Effects of Betaine on LPS-Stimulated Activation of Microglial M1/M2 Phenotypes by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Pathways in N9 Cells

Dexmedetomidine attenuated early brain injury in rats with subarachnoid haemorrhage by suppressing the inflammatory response: The TLR4/NF-κB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome may be involved in the mechanism

(2018) Dongpei Yin et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Simvastatin alters M1/M2 polarization of murine BV2 microglia via Notch signaling

(2018) Fei Wu et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Salidroside provides neuroprotection by modulating microglial polarization after cerebral ischemia

(2018) Xiangrong Liu et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

N-Methylcytisine Ameliorates Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response

(2018) Yan-Fang Jiao et al.   MOLECULES

Inhibitory Effects of Betulinic Acid on LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Involve M2 Microglial Polarization via CaMKKβ-Dependent AMPK Activation

(2018) Chuwen Li et al.   Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

Asiaticoside Attenuates Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induced by Aβ1-42 via Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

(2018) Daqiang Song et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Crocin, a natural product attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors through suppressing NF-kB and NLRP3 signaling pathway

(2018) Lang Zhang et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN

Betaine attenuates memory impairment after water-immersion restraint stress and is regulated by the GABAergic neuronal system in the hippocampus

(2017) Kazuo Kunisawa et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Mild endoplasmic reticulum stress ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via regulation of microglial polarization

(2017) Yi-wei Wang et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Anti-Inflammatory Strategy for M2 Microglial Polarization Using Retinoic Acid-Loaded Nanoparticles

(2017) Marta Machado-Pereira et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

Betaine in the Brain: Characterization of Betaine Uptake, its Influence on Other Osmolytes and its Potential Role in Neuroprotection from Osmotic Stress

(2017) Leena S. Knight et al.   NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH

Minocycline modulates microglia polarization in ischemia-reperfusion model of retinal degeneration and induces neuroprotection

(2017) Amel Ahmed et al.   Scientific Reports

Role of Atypical Chemokine Receptors in Microglial Activation and Polarization

(2017) Valentina Salvi et al.   Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Peli1 Contributions in Microglial Activation, Neuroinflammatory Responses and Neurological Deficits Following Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

(2017) Xue-Ping Huang et al.   Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

Salvianolic acid B ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in chronic mild stress-treated mice: involvement of the neuroinflammatory pathway

(2016) Jin-qiang Zhang et al.   ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA

Saturated fatty acids trigger TLR4-mediated inflammatory response

(2016) D.M. Rocha et al.   ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Anthocyanin effects on microglia M1/M2 phenotype: Consequence on neuronal fractalkine expression

(2016) Manuela Meireles et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

Neuroinflammation pathways: a general review

(2016) Tara Shabab et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

6-Mercaptopurine attenuates tumor necrosis factor-α production in microglia through Nur77-mediated transrepression and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling-mediated translational regulation

(2016) Hsin-Yi Huang et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Antidepressant therapies inhibit inflammation and microglial M1-polarization

(2016) Hans O. Kalkman et al.   PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

Microglia contact induces synapse formation in developing somatosensory cortex

(2016) Akiko Miyamoto et al.   Nature Communications

Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states

(2015) Ruben Orihuela et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Safflower Yellow regulates microglial polarization and inhibits inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated Bv2 cells

(2015) Xing-Wang Yang et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Association of a murine leukaemia stem cell gene signature based on nucleostemin promoter activity with prognosis of acute myeloid leukaemia in patients

(2014) Mohamed A.E. Ali et al.   BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Effects ofl-Carnitine, Erythritol and Betaine on Pro-inflammatory Markers in Primary Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Exposed to Hyperosmotic Stress

(2014) Xia Hua et al.   CURRENT EYE RESEARCH

Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed

(2014) Jonathan D Cherry et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Microglial and macrophage polarization—new prospects for brain repair

(2014) Xiaoming Hu et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-γ agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinson's disease

(2014) Augusta Pisanu et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

The betaine/GABA transporter and betaine: roles in brain, kidney, and liver

(2014) Stephen A. Kempson et al.   Frontiers in Physiology

Characterization of phenotype markers and neuronotoxic potential of polarised primary microglia in vitro

(2013) Vibol Chhor et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

M1 and M2 Macrophages: Oracles of Health and Disease

(2013) Charles Mills   CRITICAL REVIEWS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Phenotypic Polarization of Activated Astrocytes: The Critical Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Classical Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes

(2013) E. Jang et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

The Metabolic Burden of Methyl Donor Deficiency with Focus on the Betaine Homocysteine Methyltransferase Pathway

(2013) Rima Obeid   Nutrients

N9 microglial cells polarized by LPS and IL4 show differential responses to secondary environmental stimuli

(2012) Hong-Cui Liu et al.   CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY

Comparison of polarization properties of human adult microglia and blood-derived macrophages

(2012) Bryce A. Durafourt et al.   GLIA

Betaine attenuates Alzheimer-like pathological changes and memory deficits induced by homocysteine

(2012) Gao-Shang Chai et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling

(2012) Alberto Mantovani et al.   JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Hippocampal expression of murine IL-4 results in exacerbation of amyloid deposition

(2012) Paramita Chakrabarty et al.   Molecular Neurodegeneration

The Mechanism of Action of Interferon-β in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

(2011) Bernd C. Kieseier   CNS DRUGS

The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism

(2010) Michael Lever et al.   CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages

(2010) F. Ginhoux et al.   SCIENCE

Differential gene expression in LPS/IFNγ activated microglia and macrophages:in vitroversusin vivo

(2009) Christoph D. Schmid et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Glatiramer acetate increases IL-1 receptor antagonist but decreases T cell-induced IL-1  in human monocytes and multiple sclerosis

(2009) D. Burger et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia

(2008) Christopher J Henry et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation