Interleukin-17 cytokines: Effectors and targets in psoriasis—A breakthrough in understanding and treatment

Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of psoriatic dactylitis

(2019) Dennis McGonagle et al.   Nature Reviews Rheumatology

Mutual interplay between IL-17–producing γδT cells and microbiota orchestrates oral mucosal homeostasis

(2019) Anneke Wilharm et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Secukinumab for moderate-to-severe palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: Results of the 2PRECISE study

(2019) Ulrich Mrowietz et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 study of multiple ascending doses of subcutaneous M1095, an anti-interleukin-17A/F Nanobody®, in moderate-to-severe psoriasis

(2019) Danka Svecova et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY

Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis in Mice Depends on the IL-17 Signaling of Keratinocytes

(2019) Sonja Moos et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

IL-17 and IL-22 promote keratinocyte stemness in the germinative compartment in psoriasis

(2019) Anna-Karin Ekman et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Brodalumab for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: up-to-date

(2019) Kristen M. Beck et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY

The Skin Commensal Yeast Malassezia Triggers a Type 17 Response that Coordinates Anti-fungal Immunity and Exacerbates Skin Inflammation

(2019) Florian Sparber et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Human Anti-fungal Th17 Immunity and Pathology Rely on Cross-Reactivity against Candida albicans

(2019) Petra Bacher et al.   CELL

Successful intra-class switching among IL-17 antagonists: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective study

(2019) Irina Gasslitter et al.   ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Incidence rates of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis treated with secukinumab: a retrospective analysis of pooled data from 21 clinical trials

(2019) Stefan Schreiber et al.   ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Clinical response of psoriasis to subcutaneous methotrexate correlates with inhibition of cutaneous Th1‐ and Th17‐inflammatory pathways

(2019) K. Reich et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY

Lung Epithelial Cells Coordinate Innate Lymphocytes and Immunity against Pulmonary Fungal Infection

(2019) Nydiaris Hernández-Santos et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

The IL-17 Family of Cytokines in Health and Disease

(2019) Mandy J. McGeachy et al.   IMMUNITY

Characterization of psoriasiform dermatitis induced by systemic injection of interleukin‐23 minicircles in mice

(2019) Laura Leys et al.   JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY

Phosphorylation-dependent Regnase-1 release from endoplasmic reticulum is critical in IL-17 response

(2019) Hiroki Tanaka et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Psoriasis Pathogenesis: Keratinocytes Are Back in the Spotlight

(2019) Natalie Garzorz-Stark et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Long‐term efficacy and safety of tildrakizumab for moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis: pooled analyses of two randomized phase III clinical trials (re SURFACE 1 and re SURFACE 2) through 148 weeks

(2019) K. Reich et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY

Cutaneous TRPV1+ Neurons Trigger Protective Innate Type 17 Anticipatory Immunity

(2019) Jonathan A. Cohen et al.   CELL

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 restrains egress of γδ T cells from the skin

(2019) Brian J. Laidlaw et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Guselkumab efficacy after withdrawal is associated with suppression of serum IL-23-regulated IL-17 and IL-22 in psoriasis: VOYAGE 2 study

(2019) Kenneth B. Gordon et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

c-Kit-positive ILC2s exhibit an ILC3-like signature that may contribute to IL-17-mediated pathologies

(2019) Jochem H. Bernink et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Th1, Th17, and Treg Responses are Differently Modulated by TNF-α Inhibitors and Methotrexate in Psoriasis Patients

(2019) Sandro C. Furiati et al.   Scientific Reports

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Identifies the Adaptation of Scart1+ Vγ6+ T Cells to Skin Residency as Activated Effector Cells

(2019) Likai Tan et al.   Cell Reports

Additive or Synergistic Interactions Between IL-17A or IL-17F and TNF or IL-1β Depend on the Cell Type

(2019) Mélissa Noack et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Interleukin-17 in Antifungal Immunity

(2019) Florian Sparber et al.   Pathogens

Meningeal γδ T cell–derived IL-17 controls synaptic plasticity and short-term memory

(2019) Miguel Ribeiro et al.   Science Immunology

Non-classical Immunity Controls Microbiota Impact on Skin Immunity and Tissue Repair

(2018) Jonathan L. Linehan et al.   CELL

The human IL-17A/F heterodimer regulates psoriasis-associated genes through IκBζ

(2018) Trine Bertelsen et al.   EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY

Murine models of psoriasis and their usefulness for drug discovery

(2018) Shih-Yi Chuang et al.   Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery

Gain-of-Function Mutation of Card14 Leads to Spontaneous Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation through Enhanced Keratinocyte Response to IL-17A

(2018) Mingchao Wang et al.   IMMUNITY

Clinical associations between acetylcholine levels and cholinesterase activity in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal diseases

(2018) Danae A Apatzidou et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY

Contextual control of skin immunity and inflammation byCorynebacterium

(2018) Vanessa K. Ridaura et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Research Techniques Made Simple: Murine Models of Human Psoriasis

(2018) Jason E. Hawkes et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Protection from Psoriasis-Related Thrombosis after Inhibition of IL-23 or IL-17A

(2018) Yumeng Li et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

IL-17–Mediated Immunity Controls Skin Infection and T Helper 1 Response during Experimental Microsporum canis  Dermatophytosis

(2018) Verónica L. Burstein et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

CARD14 Gain-of-Function Mutation Alone Is Sufficient to Drive IL-23/IL-17–Mediated Psoriasiform Skin Inflammation In Vivo

(2018) Mark Mellett et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Dual neutralization of both interleukin 17A and interleukin 17F with bimekizumab in patients with psoriasis: Results from BE ABLE 1, a 12-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial

(2018) Kim A. Papp et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY

IL-17-receptor-associated adaptor Act1 directly stabilizes mRNAs to mediate IL-17 inflammatory signaling

(2018) Tomasz Herjan et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Mechanistic and pharmacological assessment of murine IL-23 mediated psoriasiform dermatitis; implications for drug discovery

(2018) Stephen B. Gauld et al.   JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Efficacy and safety of risankizumab in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2): results from two double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled and ustekinumab-controlled phase 3 trials

(2018) Kenneth B Gordon et al.   LANCET

Phase 2 Trial of Selective Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition in Psoriasis

(2018) Kim Papp et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Hornerin contains a Linked Series of Ribosome-Targeting Peptide Antibiotics

(2018) Ulrich Gerstel et al.   Scientific Reports

Genetic models reveal origin, persistence and non-redundant functions of IL-17–producing γδ T cells

(2018) Inga Sandrock et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Impact of secukinumab on endothelial dysfunction and other cardiovascular disease parameters in psoriasis patients over 52 weeks

(2018) Esther von Stebut et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Ixekizumab, an interleukin-17A antagonist in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis or radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in patients previously untreated with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (COAST-V): 16 week results of a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, active-controlled and placebo-controlled trial

(2018) Désirée van der Heijde et al.   LANCET

Amphiregulin-producing γδ T cells are vital for safeguarding oral barrier immune homeostasis

(2018) Siddharth Krishnan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

IL-17 integrates multiple self-reinforcing, feed-forward mechanisms through the RNA binding protein Arid5a

(2018) Nilesh Amatya et al.   Science Signaling

A dysbiotic microbiome triggers TH17 cells to mediate oral mucosal immunopathology in mice and humans

(2018) Nicolas Dutzan et al.   Science Translational Medicine

On-going Mechanical Damage from Mastication Drives Homeostatic Th17 Cell Responses at the Oral Barrier

(2017) Nicolas Dutzan et al.   IMMUNITY

Models in the Research Process of Psoriasis

(2017) Katarzyna Bocheńska et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

IL-17 for therapy

(2017) Florian C. Kurschus et al.   JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGICAL SCIENCE

IL-17A–Induced PLET1 Expression Contributes to Tissue Repair and Colon Tumorigenesis

(2017) Jarod A. Zepp et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Efficacy and safety of guselkumab, an anti-interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody, compared with adalimumab for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis with randomized withdrawal and retreatment: Results from the phase III, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator–controlled VOYAGE 2 trial

(2017) Kristian Reich et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY

Early relapse of psoriasis after stopping brodalumab: a retrospective cohort study in 77 patients

(2017) M. Masson Regnault et al.   JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY

Ixekizumab for the treatment of patients with active psoriatic arthritis and an inadequate response to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors: results from the 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled period of the SPIRIT-P2 phase 3 trial

(2017) Peter Nash et al.   LANCET

Psoriatic Arthritis

(2017) Christopher T. Ritchlin et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Interleukin 17 Family Cytokines: Signaling Mechanisms, Biological Activities, and Therapeutic Implications

(2017) Leticia Monin et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Ixekizumab, an interleukin-17A specific monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results from the 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active (adalimumab)-controlled period of the phase III trial SPIRIT-P1

