Repurposing Drugs, Ongoing Vaccine, and New Therapeutic Development Initiatives Against COVID-19

Compounds with therapeutic potential against novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus

(2020) Miguel Angel Martinez   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer

(2020) Sundy N.Y. Yang et al.   ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH

Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China

(2020) Aiping Wu et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

(2020) Manli Wang et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target

(2020) Haibo Zhang et al.   INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

(2020) Dawei Wang et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

(2020) Calvin J Gordon et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Development of epitope‐based peptide vaccine against novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS‐COV‐2): Immunoinformatics approach

(2020) Manojit Bhattacharya et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus

(2020) Ying Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE

Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS

(2020) Yushun Wan et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease

(2020) Peter Richardson et al.   LANCET

Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury

(2020) Clark D Russell et al.   LANCET

Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding

(2020) Roujian Lu et al.   LANCET

A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster

(2020) Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.   LANCET

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chaolin Huang et al.   LANCET

A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern

(2020) Chen Wang et al.   LANCET

Anti-HCV, nucleotide inhibitors, repurposing against COVID-19

(2020) Abdo A. Elfiky   LIFE SCIENCES

A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

(2020) Fan Wu et al.   NATURE

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

(2020) Peng Zhou et al.   NATURE

First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States

(2020) Michelle L. Holshue et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China

(2020) Zi Yue Zu et al.   RADIOLOGY

Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

(2020) Daniel Wrapp et al.   SCIENCE

High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa

(2020) Hao Xu et al.   International Journal of Oral Science

Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan

(2020) Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.   Emerging Microbes & Infections

Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods

(2020) Canrong Wu et al.   Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia calls for viral vaccines

(2020) Weilong Shang et al.   npj Vaccines

The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application

(2020) Stephen A. Lauer et al.   ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

Probable Molecular Mechanism of Remdesivir for the Treatment of COVID-19: Need to Know More

(2020) Abinit Saha et al.   ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

Tocilizumab: A Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Cytokine Storm Syndrome in COVID-19

(2020) Abinit Saha et al.   ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

Extensive Partnership, Collaboration, and Teamwork is Required to Stop the COVID-19 Outbreak

(2020) Chiranjib Chakraborty et al.   ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

(2020) Alexandra C. Walls et al.   CELL

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   CELL

Understanding SARS‐CoV‐2 endocytosis for COVID‐19 drug repurposing

(2020) Oleg O. Glebov   FEBS Journal

Antihypertensive treatment with ACEI/ARB of patients with COVID-19 complicated by hypertension

(2020) Gang Li et al.   HYPERTENSION RESEARCH

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report

(2020) Fatima Amanat et al.   IMMUNITY

Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality

(2020) Chi Zhang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial

(2020) Philippe Gautret et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Novel coronavirus treatment with ribavirin: Groundwork for an evaluation concerning COVID-19

(2020) Jahan S. Khalili et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19: A single center experience

(2020) Pan Luo et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Consider TLR5 for new therapeutic development against COVID‐19

(2020) Chiranjib Chakraborty et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

COVID‐19: Consider IL6 receptor antagonist for the therapy of cytokine storm syndrome in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients

(2020) Chiranjib Chakraborty et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY

Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

(2020) Dae-Gyun Ahn et al.   JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutation hot spots include a novel RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase variant

(2020) Maria Pachetti et al.   Journal of Translational Medicine

Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19

(2020) James H Diaz   JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE

Ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines

(2020) Gavin Yamey et al.   LANCET

Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19

(2020) Tianbing Wang et al.   LANCET

Baricitinib for COVID-19: a suitable treatment?

(2020) Ennio G Favalli et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor

(2020) Jun Lan et al.   NATURE

A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19

(2020) Bin Cao et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19

(2020) Jonathan Grein et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients

(2020) Kai Duan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus

(2020) Yan Gao et al.   SCIENCE

Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved α-ketoamide inhibitors

(2020) Linlin Zhang et al.   SCIENCE

A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

(2020) Meng Yuan et al.   SCIENCE

DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

(2020) Jingyou Yu et al.   SCIENCE

Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses

(2020) Shibo Jiang et al.   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19

(2020) Trevor R. F. Smith et al.   Nature Communications

Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV

(2020) Xiuyuan Ou et al.   Nature Communications

Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine for COVID‐19: Is Cardiotoxicity a Concern?

(2020) Timothy J. Kamp et al.   Journal of the American Heart Association

Research and Development on Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines for COVID-19 and Related Human Coronavirus Diseases

(2020) Cynthia Liu et al.   ACS Central Science

Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro

(2020) Jia Liu et al.   Cell Discovery

Progress and Prospects on Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Jinyong Zhang et al.   Vaccines

SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far

(2020) Firas A. Rabi et al.   Pathogens

Potential of Arbidol for Post-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Transmission—A Preliminary Report of a Retrospective Cohort Study

(2020) Jin-nong Zhang et al.   Current Medical Science

The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

(2020) Leon Caly et al.   ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH

Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19

(2020) Erwan Sallard et al.   ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH

Effect of Systemic Glucocorticoids on Mortality or Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With COVID-19

(2020) Marla J Keller et al.   Journal of Hospital Medicine

The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19

(2020) Qing Ye et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION

Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

(2020) Feng-Cai Zhu et al.   LANCET

No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection

(2020) J.M. Molina et al.   MEDECINE ET MALADIES INFECTIEUSES

The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far

(2020) Dina Ragab et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

TMPRSS2 contributes to virus spread and immunopathology in the airways of murine models after coronavirus infection

(2019) Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Differential Regulation of Type I and Type III Interferon Signaling

(2019) Megan L. Stanifer et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Simplification of Antiretroviral Treatment from Darunavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy to Darunavir/Cobicistat Monotherapy: Effectiveness and Safety in Routine Clinical Practice

(2019) José Ramón Santos et al.   AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES

An E460D substitution in the NS5 protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus confers resistance to the inhibitor Galidesivir (BCX4430) and also attenuates the virus for mice

(2019) Ludek Eyer et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Fine-Tuning of Type I Interferon Response by STAT3

(2019) Ming-Hsun Tsai et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

A Comparison of Plasmid DNA and mRNA as Vaccine Technologies

(2019) Liu   Vaccines

The Proteolytic Regulation of Virus Cell Entry by Furin and Other Proprotein Convertases

(2019) Gonzalo Izaguirre   Viruses-Basel

Boosting therapeutic potency of antibodies by taming Fc domain functions

(2019) Tae Hyun Kang et al.   EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Building a better malaria vaccine

(2019) Anthony King   NATURE

Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion

(2018) Mario Mauthe et al.   Autophagy

Oseltamivir Treatment of Influenza in Children

(2018) Timothy M Uyeki   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile

(2018) Waleed H. Mahallawi et al.   CYTOKINE

Sarilumab: A Review in Moderate to Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis

(2018) Yvette N. Lamb et al.   DRUGS

Ultrapotent Human Neutralizing Antibody Repertoires Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus From a Recovered Patient

(2018) Peihua Niu et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology

(2018) Norbert Pardi et al.   NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY

Interferon Independent Non-Canonical STAT Activation and Virus Induced Inflammation

(2018) Yuchen Nan et al.   Viruses-Basel

Furin inhibitor protects against neuronal cell death induced by activated NMDA receptors

(2018) Mariko Yamada et al.   Scientific Reports

The Expanding Therapeutic Perspective of CCR5 Blockade

(2018) Luca Vangelista et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Evaluation of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV Infection in Rhesus Macaques Immunized with an Inactivated SARS-CoV Vaccine

(2018) Fan Luo et al.   VIROLOGICA SINICA

A novel human mAb (MERS-GD27) provides prophylactic and postexposure efficacy in MERS-CoV susceptible mice

(2018) Peihua Niu et al.   Science China-Life Sciences

Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in the Common Marmoset

(2017) Zhe Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Dengvaxia sensitizes seronegatives to vaccine enhanced disease regardless of age

(2017) Scott B. Halstead   VACCINE

IgG Fc engineering to modulate antibody effector functions

(2017) Xinhua Wang et al.   Protein & Cell

Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies: Historical Perspective and Future Outlook

(2017) Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi   Frontiers in Immunology

Interferon (IFN)-λ Takes the Helm: Immunomodulatory Roles of Type III IFNs

(2017) Ivan Zanoni et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Identification of Nafamostat as a Potent Inhibitor of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion Using the Split-Protein-Based Cell-Cell Fusion Assay

(2016) Mizuki Yamamoto et al.   ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

Identification of Interferon-Stimulated Genes with Antiretroviral Activity

(2016) Melissa Kane et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Interleukin-1 Receptor Blockade Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in Sepsis Patients With Features of Macrophage Activation Syndrome

(2016) Bita Shakoory et al.   CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

Passive Immunotherapy: Assessment of Convalescent Serum Against Ebola Virus Makona Infection in Nonhuman Primates

(2016) Chad E. Mire et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Molecular characterization of human coronaviruses and their circulation dynamics in Kenya, 2009–2012

(2016) Lenata A. Sipulwa et al.   Virology Journal

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus

(2016) Hongjing Gu et al.   Scientific Reports

Nitazoxanide, a new drug candidate for the treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

(2016) Jean-François Rossignol   Journal of Infection and Public Health

BCX4430 – A broad-spectrum antiviral adenosine nucleoside analog under development for the treatment of Ebola virus disease

(2016) Raymond Taylor et al.   Journal of Infection and Public Health

The Use of TKM-100802 and Convalescent Plasma in 2 Patients With Ebola Virus Disease in the United States

(2015) Colleen S. Kraft et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Human Coronavirus HKU1 Spike Protein UsesO-Acetylated Sialic Acid as an Attachment Receptor Determinant and Employs Hemagglutinin-Esterase Protein as a Receptor-Destroying Enzyme

(2015) Xingchuan Huang et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Efficacy and safety of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine with or without a booster dose in infants and children in Africa: final results of a phase 3, individually randomised, controlled trial

(2015)   LANCET

Structural basis for RNA replication by the hepatitis C virus polymerase

(2015) T. C. Appleby et al.   SCIENCE

Interferon-Stimulated Genes: A Complex Web of Host Defenses

(2014) William M. Schneider et al.   Annual Review of Immunology

Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: An update

(2014) Julie Blaising et al.   ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH

From SARS to MERS: crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design

(2014) Rolf Hilgenfeld   FEBS Journal

T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation, Function, and Roles in Disease

(2014) Shane Crotty   IMMUNITY

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1–7: novel therapeutic targets

(2014) Fan Jiang et al.   Nature Reviews Cardiology

Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein

(2014) Jean Kaoru Millet et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Cellular Type I Interferon Signaling by Downregulating JAK1 Protein Expression

(2014) Ying Liu et al.   VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY

T Cell Responses to Viral Infections – Opportunities for Peptide Vaccination

(2014) Sietske Rosendahl Huber et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Identification of a Receptor-Binding Domain in the S Protein of the Novel Human Coronavirus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Essential Target for Vaccine Development

(2013) L. Du et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor

(2013) Xing-Yi Ge et al.   NATURE

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC

(2013) V. Stalin Raj et al.   NATURE

Fooling the coronavirus proofreading machinery

(2013) Ursula Hofer   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Hospital Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

(2013) Abdullah Assiri et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Nucleotide Polymerase Inhibitor Sofosbuvir plus Ribavirin for Hepatitis C

(2013) Edward J. Gane et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Role of Circulating Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 in Left Ventricular Remodeling following Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Controlled Study

(2013) José T. Ortiz-Pérez et al.   PLoS One

A Truncated Receptor-Binding Domain of MERS-CoV Spike Protein Potently Inhibits MERS-CoV Infection and Induces Strong Neutralizing Antibody Responses: Implication for Developing Therapeutics and Vaccines

(2013) Lanying Du et al.   PLoS One

Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds

(2013) Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus

(2012) Kylie M. Wagstaff et al.   BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL

Roadmap to developing a recombinant coronavirus S protein receptor-binding domain vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome

(2012) Shibo Jiang et al.   Expert Review of Vaccines

Simultaneous Treatment of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells with Serine and Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Prevents Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Entry

(2012) M. Kawase et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation

(2012) Tatsuo Hashimoto et al.   NATURE

SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon

(2012) Allison L Totura et al.   Current Opinion in Virology

Manipulation of Costimulatory Molecules by Intracellular Pathogens: Veni, Vidi, Vici!!

(2012) Nargis Khan et al.   PLoS Pathogens

Recent developments for Pseudomonas vaccines

(2011) Anurag Sharma et al.   Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics

Transfer of IgG in the female genital tract by MHC class I-related neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) confers protective immunity to vaginal infection

(2011) Z. Li et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Viral Evolution and Escape during Acute HIV‐1 Infection

(2010) Christian L. Boutwell et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Membranotropic Effects of Arbidol, a Broad Anti-Viral Molecule, on Phospholipid Model Membranes

(2010) José Villalaín   JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B

A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology

(2010) Benjamin W. Neuman et al.   JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY

A Transmembrane Serine Protease Is Linked to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor and Activates Virus Entry

(2010) A. Shulla et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Efficient Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein by the Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS2

(2010) S. Matsuyama et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Viral Mutation Rates

(2010) R. Sanjuan et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Tocilizumab

(2010) Adith Venkiteshwaran   mAbs

SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein antagonizes IFN-β response by targeting initial step of IFN-β induction pathway, and its C-terminal region is critical for the antagonism

(2010) Xiaolu Lu et al.   VIRUS GENES

Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Human Heart Failure: Relation With Myocardial Function and Clinical Outcomes

(2009) Slava Epelman et al.   JOURNAL OF CARDIAC FAILURE

Interaction between Ebola Virus Glycoprotein and Host Toll-Like Receptor 4 Leads to Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines and SOCS1

(2009) A. Okumura et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development

(2009) Lanying Du et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro

(2009) Yiu-Wing Kam et al.   PLoS One

Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites

(2009) S. Belouzard et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Innate immunity to virus infection

(2008) Osamu Takeuchi et al.   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Detection of Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Heart Failure

(2008) Slava Epelman et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY

A noncovalent class of papain-like protease/deubiquitinase inhibitors blocks SARS virus replication

(2008) K. Ratia et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Cross-reactive HIV-1-neutralizing activity of serum IgG from a rabbit immunized with gp41 fused to IgG1 Fc: Possible role of the prolonged half-life of the immunogen

(2008) Mei-Yun Zhang et al.   VACCINE

Neutralizing antibody and anti-retroviral drug sensitivities of HIV-1 isolates resistant to small molecule CCR5 inhibitors

(2008) Pavel Pugach et al.   VIROLOGY