between the gut microbiome and neurological conditions. It discusses the transition from lab research to clinical application and the limitations of current approaches. The authors emphasize the need for therapeutic models that take into account the diverse gut bacteria to advance the treatment of neurological diseases.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Tingting Ku, Yutong Liu, Yuanyuan Xie, Jindong Hu, Yanwen Hou, Xin Tan, Xia Ning, Guangke Li, Nan Sang
Summary: In this study, the potential cognitive risks and mechanisms of tebuconazole on mice were investigated. The results showed that tebuconazole impaired spatial learning and memory and downregulated the expression of glutamate receptor subunits. Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes in gut microbiota composition and diversity, as well as disruption of intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, probiotics were found to improve immune factor expression and restore synaptic function and cognitive impairment.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Hwei-Ee Tan
Summary: Humans and animals have instinctive physiological responses to threats. The stress response, triggered by the perception of threat, can lead to major depressive disorders and other mental impairments. Understanding the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of mental disorders, including depression, may revolutionize our understanding of the biology of stress and depression.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kazunori Suda, Kazunori Matsuda
Summary: The gut microbiome influences the brain functions and psychological state of its host through the gut-brain axis, and gut dysbiosis is associated with mental illnesses. Animal experiments have shown that gut microbiota depletion leads to behavioral changes and pathological changes. Short-chain fatty acids like butyrate are associated with the up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and gut dysbiosis causes decreased levels of BDNF, potentially impacting neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. The influx of gut microbial components and systemic inflammation may cause neuroinflammation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Francisco Donoso, John F. Cryan, Loreto Olavarria-Ramirez, Yvonne M. Nolan, Gerard Clarke
Summary: Depression is a major public health concern, and current pharmacological treatments are not equally effective for all patients. Lifestyle-oriented approaches, such as physical exercise and special diets, show promise as adjunctive therapies. However, the mechanisms underlying these strategies are not fully understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that physical exercise and specific diets can modulate the immune system and gut microbiota composition.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kirsten Berding, Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen, Gerard M. Moloney, Serena Boscaini, Conall R. Strain, Andrea Anesi, Caitriona Long-Smith, Fulvio Mattivi, Catherine Stanton, Gerard Clarke, Timothy G. Dinan, John F. Cryan
Summary: This study investigated the impact of a psychobiotic diet on the microbial profile and mental health in a healthy population. The results showed that the psychobiotic diet reduced perceived stress and improved stress levels, although it only had subtle effects on microbial composition and function. In addition, higher adherence to the diet was associated with greater decreases in perceived stress.
MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Harriet Schellekens, Gabriela Ribeiro, Cristina Cuesta-Marti, John F. Cryan
Summary: Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of nutrition on the gut-brain axis. However, it is still unclear whether nutrition directly affects the microbiota-gut-brain interaction or if diet influences the composition and function of the microbiota, which in turn affects central nervous system function, brain phenotypes, and behavior. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms and translate the findings from animal and in vitro studies to human intervention studies.
NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Samuele Laudani, Sebastiano A. Torrisi, Silvia Alboni, Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen, Cristina Benatti, Veronica Rivi, Rachel D. Moloney, Virginia Fuochi, Pio M. Furneri, Filippo Drago, Salvatore Salomone, Fabio Tascedda, John F. Cryan, Gian Marco Leggio
Summary: Mounting evidence suggests a link between gut microbiota abnormalities and PTSD, but the influence of gut microbiota on PTSD susceptibility is poorly understood. This study demonstrates pre-trauma and post-trauma gut microbiota alterations in susceptible mice with persistent PTSD-related phenotypes. The findings suggest that gut microbiota abnormalities contribute to trauma susceptibility and could be a potential therapeutic target for PTSD.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2023)
Article
Psychiatry
Jessica Emily Green, Michael Berk, Mohammadreza Mohebbi, Amy Loughman, Amelia J. McGuinness, David Castle, Mary Lou Chatterton, Joahna Perez, Philip Strandwitz, Eugene Athan, Christopher Hair, Andrew A. Nierenberg, John F. Cryan, Felice Jacka
Summary: This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a treatment for major depressive disorder. The results suggest that FMT is a feasible, acceptable, well-tolerated, and safe treatment for depression, supporting further research on its clinical efficacy.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Anna Ratsika, Joana S. Cruz Pereira, Caoimhe M. K. Lynch, Gerard Clarke, John F. Cryan
Summary: There is growing recognition of the gut microbiota's key role in maintaining homeostasis and influencing brain and behavior. Communication between the gut and the brain, mediated by the immune system, appears to be crucial in understanding various neuropsychiatric disorders. This review discusses the factors contributing to the balance between health and disease of these systems and explores the potential mechanistic implications of gut microbiota modulation on host brain and behavior across the lifespan.
Article
Neurosciences
Emily G. Knox, Caoimhe M. K. Lynch, Ye Seul Lee, Caitriona M. O'Driscoll, Gerard Clarke, John F. Cryan, Maria R. Aburto
Summary: The gut microbiota communicates with the brain through various pathways, including the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Using a germ-free mouse model, researchers found that the integrity of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the choroid plexus epithelium was compromised. However, there were no differences observed in the capillary structure.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Editorial Material
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Paraminder Dhillon, John F. Cryan
Summary: John F. Cryan is a leading researcher in the field of microbiome and neuroscience. He has made significant contributions to understanding the impact of gut microbiota on brain development and behavior, particularly in the context of depression. His research has been recognized with numerous awards and he has published over 600 peer-reviewed papers.
Article
Neurosciences
Brendan L. Sharvin, Maria Rodriguez Aburto, John F. Cryan
Summary: Research in the last decade has highlighted the important role of gut microbiota in influencing host neurodevelopment and its association with various neurological disorders. Specific brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum, appear to be susceptible to the effects of changes in the microbiota. Human neuroimaging studies also reveal the impact of microbiota on the functional connectivity and structure of these brain regions, which are linked to cognition and behavior. Understanding these microbiota-mediated changes can help in identifying new therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
(2023)
Review
Psychiatry
Nuala Murray, Sukainah Al Khalaf, Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen, David Kaulmann, Edgar Lonergan, John F. Cryan, Gerard Clarke, Ali S. Khashan, Karen O'Connor
Summary: A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota in patients with psychosis or schizophrenia. While no significant differences were found in diversity, there were increases in specific microbial taxa and associations with brain structure changes. These findings suggest a potential role for the microbiome in the etiology and symptomatology of schizophrenia.
SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Serena Boscaini, Peter Skuse, Kanishka N. Nilaweera, John F. Cryan, Paul D. Cotter
Summary: This review provides an overview of the beneficial effects of whey protein (WP) and its components on human health, particularly in controlling obesity and its comorbidities. WP consumption positively impacts energy balance and obesity-related parameters, primarily through modulation in adipose tissue metabolism and changes that occur in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, WP also has a positive impact on gut microbiota, mood, and behavior. This review emphasizes the importance of WP supplementation in preventing or treating obesity and highlights areas for further research.
TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Letter
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marguerite M. Nyhan, John F. Cryan
Correction
Clinical Neurology
Richard M. O'Connor, Susan Grenham, Timothy G. Dinan, John F. Cryan
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Hajara Aslam, Mojtaba Lotfaliany, Daniel So, Kirsten Berding, Michael Berk, Tetyana Rocks, Meghan Hockey, Felice N. Jacka, Wolfgang Marx, John F. Cryan, Heidi M. Staudacher
Summary: This study conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to explore the effects of dietary fibers on depressive and anxiety outcomes. The results showed a negative correlation between fiber intake and depressive and anxiety outcomes in observational studies. However, current randomized controlled trials did not support the use of fiber supplementation for improving depressive or anxiety outcomes. Further research, including clinical trials in specific populations and using a wider range of fiber types, is needed.
Correction
Neurosciences
H. Schellekens, G. Ribeiro, C. Cuesta-Marti, J. F. Cryan
NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)