(2016) Philip J Mease et al.   ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

A randomized phase 2b trial of baricitinib, an oral Janus kinase (JAK) 1/JAK2 inhibitor, in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis

(2016) K.A. Papp et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY

RORγ antagonists and inverse agonists: a patent review

(2016) Sarah M. Bronner et al.   EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC PATENTS

Keratinocyte-Derived IL-17E Contributes to Inflammation in Psoriasis

(2016) Luisa Senra et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

In Situ Mapping of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Human Skin: Evidence for Remarkable Differences between Normal and Inflamed Skin

(2016) Marie-Charlotte Brüggen et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Risk of periodontitis in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

(2016) A. Egeberg et al.   JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY

Genetic, immunological, and clinical features of patients with bacterial and fungal infections due to inherited IL-17RA deficiency

(2016) Romain Lévy et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Chronic skin inflammation leads to bone loss by IL-17–mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling in osteoblasts

(2016) Özge Uluçkan et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Interleukin-23-Dependent γ/δ T Cells Produce Interleukin-17 and Accumulate in the Enthesis, Aortic Valve, and Ciliary Body in Mice

(2016) Annika Reinhardt et al.   Arthritis & Rheumatology

Interleukin-23-Independent IL-17 Production Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Permeability

(2015) Jacob S. Lee et al.   IMMUNITY

Nociceptive Sensory Fibers Drive Interleukin-23 Production from CD301b+ Dermal Dendritic Cells and Drive Protective Cutaneous Immunity

(2015) Sakeen W. Kashem et al.   IMMUNITY

Differential Roles for Interleukin-23 and Interleukin-17 in Intestinal Immunoregulation

(2015) Joseph R. Maxwell et al.   IMMUNITY

Anti–IL-23A mAb BI 655066 for treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis: Safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and biomarker results of a single-rising-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

(2015) James G. Krueger et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Inherited IL-17RC deficiency in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

(2015) Yun Ling et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Melanocyte antigen triggers autoimmunity in human psoriasis

(2015) Akiko Arakawa et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Comparison of ixekizumab with etanercept or placebo in moderate-to-severe psoriasis (UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3): results from two phase 3 randomised trials

(2015) Christopher E M Griffiths et al.   LANCET

Tofacitinib versus etanercept or placebo in moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: a phase 3 randomised non-inferiority trial

(2015) Hervé Bachelez et al.   LANCET

Secukinumab, a human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriatic arthritis (FUTURE 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

(2015) Iain B McInnes et al.   LANCET

Commensal–dendritic-cell interaction specifies a unique protective skin immune signature

(2015) Shruti Naik et al.   NATURE

Secukinumab, an Interleukin-17A Inhibitor, in Ankylosing Spondylitis

(2015) Dominique Baeten et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Phase 3 Studies Comparing Brodalumab with Ustekinumab in Psoriasis

(2015) Mark Lebwohl et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Interleukin 17 Drives Vascular Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Arterial Hypertension in Psoriasis-Like Skin Disease

(2014) Susanne Karbach et al.   ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY

Aldara®-induced skin inflammation: studies of patients with psoriasis

(2014) H. Vinter et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY

Psoriasis: to treat or to manage?

(2014) Ulrich Mrowietz et al.   EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY

Nociceptive sensory neurons drive interleukin-23-mediated psoriasiform skin inflammation

(2014) Lorena Riol-Blanco et al.   NATURE

Secukinumab in Plaque Psoriasis — Results of Two Phase 3 Trials

(2014) Richard G. Langley et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

IL-17 drives psoriatic inflammation via distinct, target cell-specific mechanisms

(2014) H.-L. Ha et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity

(2014) Y. Belkaid et al.   SCIENCE

The antimicrobial peptide LL37 is a T-cell autoantigen in psoriasis

(2014) Roberto Lande et al.   Nature Communications

Increased number and frequency of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in nonlesional psoriatic skin

(2013) B. Dyring-Andersen et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY

An ACT1 Mutation Selectively Abolishes Interleukin-17 Responses in Humans with Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

(2013) Bertrand Boisson et al.   IMMUNITY

Keratinocyte Overexpression of IL-17C Promotes Psoriasiform Skin Inflammation

(2013) A. Johnston et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Characterization of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Human Skin and Blood Demonstrates Increase of NKp44+ ILC3 in Psoriasis

(2013) Federica Villanova et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

IL-6 Regulates Neutrophil Microabscess Formation in IL-17A-Driven Psoriasiform Lesions

(2013) Andrew L. Croxford et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Functions of the skin microbiota in health and disease

(2013) James A. Sanford et al.   SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Immunomicrobial pathogenesis of periodontitis: keystones, pathobionts, and host response

(2013) George Hajishengallis   TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Secukinumab, a human anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody, for moderate to severe Crohn's disease: unexpected results of a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial

(2012) Wolfgang Hueber et al.   GUT

Development of Interleukin-17-Producing γδ T Cells Is Restricted to a Functional Embryonic Wave

(2012) Jan D. Haas et al.   IMMUNITY

Rorγt+ innate lymphocytes and γδ T cells initiate psoriasiform plaque formation in mice

(2012) Stanislav Pantelyushin et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Cutting Edge: IL-17-Secreting Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Essential for Host Defense against Fungal Infection

(2012) A. Gladiator et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-γt+ CD3+CD4−CD8− entheseal resident T cells

(2012) Jonathan P Sherlock et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Correlation of peripheral Th17 cells and Th17-associated cytokines to the severity of carotid artery plaque and its clinical implication

(2011) Zhendong Liu et al.   ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Vaccine-induced protection against 3 systemic mycoses endemic to North America requires Th17 cells in mice

(2011) Marcel Wüthrich et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Cutaneous immunosurveillance by self-renewing dermal γδ T cells

(2011) Nital Sumaria et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Cutting Edge: Identification of a Motile IL-17-Producing    T Cell Population in the Dermis

(2011) E. E. Gray et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Genome-Wide Expression Profiling of Five Mouse Models Identifies Similarities and Differences with Human Psoriasis

(2011) William R. Swindell et al.   PLoS One

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis in Humans with Inborn Errors of Interleukin-17 Immunity

(2011) A. Puel et al.   SCIENCE

Dectin-2 Recognition of α-Mannans and Induction of Th17 Cell Differentiation Is Essential for Host Defense against Candida albicans

(2010) Shinobu Saijo et al.   IMMUNITY

IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice

(2010) John S. Cho et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

IL-23-Mediated Psoriasis-Like Epidermal Hyperplasia Is Dependent on IL-17A

(2010) H. L. Rizzo et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Effects of AIN457, a Fully Human Antibody to Interleukin-17A, on Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Uveitis

(2010) W. Hueber et al.   Science Translational Medicine

CCR6 and NK1.1 distinguish between IL-17A and IFN-γ-producing γδ effector T cells

(2009) Jan D. Haas et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Differential Roles of Interleukin-17A and -17F in Host Defense against Mucoepithelial Bacterial Infection and Allergic Responses

(2009) Harumichi Ishigame et al.   IMMUNITY

Late Developmental Plasticity in the T Helper 17 Lineage

(2009) Yun Kyung Lee et al.   IMMUNITY

Interleukin-17-Producing γδ T Cells Selectively Expand in Response to Pathogen Products and Environmental Signals

(2009) Bruno Martin et al.   IMMUNITY

Interleukin-1 and IL-23 Induce Innate IL-17 Production from γδ T Cells, Amplifying Th17 Responses and Autoimmunity

(2009) Caroline E. Sutton et al.   IMMUNITY

Self-RNA–antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8

(2009) Dipyaman Ganguly et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis

(2009) Heather R. Conti et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice Is Mediated via the IL-23/IL-17 Axis

(2009) L. van der Fits et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Phenotypical Characterization of Human Th17 Cells Unambiguously Identified by Surface IL-17A Expression

(2009) V. Brucklacher-Waldert et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Cutting Edge: IL-23 Receptor GFP Reporter Mice Reveal Distinct Populations of IL-17-Producing Cells

(2009) Amit Awasthi et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

A protective function for interleukin 17A in T cell–mediated intestinal inflammation

(2009) William O'Connor Jr et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

The interleukin 23 receptor is essential for the terminal differentiation of interleukin 17–producing effector T helper cells in vivo

(2009) Mandy J McGeachy et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

Interleukin-17 as a drug target in human disease

(2009) Stefan Ivanov et al.   TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

γδ T cells: an important source of IL-17

(2008) Christina L Roark et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY

Psoriasis Vulgaris Lesions Contain Discrete Populations of Th1 and Th17 T Cells

(2008) Michelle A. Lowes et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Patients with Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Exhibit Reduced Production of Th17-Associated Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22

(2008) Kilian Eyerich et al.   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY